Comparative analysis of PRNP 12-bp and 23-bp indels in healthy Aberdeen Angus, Aberdeen Angus x Hereford, Holstein Friesian and Uruguayan Creole cattle / Análise comparativa de PRNP 12bp e 23bp indels em bovinos Aberdeen Angus, Aberdeen Angus x Hereford, Holstein Friesian e Crioulo Uruguaio saudáveis

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a transmissible progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of a pathological isoform (PrpSC) of the cellular prion protein (PrpC) in the brain of cattle. Two insertion/deletion polymorphisms in the PRNP gene (23bp in the promoter and 12bp in intron 1) have been associated with resistance or susceptibility to the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of these polymorphisms in 214 healthy bovines belonging to four different breed groups (Aberdeen Angus, Aberdeen Angus x Hereford, Holstein Friesian and Uruguayan Creole cattle). DNA samples were amplified by end-point PCR. A high frequency of the alleles and haplotype associated with susceptibility to BSE (del12 and del23, and del12-del23, respectively) were found in the Aberdeen Angus, Aberdeen Angus x Hereford and Holstein Friesian animals. At the same time, the Uruguayan Creole cattle presented a higher frequency of the alleles and haplotype associated with resistance to BSE (ins12 and ins23, and ins12-ins23, respectively). These data could indicate a greater genetic resistance of the Uruguayan Creole cattle to BSE compared to other analyzed breeds, reinforcing its value as a zoogenetic resource.

A encefalopatia espongiforme bovina (EEB) é uma doença neurodegenerativa progressiva transmissível dos bovinos, caracterizada pelo acúmulo no cérebro de uma isoforma patológica (PrpSC) da proteína priônica celular (PrpC). Dois polimorfismos de inserção/deleção no gene PRNP (23bp no promotor e 12bp no íntron 1) foram associados à resistência ou suscetibilidade à doença. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a distribuição desses polimorfismos em 214 bovinos sadios, pertencentes a quatro diferentes grupos raciais (Aberdeen Angus, Aberdeen Angus x Hereford, Holstein Friesian e Crioulo Uruguaio). As amostras de DNA foram amplificadas por PCR de tempo final. Uma alta frequência dos alelos e haplótipos associados à suscetibilidade à BSE (del12 e del23 e del12-del23, respectivamente) foram encontrados nos animais Aberdeen Angus, Aberdeen Angus x Hereford e Holstein Friesian, enquanto o gado Crioulo Uruguaio apresentou maior frequência dos alelos e haplótipos associados à resistência à BSE (ins12 e ins23 e ins12-ins23, respectivamente). Esses dados podem indicar uma maior resistência genética do gado Crioulo Uruguaio à BSE em comparação com as outras raças analisadas, reforçando seu valor como recurso zoogenético.

Seropositivity for Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Enzootic Bovine Leukemia viruses in Blanco Orejinegro cattle in Colombia and infection associated-factors / Soropositividade para o vírus da diarréia viral bovina e leucemia bovina enzoótica em bovinos Blanco Orejinegro na Colômbia e fatores associados à infecção

ABSTRACT Serological controls for diseases of viral origin in animal production systems and the identification of factors associated with infections are decisive elements to establish prevention and control measures. The aim of this study was to establish the serological status for Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) and Enzootic Bovine Leukemia (EBL) viruses in Blanco Orejinegro (BON) cattle from Colombia, and to identify the factors associated with seropositivity. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a total of 498 animals of all age groups and physiological states of the BON breed were selected, belonging to 14 herds located in 6 states of Colombia, in which a survey with 27 questions was conducted. By means of the chi-square test, possible factors associated with seropositivity against the 2 viruses were identified. A sample of 4 ml of blood was taken from each animal to extract plasma and make indirect Elisa tests to detect antibodies against both pathogens. General seropositivity of 27,1% was obtained for EBL, finding as factors associated with seropositivity the inadequate disposition of placental tissues after delivery of the cows and the non-performance of serological tests on new animals entering the herd. For BVD, seropositivity obtained was 50,6%, and the factors associated with seropositivity identified were having had a history of the disease in the herd, and using semen from bulls that are not known to be free for the infection. We suggest establishing control measures considering the factors associated with each viral infection to limit their expansion in the BON cattle production systems of Colombia.

