Integrating pollutant levels and biochemical biomarkers in oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae and Crassostrea gasar) indicates anthropic impacts on marine environments along the coast of Santa Catarina state, Brazil.

This study aimed to carry out a general diagnosis of the contamination of the coastal marine environment of the Santa Catarina state (SC, Brazil) by different classes of environmental pollutants, as well as to evaluate possible adverse effects of the contaminants on biochemical biomarkers of oysters, Crassostrea gasar and Crassostrea rhizophorae. 107 chemicals were evaluated in water, sediment and oyster samples from nine sites along the coastline of SC. We also examined various biochemical biomarkers in the oysters' gills and digestive glands to assess potential effects of contaminants. In general, the northern and central regions of the littoral of SC presented higher occurrences and magnitudes of contaminants than the southern region, which is probably related to higher urbanization of center and northern areas of the littoral. The biomarker analysis in the oysters reflected these contamination patterns, with more significant alterations observed in regions with higher levels of pollutants. Our results may serve as a first baseline for future and more extensive monitoring actions and follow-up of the degree of contamination in the state, allowing for inspection actions and management of areas most affected by marine pollutants.

Bioaccumulation of PAHs in marine bivalves of the Santos Estuary (Brazil) associated with the evaluation of human consumption.

The present study aimed to evaluate concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in the mussel Perna perna and oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae of the Santos Estuary (Brazil) and the potential risk to human health associated with the consumption of these species. The levels of ΣPAHs in the tissues of bivalves ranged from 96.94 to 988.76 µg/kg for mussels and from 88.38 to 138.62 µg/kg for oysters. A general trend of higher concentrations of PAHs was observed according to the increase in log Kow values in both species. The estimated amount of ΣPAHs via mussel and oyster intake ranged from 1.0 to 3.2 ng/kg and from 0.4 to 1.2 ng/kg of body weight per day, respectively. The calculated THQs, HI and CRs for the regular consumption of raw bivalves followed the internationally acceptable limits and represent a low risk to human health.

Integrating chemical and biological data by chemometrics to evaluate detoxification responses of a neotropical bivalve to metal and metalloid contamination.

Mangroves represent a challenge in monitoring studies due to their physical and chemical conditions under constant marine and anthropogenic influences. This study investigated metals/metalloids whole-body bioaccumulation (soft tissues) and the risk associated with their uptake, biochemical and morphological detoxification processes in gills and metals/metalloids immobilisation in shells of the neotropical sentinel oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae from two Brazilian estuarine sites. Biochemical and morphological responses indicated three main mechanisms: (1) catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione played important roles as the first defence against reactive oxygen species; (2) antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals, glutathione S-transferase, metallothionein prevent protein damage and (3) metals/metalloids sequestration into oyster shells as a mechanism of oyster detoxification. However, the estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient, and hazard index showed that the human consumption of oysters would not represent a human health risk. Among 14 analysed metals/metalloids, chemometrics indicate that Mn, As, Pb, Zn and Fe overload the antioxidant system leading to morphological alterations in gills. Overall, results indicated cellular vacuolization and increases in mucous cell density as defence mechanisms to prevent metals/metalloids accumulation and the reduction in gill cilia; these have long-term implications in respiration and feeding and, consequently, for growth and development. The integration of data from different sites and environmental conditions using chemometrics highlights the main biological patterns of detoxification from a neotropical estuarine bivalve, indicating the way in which species can cope with metals/metalloids contamination and its ecological consequences.

Evaluating seasonal variations of fecal coliform colonization in Magallana hongkongensis and Crassostrea rhizophorae: A preliminary study of oyster quality grown in Hong Kong aquacultural farms.

The objective of this research is to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of bacteriological quality in raw oysters sampled from different aquacultural farms located in Aberdeen Typhoon Shelter, Carp Gates, Lau Fau Shan, Ma Wan, and Mui Wo in Hong Kong. Magallana hongkongensis and Crassostrea rhizophorae were collected and analyzed for fecal coliforms. Throughout the 13-month monitoring period, all samples had generally high bacterial loads, ranging from 1.4 × 107 cfu/g to 8.9 × 107 cfu/g and exceeded the guideline suggested by the HKSAR government (i.e. 700 MPN/100 g). Besides, a linear regression analysis showed that the amount of fecal coliforms in raw oysters had strong correlations (p < 0.05) to the monthly rainfall records throughout the monitoring period. Such findings illustrate the high loading of pathogenic microorganisms in the tissue of oysters which represent a potential threat of people contracting foodborne diseases.

Human health risk assessment associated with the consumption of mussels (Perna perna) and oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) contaminated with metals and arsenic in the estuarine channel of Vitória Bay (ES), Southeast Brazil.

The estuarine channel of Vitória Bay was evaluated regarding bioaccumulation of metals (Al, Ba, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Hg) and As in mollusks. Mussels from an aquaculture farm and transplanted into the estuary, whereas oysters were collected in situ in the same area. Concentrations of Al, Mn, Fe, Cr and As were higher in P. perna, whereas C. rhizophorae bioaccumulated more Ba, Zn and Cu. Arsenic concentrations in P. perna exceeded the limit of the Brazilian legislation in the outer estuary. Salinity seemed to influence metal uptake differently for each bivalve, with P. perna absorbing more metal at higher salinities and C. rhizophorae in areas of lower salinity. Hazard index (HI) >1 revealed risk for both bivalves for high level consumers. Target Cancer Risk (TCR) for As revealed threat for human health associated with the consumption of mussels and oysters from the study area.

Concentration and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters from Todos os Santos Bay (Bahia, Brazil).

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) collected from Todos os Santos Bay (Bahia, Brazil). The total PAH concentration was highest in Madre de Deus (36.3 to 37.8 ng g-1 in dry weight, dw), which is located near a petrochemical complex, oil refinery, and commercial port. In the Paraguaçu river estuary, PAH concentrations varied between 23.2 and 25.7 ng g-1 dw. The lowest concentrations (1.55 ng g-1 dw) were found in the Jaguaribe river estuary, which can be considered a relatively preserved area. The main source of PAHs in the study areas was observed to be pyrogenic. Values of benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalent ranged from 0.28 to 4.20. The concentrations of PAHs in oysters from the Paraguaçu river estuary and in Madre de Deus indicate the possible lifetime risk of developing cancer in humans who feed on it.

Absence of norovirus contamination in shellfish harvested and commercialized in the Northeast coast of Brazil

Norovirus (NoV) is the main cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Although NoV spreads mainly from person to person, it is estimated that a large proportion of NoV outbreaks are caused by foodborne transmission. Bivalve mollusks are one of the most important foods involved in NoV transmission to humans. Little is known about NoV prevalence in shellfish harvested and commercialized in Brazil. The aim of this study was to map, for the first time, the distribution of NoV contamination in oysters and mussels harvested and commercialized in the coast of Pernambuco state, northeast Brazil. A total of 380 mollusks (260 oysters and 120 mussels) were collected between February and August 2017 either directly from harvesting areas or obtained from beach vendors at 17 sites in Pernambuco. Samples were processed and tested for NoV contamination using a SYBR Green real-time PCR assay. All samples were negative for NoV GI or GII contamination, suggesting a low risk of NoV contamination from this food source during the study period. Additional surveys in different areas of the Brazilian coast are warranted to monitor the risk of NoV infection upon seafood consumption.

Capacity of tissue water regulation is impaired in an osmoconformer living in impacted estuaries?

Estuarine osmoconformes rely on their ability to perform tissue and cell water regulation to cope with daily osmotic challenges that occur in the estuary. In addition, these animals currently must deal with pollutants present in the estuarine environment, which can disturb their capacity of water regulation. We collected the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae in two tropical estuaries in the Northeast region of Brazil with different degrees of human interference: the Paraíba Estuary (impacted) and the Mamanguape Estuary (preserved). Tissue water content was analyzed after exposure to salinities 12, 24 and 36 for 24 h. Gill cell volume regulation was analyzed in vitro upon hypo- and hyper-osmotic conditions. We also analyzed gill MXR (multi-xenobiotic resistance) mechanism, as reference of environmental pollution. Gill and muscle of oysters from two sites of Paraíba Estuary, and from one site of Mamanguape Estuary were not able to maintain tissue water content upon hypo- and hyper-osmotic conditions. Gill cells of oyster from the same sites exhibited swelling followed by regulatory volume decrease upon hypo-osmotic condition. Gill MXR activity was increased in oysters from these sites. The best tissue and cell water regulation, and the lowest MXR activity, was found in oyster from downstream of Mamanguape Estuary, our reference site and the one most preserved. Tissue and cell water regulation proved to be a sensitive parameter to environmental pollution and could be considered as biomarker of aquatic contamination.

First record of Perkinsus chesapeaki infecting Crassostrea rhizophorae in South America.