RESUMO Os controles sorológicos para doenças de origem viral nos sistemas de produção animal e a identificação de fatores associados à infecção são elementos decisivos para estabelecer medidas de prevenção e controle. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer o status sorológico dos vírus da Diarréia Viral Bovina (BVD) e da Leucemia Bovina Enzoótica (EBL) em bovinos Blanco Orejinegro (BON) da Colômbia e identificar os fatores associados à soropositividade. Foram selecionados 498 animais de todas as faixas etárias e estados fisiológicos da raça BON, de 14 rebanhos localizados em seis regiões da Colômbia, nos quais foi realizada uma pesquisa para identificar possíveis fatores associados à soropositividade contra os dois vírus. Foi retirada uma amostra de 4 ml de sangue de cada animal para extrair plasma e fazer testes ELISA indiretos para detectar anticorpos contra os dois patógenos. Obteve-se soropositividade geral de 27,1% para EBL, encontrando como fatores associados à soropositividade a disposição inadequada dos tecidos placentários após o parto das vacas e a não realização de testes sorológicos em novos animais que entraram no rebanho. Para a BVD, a soropositividade obtida foi de 50,6%, e os fatores associados à soropositividade identificados foram: histórico de doença no rebanho e uso de sêmen de touros que não são reconhecidos como livres da infecção. Sugerimos o estabelecimento de medidas de controle considerando os fatores associados a cada infecção viral para limitar sua expansão nos sistemas de produção de gado BON da Colômbia.

Frequência cardíaca, lactacidemia e gasto energético de equinos da raça Crioula em provas credenciadoras ao Freio de Ouro / [Heart rate, lactate concentration and energy expenditure of Creole breed horses during qualifying tests at Freio de Ouro]

Avaliações com o intuito de mensurar marcadores de eficiência na performance esportiva do cavalo Crioulo são escassas e de fundamental importância no que tange às possíveis especificidades da raça. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar e determinar os padrões de frequência cardíaca, velocidade, concentração de lactato e gasto energético de equinos da raça Crioula durante provas credenciadoras ao Freio de Ouro. Tais variáveis foram avaliadas durante a realização das etapas funcionais da competição. Observaram-se flutuações superiores da variável frequência cardíaca (FC) durante a realização das etapas de Andadura, Figura, Volta sobre Patas e Esbarradas (And/fig/VSP) (203bpm) e menores valores na etapa Paleteada II (185bpm) (P<0,05). Em relação à velocidade, o maior valor atingido foi registrado na etapa de Paleteada II (39,7km/h). A concentração de lactato sanguíneo aferida se mostrou elevada em todas as fases da competição, sendo o maior valor observado na etapa de Paleteada II (14,5mmol/L) (P<0,05) e o menor durante a etapa de Mangueira I (9,3mmol/L). Superior gasto energético foi atribuído à etapa de And/Fig/VSP (853,28kcal/kgPV/min). Portanto, todas as etapas funcionais podem ser classificadas como anaeróbias, por apresentarem concentrações de lactato sanguíneo acima de 4mmol/L, e demandam alto gasto energético pelos competidores.(AU)

Evaluations of athletic performance markers of Crioulo breed horses are scarce yet fundamentally important regarding possible unique characteristics of this breed. This study aimed to evaluate and determine heart rate, speed, blood lactate and energy expenditure patterns of Crioulo breed horses during qualifying tests in the functional phases of the "Freio de Ouro" championship. Higher values of heart rate during the phases "andadura, figura, voltas sobre patas, esbarradas" (And/Fig/VSP) (203bpm) and lower values at "Paleteada II" (185bpm) (P<0.05) were noticed. Regarding speed variable, the maximum value was registered at "Paleteada II" (39.7km/h). During all the phases, blood lactate concentration was high, with the highest value found at "Paleteada II" (14.5mm/L) and the lowest during "Mangueira I" (9.3mm/L) (P<0.05). Superior energy expenditure was noticed in the "And/Fig/VSP" phase (853.28Kcal/kgPV/min). Thus, all functional phases can be classified as anaerobic, as blood lactate concentrations remained above 4mmol/L, with high energy demand of the horses.(AU)

Ultrasonographic, macroscopic and histological characterization of the proximal insertion of the suspensory ligament in Crioulo horses / Caracterização ultrassonográfica, macroscópica e histológica da inserção proximal do ligamento suspensório em cavalos Crioulos

Although ultrasound (US) is a routine diagnostic modality, it still presents limitations for the diagnosis of lesions such as those in the proximal insertion of the suspensory ligament (PISL) because of its composition, which includes muscle fibers and adipose tissue interspersed with the ligament fibers. The objective of the present study was to describe the ultrasonographic, macroscopic and histological aspects of the PISL of thoracic limbs (TL) and pelvic limbs (PL) in Crioulo horses (CH). We selected 34 specimens of TL (right and left) and 10 specimens of PL of horses with a mean age of 5.7 years, from a private clinic or sent to the Department of Veterinary Pathology of UFSM, which died from different causes. The animals had no previous history of lameness in selected limbs associated with PISL injuries. The 34 specimens of PISL of TL were divided into CH (n=25) and Thoroughbred horses (TBH) (n=9), which composed the control group, and 11 specimens of PISL of PL were divided into CH (n=8) and TBH (n=3), which also served as control. The US examination was performed in the PISL using a Sonosite Edge device, 5-10 MHz linear transducer, with cross-sectional and longitudinal palmaromedial and palmarolateral images of the proximal surface of metacarpus III, II and IV (MCIII/MCII/MCIV). In PL, the evaluation was performed four centimeters below the chestnut in the plantaromedial aspect of metatarsus III and II (MTIII/MTII). PISL lobulated shape and size were compared with those of the contralateral limb, as well as the regularity of the palmar bone surface of MC III, II and IV. Subsequently, dissection of the PISL lobes was performed, as well as its macroscopic evaluation, which preceded the histological processing of the samples. In specimens of the CH breed, PISL showed echogenicity varying from peripheral dorsal hyperechogenic zones that merge into echogenic and hypoechogenic zones, where lobulation occurs. In the samples from the TBH group, PISL was also lobulated, but with differences in the echogenicity pattern such as diffuse hypoechogenicity and echogenicity. Macroscopically, CH samples presented a large amount of adipose tissue that corresponds to the dorsal peripheral zone of PISL, which ends in the connective tissue that delimits the ligamentous lobes. On a macroscopic cross-section of PISL, muscle fibers in red are mixed with white ligament fibers in the center of the ligament. This macroscopic finding was not observed in TBH samples, in which muscle fibers overlap ligament fibers throughout the ligament extension and a small amount of fat is present in the dorsal periphery of the ligament. PISL of PL had a triangular shape with echogenicity characteristics very similar to those observed in TL.(AU)