This study investigated Perkinsus spp. infecting Crassostrea rhizophorae from the Jaguaribe River estuary, Ceará, Brazil. Fragments of gills and rectum of the oysters (n=150) were incubated in Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM). Genus Perkinsus-specific PerkITS85/750 PCR assays were performed and their amplicons were sequenced by the Sanger method. The RFTM assays confirmed Perkinsus spp. The sequencing of the amplified fragments from the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of Perkinsus spp. confirmed Perkinsus chesapeaki. Neighbor-Joining analyzes place P. chesapeaki identified in this study in a well-supported clade with other isolates of the same species. This is the first record of P. chesapeaki infecting C. rhizophorae in South America.

Paleoambientes de Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) en Castilletes, Alta Guajira, Venezuela según las paleoconchas de Crassostrea rhizophorae (Ostreoida: Ostreidae)

Los conchales constituyen un rasgo muy característico de las adaptaciones humanas a los ambientes litorales. Analizar su composición y su variabilidad puede brindar indicios en cuanto a la subsistencia de antiguas poblaciones humanas, procesos de formación e información sobre cambios en el ambiente. Este estudio evaluó el uso de paleoconchas halladas en conchales para inferir las condiciones paleoambientales de un bosque de manglar. Datos de paleoconchas de conchales ubicados en Castilletes-Alta Guajira, Venezuela fueron datados en 3 580 ± 30 años A.P, se incluyeron datos de conchas actuales provenientes de la Laguna de Cocinetas (Castilletes) y de isla Maracas (Lago de Maracaibo). Se examinaron un total de 185 muestras con marcas de fijación de la raíz de mangle, paleoconchas (n = 109) y conchas actuales (n = 76) de C. rhizophorae. Posteriormente, se estimaron los diámetros de las paleoraíces y de las raíces actuales a través de un modelo geométrico utilizando la huella de fijación de la concha. Para validar el modelo se midieron directamente los diámetros de las raíces actuales. Adicionalmente se realizó un estudio fisionómico en los bosques de ambas localidades de estudio, para asociar la estructura del bosque, con el diámetro de las raíces y la información de las conchas. Los resultados mostraron que no hay diferencias significativas entre los diámetros de las raíces obtenidas por el modelo geométrico y los diámetros de las raíces medidas directamente (Castilletes P = 0.160854; Maracas P = 0.617271). Las mediciones de las conchas mostraron que las paleoconchas son más largas que las conchas modernas. Los diámetros de las paleoraíces no mostraron diferencias significativas con las raíces del bosque actual de Castilletes (zona expuesta) P = 0.303518, contrastando con los diámetros de las raíces de isla Maracas (zona protegida) (P = 0.017771). El estudio fisionómico mostro que el bosque actual de Castilletes tiene un DAP y una altura (11.10 y 4.90 m respectivamente) menor que Maracas (34.86 cm y 10.62 m), respondiendo a la exposición a los vientos. Se determinó que el paleobosque y el bosque actual de Castilletes tienen características similares asociadas con ambientes áridos, con fuerte exposición a los vientos. Se concluye que el análisis de las huellas de fijación de las paleoconchas es un método novedoso y de bajo costro que permite obtener información sobre el paleoambiente de los bosques de R. mangle.

Shell middens are a very characteristic feature of coastal human adaptations. Component and variability analysis offer clues to subsistence of ancient human populations, formation processes and information of environmental changes. In this study, we tested the use of paleoshells found in shell midden to infer paleoenviroment conditions of R. mangle forest. We presented data of paleoshells from shell middens, located on Castilletes-Alta Guajira, Venezuela, dated from 3 580 ± 30 años B.P years, and we included data of actual shells from mangrove forests located on Cocinetas laggon (Castilletes) and Maracas Island (Maracaibo lagoon). We examined 185 samples of fixing traces marked by mangrove roots on paleoshells (n = 109) and actual shells (n = 76) of C. rhizophorae. Subsequently, we estimated paleoroot and modern root diameter using a geometric model using shell's trace. To validate this model, we directly measured modern roots. Furthermore, a physiognomic study was made in both sites to associate mangrove forest with roots diameter and shells information. Results showed that there were no significant differences between estimated root diameter values obtained from traces of modern shells and the ones recorded by direct measurement of roots (Castilletes P = 0.160854; Maracas P = 0.617271); allowing the use of geometric model to obtain estimated values of paleoroots. Shell measurements showed that paleoshells were larger than modern shells. Paleoroot diameters showed no significant differences with modern Castilletes's mangrove roots (exposed zone) (P = 0.303518), contrasting with Maracas's roots (protected zone) (P = 0.017771). Physiognomic study showed that modern Castilletes forests had diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height (11.10 m and 4.90 m, respectively) lower than Maracas (34.86 cm and 10.62 m), responding to the wind exposure and salinity. Diameters and quantity of roots per tree were higher in Castilletes (3.01 cm y 11 roots/tree) than Maracas (2.39 cm y 7 roots/tree). We determined that paleoforests and modern forests from Castilletes have similar characteristics associated to arid environment with stronger wind exposition. We concluded that paleoshells trace analysis is a low cost and novel method that allows obtaining information about paleoenvironment of R. mangle forests.