Embora uma modalidade diagnóstica rotineira, a ultrassonografia ainda possui algumas limitações para o diagnóstico de lesões como as que afetam a inserção proximal do ligamento suspensório (IPLS). Uma dessas limitações é relacionada à composição desse ligamento que inclui fibras musculares e tecido adiposo intercalados entre as fibras ligamentares. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever os aspectos ultrassonográficos (US), macroscópicos e histológicos da IPLS de membros torácicos (MT) e membros pélvicos (MP) de equinos da raça crioulo (CC). Foram selecionados 34 espécimes de MT (direito e esquerdo) e 10 espécimes de MP de equinos com idade média de 5,7 anos, que vieram a óbito por diferentes causas, oriundos de uma clínica privada ou destinados ao Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da UFSM. Não havia histórico prévio de claudicações nos membros selecionados que pudessem estar relacionadas a lesões da IPLS. Os 34 espécimes da IPLS MT foram divididos pela raça CC (n=25) e Puro Sangue Inglês (PSI) (n=9), o qual serviu como grupo controle e, 11 espécimes da IPLS do MP divididos em raça CC (n=8) e PSI (n=3) também como grupo controle. O exame US foi realizado na IPLS com um aparelho Sonosite Edge, transdutor linear de 5-10 MHz, com imagens transversais e longitudinais palmaromedial e palmarolateral da face proximal do metacarpiano (MC) III, II e IV. No MP a avaliação foi realizada quatro centímetros abaixo da castanha no aspecto plantaromedial do metatarsiano III e II (MTIII / MTII). Foram também observadas à forma lobulada da IPLS e o tamanho em comparação ao membro contralateral, bem como a regularidade da superfície óssea palmar do MC III, II, IV. Posteriormente foi realizada a dissecação dos lobos IPLS, bem como a avaliação macroscópica dos mesmos que antecedeu o processamento das amostras para histologia. Em espécimes CC, a IPLS possui uma ecogenicidade que varia de zonas periféricas dorsais hiperecogênicas que se mesclam a zonas ecogênicas e hipoecogênicas onde ocorre a sua lobulação. Nas amostras do grupo PSI, a IPLS também é lobulada, mas com diferenças no padrão de ecogenicidade como, hipoecogenicidade e ecogenicidade difusas. Macroscopicamente, as amostras CC apresentaram uma grande quantidade de tecido adiposo que corresponde à zona periférica dorsal da IPLS, a qual termina no tecido conjuntivo que delimita os lobos ligamentares. Em uma secção transversal macroscópica da IPLS as fibras musculares em vermelho se mesclam as fibras ligamentares brancas no centro do ligamento. Este achado macroscópico não foi observado na raça PSI, onde as fibras musculares intercalam as fibras ligamentares em toda a extensão do ligamento e pequenas quantidades de gordura estão presentes na periferia dorsal do mesmo.(AU)

Ultrasonographic, macroscopic and histological characterization of the proximal insertion of the suspensory ligament in Crioulo horses / Caracterização ultrassonográfica, macroscópica e histológica da inserção proximal do ligamento suspensório em cavalos Crioulos