Perkinsus sp. infecting the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae from estuaries of the septentrional Northeast, Brazil / Perkinsus sp. infectando a ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae de estuários do Nordeste setentrional, Brasil

Abstract The mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae is an estuarine resource exploited by riverside communities in Northeast Brazil. Despite its socioeconomic importance, studies on the health status of this bivalve are scanty in this region. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence of the protozoan Perkinsus sp. in C. rhizophorae collected in August and September 2011 in three estuaries of the septentrional Northeast, Brazil: Jaguaribe (Ceará), Camurupim (Piauí) and Carnaubeiras (Maranhão) (n= 150 specimens/site). The samples were submitted to Ray’s fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM), PCR and histology assays. The RFTM assay revealed spherical, blue or bluish-black hypnospores of the genus Perkinsus in 50 specimens (Jaguaribe= 17.3%, Camurupim= 5.3%, Carnaubeiras= 10.6%). The intensity of the infection ranged from very light (1-10 cells per slide) to severe (more than 40 cells in each of 10 fields of the slide) for Jaguaribe; very light for Camurupim and very light to moderate (at least 40 cells observed in each of 10 fields of the slide) for Carnaubeiras. When submitted to confirmatory PCR analysis, 6 cases were confirmed (Jaguaribe=3, Camurupim=1, Carnaubeiras=2). The histology confirmed 21 cases of infection in specimens from the three estuaries. Although local collectors have reported no mortality in oyster populations that might be attributed to infection by Perkinsus, health surveillance of oyster populations in the septentrional region of Northeast Brazil is advisable.

Resumo A ostra-do-mangue Crassostrea rhizophorae é um recurso estuarino explorado por comunidades ribeirinhas do Nordeste do Brasil. Apesar de sua importância socioeconômica, estudos sobre o estado de saúde deste bivalve são escassos na região. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a presença do protozoário Perkinsus sp. em C. rhizophorae coletada em agosto e setembro de 2011, em três estuários da região setentrional do Nordeste brasileiro: Jaguaribe (Ceará), Camurupim (Piauí) e Carnaubeiras (Maranhão) (n = 150 espécimes/local). As amostras foram submetidas ao meio líquido de tioglicolato de Ray (RFTM), PCR e ensaios histológicos. A análise em RFTM revelou hipnósporos esféricos azuis ou preto-azulados do gênero Perkinsus em 50 espécimes (Jaguaribe= 17,3%, Camurupim= 5,3%, Carnaubeiras= 10,6%). A intensidade de infecção variou de muito leve (1-10 células por lâmina) a severa (mais de 40 células em cada um dos 10 campos da lâmina) para o Rio Jaguaribe; muito leve para o Rio Camurupim e muito leve a moderada (pelo menos 40 células observadas, em cada um dos 10 campos da lâmina) para o Rio Carnaubeiras. Quando submetidos à análise confirmatória por PCR, foram confirmados 6 casos (Jaguaribe= 3, Camurupim= 1, Carnaubeiras= 2). A histologia confirmou 21 casos de infecção em espécimes dos três estuários. Embora os coletores locais não tenham relatado nenhuma mortalidade em populações de ostras que pudesse ser atribuída à infecção por Perkinsus, é aconselhável um monitoramento sobre o estado de saúde de populações de ostras da região.

Lightsticks content toxicity: effects of the water soluble fraction on the oyster embryonic development.

Lightsticks are artifacts used as attractors in a type of commercial fishery, known as surface longline gear. Despite the excessive use, the contamination risks of these devices have not yet been properly investigated. This research aimed to fill up this gap by determining the chemical composition and the toxicity of lightsticks recently activated, compared to those one year after activation and to the ones collected on the beaches. The analyzes were carried out by Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, the variations in composition and the toxicity of their sea Water Soluble Fractions (WSF) were evaluated based on the WSF-effects of Crassostrea rhizophorae embryonic development. The GC-MS analysis made possible the identification of nineteen substances in the water soluble fraction of the lightsticks, such as dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP). The value of the WSF-effective concentration (EC50) was in an average of 0.35%. After one year of the lightsticks activation, the toxicity was even higher (0.65%). Furthermore, other substances, also present in the lightsticks-WSF caused persistent toxicity even more dangerous to the environment than DBP and DMP. This essay discusses their toxicity effects and possible environment damages.