Although ultrasound (US) is a routine diagnostic modality, it still presents limitations for the diagnosis of lesions such as those in the proximal insertion of the suspensory ligament (PISL) because of its composition, which includes muscle fibers and adipose tissue interspersed with the ligament fibers. The objective of the present study was to describe the ultrasonographic, macroscopic and histological aspects of the PISL of thoracic limbs (TL) and pelvic limbs (PL) in Crioulo horses (CH). We selected 34 specimens of TL (right and left) and 10 specimens of PL of horses with a mean age of 5.7 years, from a private clinic or sent to the Department of Veterinary Pathology of UFSM, which died from different causes. The animals had no previous history of lameness in selected limbs associated with PISL injuries. The 34 specimens of PISL of TL were divided into CH (n=25) and Thoroughbred horses (TBH) (n=9), which composed the control group, and 11 specimens of PISL of PL were divided into CH (n=8) and TBH (n=3), which also served as control. The US examination was performed in the PISL using a Sonosite Edge device, 5-10 MHz linear transducer, with cross-sectional and longitudinal palmaromedial and palmarolateral images of the proximal surface of metacarpus III, II and IV (MCIII/MCII/MCIV). In PL, the evaluation was performed four centimeters below the chestnut in the plantaromedial aspect of metatarsus III and II (MTIII/MTII). PISL lobulated shape and size were compared with those of the contralateral limb, as well as the regularity of the palmar bone surface of MC III, II and IV. Subsequently, dissection of the PISL lobes was performed, as well as its macroscopic evaluation, which preceded the histological processing of the samples. In specimens of the CH breed, PISL showed echogenicity varying from peripheral dorsal hyperechogenic zones that merge into echogenic and hypoechogenic zones, where lobulation occurs. In the samples from the TBH group, PISL was also lobulated, but with differences in the echogenicity pattern such as diffuse hypoechogenicity and echogenicity. Macroscopically, CH samples presented a large amount of adipose tissue that corresponds to the dorsal peripheral zone of PISL, which ends in the connective tissue that delimits the ligamentous lobes. On a macroscopic cross-section of PISL, muscle fibers in red are mixed with white ligament fibers in the center of the ligament. This macroscopic finding was not observed in TBH samples, in which muscle fibers overlap ligament fibers throughout the ligament extension and a small amount of fat is present in the dorsal periphery of the ligament. PISL of PL had a triangular shape with echogenicity characteristics very similar to those observed in TL. In ultrasonographic, macroscopic and histological evaluation, PISL samples of TL and PL in CH showed a larger amount of peripheral dorsal adipose tissue, as well as a larger number of merged ligament and muscle fibers compared with those in TBH.(AU)

Embora uma modalidade diagnóstica rotineira, a ultrassonografia ainda possui algumas limitações para o diagnóstico de lesões como as que afetam a inserção proximal do ligamento suspensório (IPLS). Uma dessas limitações é relacionada à composição desse ligamento que inclui fibras musculares e tecido adiposo intercalados entre as fibras ligamentares. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever os aspectos ultrassonográficos (US), macroscópicos e histológicos da IPLS de membros torácicos (MT) e membros pélvicos (MP) de equinos da raça crioulo (CC). Foram selecionados 34 espécimes de MT (direito e esquerdo) e 10 espécimes de MP de equinos com idade média de 5,7 anos, que vieram a óbito por diferentes causas, oriundos de uma clínica privada ou destinados ao Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da UFSM. Não havia histórico prévio de claudicações nos membros selecionados que pudessem estar relacionadas a lesões da IPLS. Os 34 espécimes da IPLS MT foram divididos pela raça CC (n=25) e Puro Sangue Inglês (PSI) (n=9), o qual serviu como grupo controle e, 11 espécimes da IPLS do MP divididos em raça CC (n=8) e PSI (n=3) também como grupo controle. O exame US foi realizado na IPLS com um aparelho Sonosite Edge, transdutor linear de 5-10 MHz, com imagens transversais e longitudinais palmaromedial e palmarolateral da face proximal do metacarpiano (MC) III, II e IV. No MP a avaliação foi realizada quatro centímetros abaixo da castanha no aspecto plantaromedial do metatarsiano III e II (MTIII / MTII). Foram também observadas à forma lobulada da IPLS e o tamanho em comparação ao membro contralateral, bem como a regularidade da superfície óssea palmar do MC III, II, IV. Posteriormente foi realizada a dissecação dos lobos IPLS, bem como a avaliação macroscópica dos mesmos que antecedeu o processamento das amostras para histologia. Em espécimes CC, a IPLS possui uma ecogenicidade que varia de zonas periféricas dorsais hiperecogênicas que se mesclam a zonas ecogênicas e hipoecogênicas onde ocorre a sua lobulação. Nas amostras do grupo PSI, a IPLS também é lobulada, mas com diferenças no padrão de ecogenicidade como, hipoecogenicidade e ecogenicidade difusas. Macroscopicamente, as amostras CC apresentaram uma grande quantidade de tecido adiposo que corresponde à zona periférica dorsal da IPLS, a qual termina no tecido conjuntivo que delimita os lobos ligamentares. Em uma secção transversal macroscópica da IPLS as fibras musculares em vermelho se mesclam as fibras ligamentares brancas no centro do ligamento. Este achado macroscópico não foi observado na raça PSI, onde as fibras musculares intercalam as fibras ligamentares em toda a extensão do ligamento e pequenas quantidades de gordura estão presentes na periferia dorsal do mesmo. A IPLS no MP possui um formato triangular com características de ecogenicidade muito similares as citadas no MT. Na avaliação US, macroscópica e histológica as amostras da IPLS em MT e MP de equinos na raça CC demonstraram uma maior quantidade de tecido adiposo dorsal periférico bem como, uma maior quantidade de fibras musculares e ligamentares mescladas em comparação às amostras PSI.(AU)

Survey of dental diseases in Crioulo breed horses reared in an extensive farming system / Levantamento de afecções dentárias em equinos da raça Crioula mantidos em sistema de criação extensivo

The present study aimed to identify and quantify dental diseases in Crioulo horses reared exclusively under extensive farming conditions. In total, 254 Crioulo horses were evaluated, that were reared exclusively in native pastures with predominantly Eragrostis plana (Annoni grass). The animals were divided into three groups according to age: three to five years (G1), six to 12 years (G2), and 13 to 26 years (G3). In total, 46.1% of the animals in G1, 63.8% in G2, and 82.3% in G3 had two or more incisor disorders; 37.5% in G1, 52.5% in G2 and 45.5% in G3 had two or more disease findings in the canines; and 28.9% in G1, 35.4% in G2, and 64.7% in G3 had four or more disease findings in the second, third, and fourth premolars and molars. However, dental calculus was observed in 90.5% of G2 animals, whereas in G3, the occurrence rate of excessive enamel points and calculus was 82.4%. Although all of the horses studied were reared in an extensive farming system, dental changes were very common in the Crioulo breed reared under these management conditions.(AU)

O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar e quantificar as afecções odontológicas de equinos da raça Crioula criados exclusivamente em regime extensivo. No total, foram avaliados 254 cavalos Crioulos, criados em pastagens nativas com predominância de Eragrostis plana (capim-annoni). Os animais foram divididos em três grupos, de acordo com a idade: de três a cinco anos (G1), seis a 12 anos (G2 ) e 13 a 26 anos (G3). No total, 46,1% dos animais do G1, 63,8% do G2 e 82,3% do G3 apresentaram dois ou mais transtornos incisivos; 37,5% do G1, 52,5% do G2 e 45,5% do G3 tiveram duas ou mais alterações nos caninos; 28,9% do G1, 35,4% do G2 e 64,7% do G3 mostraram quatro ou mais distúrbios no segundo, terceiro e quarto pré-molares e molares. Contudo, cálculo dentário foi observado em 90,5% dos animais do G2, enquanto no G3, a taxa de ocorrência de pontas excessivas de esmalte dentário e cálculo foi de 82,4%. Concluiu-se que, apesar de todos os equinos estudados serem mantidos em sistema extensivo, as afecções dentárias mostraram-se muito comuns na raça Crioula sob estas condições de manejo.(AU)

Survey of dental diseases in Crioulo breed horses reared in an extensive farming system / Levantamento de afecções dentárias em equinos da raça Crioula mantidos em sistema de criação extensivo

The present study aimed to identify and quantify dental diseases in Crioulo horses reared exclusively under extensive farming conditions. In total, 254 Crioulo horses were evaluated, that were reared exclusively in native pastures with predominantly Eragrostis plana (Annoni grass). The animals were divided into three groups according to age: three to five years (G1), six to 12 years (G2), and 13 to 26 years (G3). In total, 46.1% of the animals in G1, 63.8% in G2, and 82.3% in G3 had two or more incisor disorders; 37.5% in G1, 52.5% in G2 and 45.5% in G3 had two or more disease findings in the canines; and 28.9% in G1, 35.4% in G2, and 64.7% in G3 had four or more disease findings in the second, third, and fourth premolars and molars. However, dental calculus was observed in 90.5% of G2 animals, whereas in G3, the occurrence rate of excessive enamel points and calculus was 82.4%. Although all of the horses studied were reared in an extensive farming system, dental changes were very common in the Crioulo breed reared under these management conditions.(AU)

O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar e quantificar as afecções odontológicas de equinos da raça Crioula criados exclusivamente em regime extensivo. No total, foram avaliados 254 cavalos Crioulos, criados em pastagens nativas com predominância de Eragrostis plana (capim-annoni). Os animais foram divididos em três grupos, de acordo com a idade: de três a cinco anos (G1), seis a 12 anos (G2 ) e 13 a 26 anos (G3). No total, 46,1% dos animais do G1, 63,8% do G2 e 82,3% do G3 apresentaram dois ou mais transtornos incisivos; 37,5% do G1, 52,5% do G2 e 45,5% do G3 tiveram duas ou mais alterações nos caninos; 28,9% do G1, 35,4% do G2 e 64,7% do G3 mostraram quatro ou mais distúrbios no segundo, terceiro e quarto pré-molares e molares. Contudo, cálculo dentário foi observado em 90,5% dos animais do G2, enquanto no G3, a taxa de ocorrência de pontas excessivas de esmalte dentário e cálculo foi de 82,4%. Concluiu-se que, apesar de todos os equinos estudados serem mantidos em sistema extensivo, as afecções dentárias mostraram-se muito comuns na raça Crioula sob estas condições de manejo.(AU)