RAW TROPICAL OYSTERS AS VEHICLES FOR MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Ostras tropicais cruas como fonte de Vibrio parahaemolyticus multirresistentes

The following study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from fresh and frozen oysters Crassostrea rhizophorae sold in Fortaleza-Brazil. An antibiogram was performed on 87 isolates using nine antibiotics: gentamicin (Gen 10 µg), ampicillin (Amp 10 µg), penicillin G (Pen 10U), ciprofloxacin (Cip 5 µg), chloramphenicol (Chl 30 µg), nalidixic acid (Nal 30 µg), tetracycline (Tet 30 µg), vancomycin (Van 30 µg) and erythromycin (Ery 15 µg). All strains were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 85 (97.7%) were multi-resistant, with predominance of the Van+ Pen+Amp resistance profile (n = 46). Plasmid resistance to Pen, Amp and Ery was detected. Thus, the risk that raw oyster consumption poses to the health of consumers is highlighted, due to the fact that these bivalves may host antibacterial-resistant microorganisms.

O presente estudo objetivou determinar o perfil de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos de cepas de Vibrio parahaemolyticus oriundas de ostras “in natura” e congeladas comercializadas em Fortaleza-Brasil. Oitenta e sete (87) cepas foram submetidas ao antibiograma com emprego de nove antibióticos: gentamicina (Gen 10 µg), ampicilina (Amp 10 µg), penicilina G (Pen 10U), ciprofloxacin (Cip 5 µg), cloranfenicol (Clo 30 µg), ácido nalidíxico (Nal 30 µg), tetraciclina (Tet 30 µg), vancomicina (Van 30 µg) e eritromicina (Eri 15 µg). Todas as cepas mostram-se resistentes a pelo menos um antibiótico, e 85 (97,7%) apresentaram multirresistência, com predomínio do perfil Van+ Pen+Amp (n = 46). Foi detectada resistência plasmidial a Pen, Amp e Eri. Dessa forma, o risco que o consumo de ostras cruas representa para a saúde dos consumidores merece ser destacado, uma vez que esses bivalves podem ser veículos de transmissão de micro organismos multirresistentes a fármacos antibacterianos.

Hemolytic and urease activities in vibrios isolated from fresh and frozen oysters

INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed to survey the Vibrio microbiota of oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) obtained from restaurants in Fortaleza, State of Ceará, Brazil, and to identify virulence factors. METHODS: The isolated vibrios were submitted to biochemical identification and were tested for hemolytic and urease activities. RESULTS: The isolated strains belonged to 13 species, with predominance of Vibrio mimicus. Of the strain isolates only from fresh samples, 20.5% and 2.8% showed hemolytic and urease activities, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the little-publicized claim that Vibrio species other than V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus can represent a health risk to public health.

Parasites of economically important bivalves from the southern coast of Bahia State, Brazil / Parasitos de bivalves de interesse econômico no Litoral Sul do Estado da Bahia, Brasil

This study investigated the parasites of three commercially important bivalve species (Crassostrea rhizophorae, Mytella guyanensis and Lucina pectinata) from the southern coast of Bahia, Brazil. A total of 540 specimens were collected in August 2009 and February 2010, at three localities. The bivalve specimens were measured on their longest axis, opened, and macroscopically examined for the presence of parasites or signs of disease. They were then fixed in Davidson' solution and subjected to routine histological processing, with paraffin embedding and H&E staining; next, the specimens were examined under a light microscope. No parasites were observed associated with L. pectinata. Rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs), Sphenophrya sp. (Ciliophora), Nematopsis sp. (Apicomplexa), Urastoma sp. (Turbellaria) and Bucephalus sp. (Digenea) were observed in both C. rhizophorae and M. guyanensis, as well as Ancistrocoma sp. (Ciliophora) and Tylocephalum sp. (Cestoda) in the former. A high prevalence of Nematopsis sp. was seen, but caused no apparent damage to the host. Bucephalus sp. caused the destruction of tissues, with castration, but showed low prevalence. The other parasites occurred in low prevalence and intensity, without causing significant damage.(AU)