Ultrasonographic measurement of collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in Criollo horses / Mensuração ultrassonográfica dos ligamentos colaterais da articulação interfalangeana distal de equinos da raça Crioula

Criollo horses were used in the past only for field services, especially countryside work. However, currently, they have been used as sports animals in several modalities involving turns in legs and exercises on irregular terrain, predisposing them to injuries in the distal extremity. Among the alterations recognized as cause of lameness in this region are the conditions related to collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint (CL-DIPJ), which in horses are structures that help to maintain joint stability and suffer a high pressure due to the high body weight, especially when it is not equally distributed at the stance phase. Considering the importance of the ultrasound anatomical knowledge of this structure for the early diagnosis of locomotive affections in the digit of Criollo horses, this study aimed to standardize CL-DIPJ measurements in healthy horses of this breed. We used 25 adult Criollo horses not submitted to sports practice. For ultrasonographic evaluation, after a trichotomy of the region, an ultrasound Chison 8300VET and a 6.0 MHz linear probe were used with a standoff pad. This technique uses a cross-sectional view, in which CL-DIPJ is visualized in the distal concavity portion of the middle phalanx, being a standard for the measurements. For ligament measurements, the variables dorsopalmar diameter (DPD), latero-medial diameter (LMD), and cross-sectional area (CSA) of ligaments were used. Three measurements were performed for each variable and average values were obtained, which were compared to each other and did not present significant differences (p > 0.05). The average measurements of diameter and area of collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in Criollo horses were 9.04 mm for DPD, 7.55 mm for LMD, and 0.52 mm2 for CSA. This was the first study that standardized the size of this structure in this breed.(AU)

Os cavalos da raça Crioula eram utilizados apenas para serviços de campo, especialmente no trabalho com o gado. No entanto, atualmente, são utilizados também como animais de esporte em diversas modalidades que envolvem paleteadas, movimentos de giros apoiados sobre os membros pélvicos e exercícios em terrenos irregulares, predispondo-os às lesões na região distal dos dígitos. Dentre as alterações reconhecidas como causa de claudicação nesta região, encontram-se as afecções vinculadas aos ligamentos colaterais da articulação interfalangeana distal (LC-AID), que são estruturas que auxiliam a manter a estabilidade articular e sofrem alta tensão, devido ao elevado peso corporal, especialmente quando não estão igualmente distribuídos no momento de apoio do casco no solo. Tendo em vista a importância do conhecimento anatômico ultrassonográfico dessa estrutura para o diagnóstico precoce de afecções locomotoras no dígito de cavalos Crioulos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi padronizar as medidas dos LC-AID em equinos hígidos desta raça. Foram utilizados 25 equinos Crioulos adultos não submetidos à prática esportiva. Para a avaliação ultrassonográfica, após tricotomia da região, foi utilizado o aparelho Chison 8300VET e probe linear de 6,0MHz com auxílio de standoff pad e, a técnica empregada utilizou um corte transversal, no qual o LC-AID é visualizado na concavidade da porção distal da falange média, como padrão para a obtenção das medidas. Para mensuração dos ligamentos, utilizaram-se três variáveis denominadas diâmetro dorso palmar (DDP), diâmetro latero medial (DLM) e área transversal do ligamento (ATL). Realizaram-se três medições para cada uma das variáveis e, a partir destas medidas, obtiveram-se os valores de média, os quais foram comparados entre si e não apresentaram diferenças significativas (p > 0,05).(AU)

Ultrasonographic measurement of collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in Criollo horses / Mensuração ultrassonográfica dos ligamentos colaterais da articulação interfalangeana distal de equinos da raça Crioula

Criollo horses were used in the past only for field services, especially countryside work. However, currently, they have been used as sports animals in several modalities involving turns in legs and exercises on irregular terrain, predisposing them to injuries in the distal extremity. Among the alterations recognized as cause of lameness in this region are the conditions related to collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint (CL-DIPJ), which in horses are structures that help to maintain joint stability and suffer a high pressure due to the high body weight, especially when it is not equally distributed at the stance phase. Considering the importance of the ultrasound anatomical knowledge of this structure for the early diagnosis of locomotive affections in the digit of Criollo horses, this study aimed to standardize CL-DIPJ measurements in healthy horses of this breed. We used 25 adult Criollo horses not submitted to sports practice. For ultrasonographic evaluation, after a trichotomy of the region, an ultrasound Chison 8300VET and a 6.0 MHz linear probe were used with a standoff pad. This technique uses a cross-sectional view, in which CL-DIPJ is visualized in the distal concavity portion of the middle phalanx, being a standard for the measurements. For ligament measurements, the variables dorsopalmar diameter (DPD), latero-medial diameter (LMD), and cross-sectional area (CSA) of ligaments were used. Three measurements were performed for each variable and average values were obtained, which were compared to each other and did not present significant differences (p > 0.05). The average measurements of diameter and area of collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in Criollo horses were 9.04 mm for DPD, 7.55 mm for LMD, and 0.52 mm2 for CSA. This was the first study that standardized the size of this structure in this breed.

Os cavalos da raça Crioula eram utilizados apenas para serviços de campo, especialmente no trabalho com o gado. No entanto, atualmente, são utilizados também como animais de esporte em diversas modalidades que envolvem paleteadas, movimentos de giros apoiados sobre os membros pélvicos e exercícios em terrenos irregulares, predispondo-os às lesões na região distal dos dígitos. Dentre as alterações reconhecidas como causa de claudicação nesta região, encontram-se as afecções vinculadas aos ligamentos colaterais da articulação interfalangeana distal (LC-AID), que são estruturas que auxiliam a manter a estabilidade articular e sofrem alta tensão, devido ao elevado peso corporal, especialmente quando não estão igualmente distribuídos no momento de apoio do casco no solo. Tendo em vista a importância do conhecimento anatômico ultrassonográfico dessa estrutura para o diagnóstico precoce de afecções locomotoras no dígito de cavalos Crioulos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi padronizar as medidas dos LC-AID em equinos hígidos desta raça. Foram utilizados 25 equinos Crioulos adultos não submetidos à prática esportiva. Para a avaliação ultrassonográfica, após tricotomia da região, foi utilizado o aparelho Chison 8300VET e probe linear de 6,0MHz com auxílio de standoff pad e, a técnica empregada utilizou um corte transversal, no qual o LC-AID é visualizado na concavidade da porção distal da falange média, como padrão para a obtenção das medidas. Para mensuração dos ligamentos, utilizaram-se três variáveis denominadas diâmetro dorso palmar (DDP), diâmetro latero medial (DLM) e área transversal do ligamento (ATL). Realizaram-se três medições para cada uma das variáveis e, a partir destas medidas, obtiveram-se os valores de média, os quais foram comparados entre si e não apresentaram diferenças significativas (p > 0,05).

Growth Curve of Crioulo Foals from Birth until 24 Months of Age

Background: Breeding of Crioulo horses in the southern region of Brazil is very significant. Notwithstanding, not all animals meet the standards defined for the breed, raising concern among breeders, owners and veterinarians, driving them to an effort to know and understand the development of Crioulo foals. In order to get a registry at Brazilian Association of Crioulo Horse Breeders (ABCCC), the foals must be presented to a certified technician as of 24 months of age and show the breed standards and measurements required. To date, there are no data concerning development of this breed available. Therefore, this study aims to describe the growth curve of Crioulo foals in the south region of Rio Grande do Sul.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted in three Crioulo horse breeding farms in the cities of Santa Vitória do Palmar, Bagé and Aceguá, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for a period of two years (2013-2015). We followed up on 267 Crioulo foals from birth up to 24 months of age. Biometric evaluation was divided in 26 periods, with 40 animals in each and random repetition of individuals. Period one: birth to seven days; period two: seven to 21 days; monthly from 1st to 24th month. The three breeding farms presented similar environmental conditions and the horses were submitted to similar management. Measurements were taken on a monthly basis, usin

Growth Curve of Crioulo Foals from Birth until 24 Months of Age

Background: Breeding of Crioulo horses in the southern region of Brazil is very significant. Notwithstanding, not all animals meet the standards defined for the breed, raising concern among breeders, owners and veterinarians, driving them to an effort to know and understand the development of Crioulo foals. In order to get a registry at Brazilian Association of Crioulo Horse Breeders (ABCCC), the foals must be presented to a certified technician as of 24 months of age and show the breed standards and measurements required. To date, there are no data concerning development of this breed available. Therefore, this study aims to describe the growth curve of Crioulo foals in the south region of Rio Grande do Sul.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted in three Crioulo horse breeding farms in the cities of Santa Vitória do Palmar, Bagé and Aceguá, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for a period of two years (2013-2015). We followed up on 267 Crioulo foals from birth up to 24 months of age. Biometric evaluation was divided in 26 periods, with 40 animals in each and random repetition of individuals. Period one: birth to seven days; period two: seven to 21 days; monthly from 1st to 24th month. The three breeding farms presented similar environmental conditions and the horses were submitted to similar management. Measurements were taken on a monthly basis, usin

Growth Curve of Crioulo Foals from Birth until 24 Months of Age

Background: Breeding of Crioulo horses in the southern region of Brazil is very significant. Notwithstanding, not all animals meet the standards defined for the breed, raising concern among breeders, owners and veterinarians, driving them to an effort to know and understand the development of Crioulo foals. In order to get a registry at Brazilian Association of Crioulo Horse Breeders (ABCCC), the foals must be presented to a certified technician as of 24 months of age and show the breed standards and measurements required. To date, there are no data concerning development of this breed available. Therefore, this study aims to describe the growth curve of Crioulo foals in the south region of Rio Grande do Sul.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted in three Crioulo horse breeding farms in the cities of Santa Vitória do Palmar, Bagé and Aceguá, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for a period of two years (2013-2015). We followed up on 267 Crioulo foals from birth up to 24 months of age. Biometric evaluation was divided in 26 periods, with 40 animals in each and random repetition of individuals. Period one: birth to seven days; period two: seven to 21 days; monthly from 1st to 24th month. The three breeding farms presented similar environmental conditions and the horses were submitted to similar management. Measurements were taken on a monthly basis, usin