Neste estudo foram investigados os parasitos de três espécies de bivalves de interesse econômico (Crassostrea rhizophorae, Mytella guyanensis e Lucina pectinata) da Bahia. Foram analisados 540 exemplares, obtidos em duas coletas (agosto-2009 e fevereiro-2010), em três localidades. Os bivalves foram medidos quanto ao seu maior eixo, abertos e examinados macroscopicamente quanto à presença de parasitos ou sinais de enfermidades. Depois disso, foram fixados em solução de Davidson e processados por rotina de histologia, com inclusão em parafina e coloração com H&E. O material foi examinado ao microscópio de luz. Nenhum parasito esteve associado a L. pectinata. Bactérias do tipo RLOs (organismos assemelhados a Rickettsia), Sphenophrya sp. (Ciliophora), Nematopsis sp. (Apicomplexa), Urastoma sp. (Turbellaria) e Bucephalus sp. (Digenea) foram observados tanto em C. rhizophorae quanto em M. guyanensis, sendo que a primeira apresentou ainda Ancistrocoma sp. (Ciliophora) e Tylocephalum sp. (Cestoda). Nematopsis sp. ocorreu em alta prevalência, porém, aparentemente, não causou danos aos bivalves. Bucephalus sp. causou destruição de tecidos, com castração, mas foi pouco prevalente. Os demais parasitos ocorreram em baixa prevalência e intensidade de infecção e sem causar danos.(AU)

Calidad microbiológica de la ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae y aguas de extracción estado Sucre Venezuela / Microbiological quality of the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae and extraction waters Sucre state Venezuela

La ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae es consumida comúnmente en diversas playas del estado Sucre, sin conocer la carga microbiana que éstas presentan. Por tal motivo se evaluó la calidad microbiológica de la misma y de muestras de agua proveniente de tres estaciones del banco natural de Laguna Grande del Obispo, con el propósito de verificar el cumplimiento de los requisitos microbiológicos establecidos por la Legislación Sanitaria Venezolana y la Administración de Alimentos y Drogas de los Estados Unidos (FDA). Se realizaron muestreos mensuales entre agosto 2005 y julio 2006, determinándose el NMP/100 mL de coliformes totales (CT) y coliformes fecales (CF) en muestras de agua, mientras que en los bivalvos se cuantificó el NMP de CT, CF y Escherichia coli (EC) por gramo de ostra, además de la detección de Salmonella spp. Los resultados obtenidos de CT y CF en muestras de agua de las tres estaciones, cumplieron en la mayoría de los meses, con las exigencias permitidas (70 NMP/100 mL de CT y 14 NMP/100 mL de CF). Durante los meses de muestreo y entre las estaciones analizadas, se observaron variaciones considerables en los valores de CF y EC que estuvieron entre 0 y 2,4 × 10(4) NMP/g de ostra. Los límites permitidos de CF y EC (230 NMP/g de ostra) fueron excedidos por los CF en todas las estaciones durante agosto y diciembre 2005, y también en marzo, mayo y junio 2006, mientras que los de EC se excedieron sólo en diciembre 2005, y marzo y mayo 2006. Salmonella spp. fue detectada en la primera y segunda estación para el mes de septiembre 2005, en la tercera estación para el mes de diciembre del mismo año y en la segunda y tercera estación, para los meses de mayo y julio 2006. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan un alto riesgo de consumir estos moluscos sin haber sido previamente sometidos a una depuración.

In beaches of Sucre State commonly the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae is consumed without knowing the microbial load microbial that may be presenting. For such motive, the microbiology quality of C. rhizophorae and water samples of three stations from natural bank in Laguna Grande of Obispo was evaluated, to check the compliance of microbiological requirements established by the Food and Drugs Administration of United States (FDA) and Sanitary Venezuelan Legislation. Monthly samplings between August 2005 and July 2006 was realized, determining the MPN/100 mL of coliforms totals (TC) and faecal coliforms (FC) in water samples, whereas in bivalves MPN of TC, FC and Escherichia coli (EC) was quantified for gram of oyster, further to detection Salmonella spp. The results obtained of TC and FC, in water samples of the three stations, fulfilled in majority of the months, with the requirements mentioned above. During the months sampling and between analyzed stations, considerable variations was observed in values of FC and EC that were between 0 and 2.4 × 10(4) MPN/g oyster. The limits allowed for FC and EC (230 MPN/g oyster) were exceeded by the FC on all stations during August, December 2005, and also in March, May and June 2006, whereas EC exceded only in December 2005, and March and May 2006. Salmonella spp. was detected on first and second station in September 2005, on the third station for December of the same year, and second and third station for May and July 2006. The obtained results reflect high risk of consuming these mollusks without having being before submitted to depuration.

Porcentaje del grado de infestación de polydora cf. websteri Hartman, 1943 (Polychaeta: spionidae) por clase de talla de Crassostrea rhizhophorae (Guilding, 1828) de la Laguna La Restinga (Isla de Margarita Venezuela) / Percentage of Infestation Level of Polydora cf. websteri Hartman, 1943 (Polychaeta: spionidae) by size class of Crassostrea rhizhophorae (Guilding, 1828) on La restinga Lagoon (Margarita Island Venezuela)

La infestación de moluscos bivalvos de interés comercial por parte de poliquetos espiónidos, especialmente aquellos pertenecientes a los géneros Polydora, Dipolydora y Carazziella, ha sido referida en numerosas ocasiones. Se realizó un estudio sobre la infestación de la ostra de mangle Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) por el poliqueto espiónido Polydora cf. websteri Hartman, 1943 con el fin de determinar el nivel de infestación y la preferencia del poliqueto por una u otra valva. Se realizaron colectas mensuales (enero-julio) separando manualmente los bivalvos de las raíces de los mangles en la laguna de La Restinga. La presencia, ausencia e intensidad del ataque se registró en ambas valvas de cada individuo, estableciéndose niveles de infestación de acuerdo al número de galerías. El 64,57 por ciento de los bivalvos estaban infestados por el poliqueto. Se encontraron diferencias altamente significativas en la abundancia de galerías entre valvas (ts = 5,786, P < 0,001). No se observó correlación (Pearson) entre la talla y el número de galerías ni entre la biomasa y el número de galerías.

The infestation of mullusks bivalves with commercial importance by spionid polychaetes belonging, mainly, to genera Polydora, Dipolydora and Carazziella, has been recorded in many occasions. A study about of infestation of mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) by spionid polychaete Polydora cf. websteri Hartman, 1943 was made in order to determine the level of infestation and the polychaete worm preference by one or the other shell. Monthly samplings (January-July) were made. Bivalves were manually separated of mangroves roots from La Restinga lagoon. Presence or not and attack intensity was recorded in both valves of each specimen in order to establish infestation levels according to galleries spionid abundance. Almost 65 por ciento of bivalves showed infestation by the polychaete. Highly significative differences in the abundance of galleries between valves (ts = 5.786, P < 0.001)were found. Not Pearson correlation between the bivalve size and galleries number, nor biomass and galleries number was observed.

Potencial de producción de biomasa en una población natural de la ostra crassostrea rhizophorae, en la laguna grande de obispo, Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela / Biomass production potential in a natural population of the oyster crassostrea rhizophorae in laguna grande de obispo; Cariaco Gulf; Venezuela / Potencial de produção de biomassa na população natural da ostra crassostrea rhizophorae, na lagoa grande de obispo, Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela

La ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae es un bivalvo de interés comercial, común en las comunidades de manglar en el oriente de Venezuela. Para evaluar el potencial de generación de biomasa de la especie se realizaron muestreos mensuales desde mayo 2002 hasta mayo 2003, en dos estaciones de la población natural de Laguna Grande del Obispo, estado Sucre, Venezuela. Utilizando un diseño de muestreo al azar simple se determinó la abundancia y la biomasa de bivalvos fijados a raíces de Rhizophora manglae, estimando la producción secundaria por el método de la tasa específica de crecimiento. Se determinó una densidad promedio de 818,13ind/m² de raíz con biomasa promedio en peso seco de 662,39g/m², sin diferencias significativas entre estaciones ni meses. Utilizando un modelo de crecimiento con parámetros finales de L¥= 87,68 y K= 0,19/mes, se obtuvo una producción secundaria total de 2355,546g/m²/año, siendo el intervalo de talla 50,01-60,00mm el que aportó la mayor cantidad (382,353g/m²/año). La máxima producción se obtuvo en ene-feb 2003 (243,906g/m²/año) y la mínima en may-jun 2002 (100,80g/m²/año). La producción por individuo fue de 43,283g/m²/año con la misma tendencia temporal de la total. Aunque no se determinó correlación de los incrementos de producción con la temperatura y salinidad, la mayor producción ocurre durante la época de surgencia costera en la zona. La relación producción/biomasa fue de 3,55/año, resultados que indican que C. rhizophorae presenta un gran potencial para actividades de acuicultura en la zona por su reproducción continua y altas tasas de crecimiento y productividad.

The oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae is a bivalve of commercial interest, common in mangrove communities of eastern Venezuela. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the production of biomass of species in a natural population of Laguna Grande de Obispo, Cariaco Gulf, Venezuela. Monthly samplings were carried out between May 2002 and May 2003 in two stations. Using a simple random sampling design, the abundance and biomass of bivalves fixed on mangrove roots Rhizophora manglae were determined, estimating the secondary production by the specific growth rate method. Mean density was 818.13ind/m² and mean biomass was 662.39g/m² of root, without significant differences between stations and months. Using a growth equation with final parameters L¥= 87.68 and K= 0.19/month, a total secondary production of 2355.546g/m²/year was obtained, individuals 50.01-60.00mm long providing most of it (382.353g/m²/year). Maximum production were obtained in Jan-Feb 2002 (243.906g/m²/year) and minimum in May-June 2002 (100.80g/m²/year). Individual production was 43.283g/m², with the same temporal tendency of total production. Although the correlation between increments of production and temperature and salinity was not determined, the highest production occurs during the upwelling period in the area. The production/biomass relationship was 3.54/year, indicating that C. rhizophorae has a large potential for aquaculture in this area, due to its continuous reproduction and high growth and production rates.

A ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae é um bivalves de interesse comercial, comum nas comunidades de manglares no oriente da Venezuela. Para avaliar o potencial de geração de biomassa da espécie se realizaram amostras mensais desde maio de 2002 até maio de 2003, em duas estações da população natural de Laguna Grande do Obispo, estado Sucre, Venezuela. Utilizando um desenho de amostras aleatório simples se determinou a abundância e a biomassa de bivalves fixados a raízes de Rhizophora manglae, estimando a produção secundária pelo método da taxa específica de crescimento. Determinou-se uma densidade média de 818,13ind/m² de raiz com biomassa média em peso seco de 662,39g/m², sem diferenças significativas entre estações nem meses. Utilizando um modelo de crescimento com parâmetros finais de L¥= 87,68 e K= 0,19/mês, se obteve uma produção secundária total de 2.355,546g/m²/ano, sendo o intervalo de tamanho 50,01-60,00mm o que aportou a maior quantidade (382,353g/m²/ano). A máxima produção se obteve em jan-fev de 2003 (243,906g/m²/ano) e a mínima em mai-jun de 2002 (100,80g/m²/ano). A produção por indivíduo foi de 43,283g/m²/ano com a mesma tendência temporal da total. Ainda que não se determinasse correlação dos incrementos de produção com a temperatura e salinidade, a maior produção ocorreu durante a época de surgência costeira na zona. A relação produção/biomassa foi de 3,55/ano, resultados que indicam que C. rhizophorae apresenta um grande potencial para atividades de aqüicultura na zona por sua reprodução continua e altas taxas de crescimento e produtividade.

Occurrence of Proteus mirabilis associated with two species of venezuelan oysters

The fecal contamination of raw seafood by indicators and opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms represents a public health concern. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of enteric bacteria colonizing oysters collected from a Venezuelan touristic area. Oyster samples were collected at the northwestern coast of Venezuela and local salinity, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen of seawater were recorded. Total and fecal coliforms were measured for the assessment of the microbiological quality of water and oysters, using the Multiple Tube Fermentation technique. Analyses were made using cultures and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Diverse enrichment and selective culture methods were used to isolate enteric bacteria. We obtained pure cultures of Gram-negative straight rods with fimbriae from Isognomon alatus and Crassostrea rhizophorae. Our results show that P. mirabilis was predominant under our culture conditions. We confirmed the identity of the cultures by biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and data analysis. Other enterobacteria such as Escherichia coli, Morganella morganii and Klebsiella pneumoniae were also isolated from seawater and oysters. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in oysters could have serious epidemiological implications and a potential human health risk associated with consumption of raw seafood.

A contaminação fecal de frutos do mar crus por microrganismos oportunistas patogênicos representa problema de saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a presença de bactérias entéricas que colonizam ostras coletadas em área turística da Venezuela. Amostras de ostras foram coletadas na costa noroeste da Venezuela e foram registrados a salinidade local, pH, temperatura e o oxigênio dissolvido na água do mar. O total de coliformes fecais foi medido para a avaliação da qualidade microbiológica da água e das ostras, usando a técnica de fermentação em tubos múltiplos. Análises foram feitas usando culturas e seqüência do gene 16S rRNA. Enriquecimento diversificado e métodos de cultura seletivos foram usados para isolar a bactéria entérica. Obtivemos culturas puras de bastões retos Gram negativos com fímbrias de Isognomon alatus e Crassostrea rhizophorae. Nossos resultados mostram que P. mirabilis foi predominante nas nossas condições de cultura. Confirmamos a identidade das culturas por testes bioquímicos, seqüência do gene 16rRNA e a análise de dados. Outras enterobactérias como Escherichia coli, Morganella morganii e Klebsiella pneumoniae foram também isoladas da água do mar e ostras. A presença de bactérias patogênicas em ostras podem ter implicações epidemiológicas e potencial risco para a saúde humana quando do consumo de frutos do mar crus.