Growth Curve of Crioulo Foals from Birth until 24 Months of Age

Background: Breeding of Crioulo horses in the southern region of Brazil is very significant. Notwithstanding, not all animals meet the standards defined for the breed, raising concern among breeders, owners and veterinarians, driving them to an effort to know and understand the development of Crioulo foals. In order to get a registry at Brazilian Association of Crioulo Horse Breeders (ABCCC), the foals must be presented to a certified technician as of 24 months of age and show the breed standards and measurements required. To date, there are no data concerning development of this breed available. Therefore, this study aims to describe the growth curve of Crioulo foals in the south region of Rio Grande do Sul.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted in three Crioulo horse breeding farms in the cities of Santa Vitória do Palmar, Bagé and Aceguá, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for a period of two years (2013-2015). We followed up on 267 Crioulo foals from birth up to 24 months of age. Biometric evaluation was divided in 26 periods, with 40 animals in each and random repetition of individuals. Period one: birth to seven days; period two: seven to 21 days; monthly from 1st to 24th month. The three breeding farms presented similar environmental conditions and the horses were submitted to similar management. Measurements were taken on a monthly basis, usin

Growth Curve of Crioulo Foals from Birth until 24 Months of Age

Background: Breeding of Crioulo horses in the southern region of Brazil is very significant. Notwithstanding, not all animals meet the standards defined for the breed, raising concern among breeders, owners and veterinarians, driving them to an effort to know and understand the development of Crioulo foals. In order to get a registry at Brazilian Association of Crioulo Horse Breeders (ABCCC), the foals must be presented to a certified technician as of 24 months of age and show the breed standards and measurements required. To date, there are no data concerning development of this breed available. Therefore, this study aims to describe the growth curve of Crioulo foals in the south region of Rio Grande do Sul.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted in three Crioulo horse breeding farms in the cities of Santa Vitória do Palmar, Bagé and Aceguá, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for a period of two years (2013-2015). We followed up on 267 Crioulo foals from birth up to 24 months of age. Biometric evaluation was divided in 26 periods, with 40 animals in each and random repetition of individuals. Period one: birth to seven days; period two: seven to 21 days; monthly from 1st to 24th month. The three breeding farms presented similar environmental conditions and the horses were submitted to similar management. Measurements were taken on a monthly basis, usin

Curva de crescimento em potros da raça Crioula do nascimento aos 24 meses de idade / Growth curve of Crioulo foals from birth until 24 months of age

Background: Breeding of Crioulo horses in the southern region of Brazil is very significant. Notwithstanding, not all animals meet the standards defined for the breed, raising concern among breeders, owners and veterinarians, driving them to an effort to know and understand the development of Crioulo foals. In order to get a registry at Brazilian Association of Crioulo Horse Breeders (ABCCC), the foals must be presented to a certified technician as of 24 months of age and show the breed standards and measurements required. To date, there are no data concerning development of this breed available. Therefore, this study aims to describe the growth curve of Crioulo foals in the south region of Rio Grande do Sul.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted in three Crioulo horse breeding farms in the cities of Santa Vitória do Palmar, Bagé and Aceguá, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for a period of two years (2013-2015). We followed up on 267 Crioulo foals from birth up to 24 months of age. Biometric evaluation was divided in 26 periods, with 40 animals in each and random repetition of individuals. Period one: birth to seven days; period two: seven to 21 days; monthly from 1st to 24th month. The three breeding farms presented similar environmental conditions and the horses were submitted to similar management. Measurements were taken on a monthly basis, using a mechanical scale for weight and a hippometer for height. The analysis were conducted on SAS/ETS® version 9.2. Logistic non-linear regression model was used to obtain growth curves for height and minimum, medium and maximum weight of the foals on their respective ages, by this way six growth curves were produced. Results show an increase in weight and height at 24 months of age compared to the moment of birth. This increase was accentuated during the first months of life, both in weight and height.[...]

Growth Curve of Crioulo Foals from Birth until 24 Months of Age

Background: Breeding of Crioulo horses in the southern region of Brazil is very significant. Notwithstanding, not all animals meet the standards defined for the breed, raising concern among breeders, owners and veterinarians, driving them to an effort to know and understand the development of Crioulo foals. In order to get a registry at Brazilian Association of Crioulo Horse Breeders (ABCCC), the foals must be presented to a certified technician as of 24 months of age and show the breed standards and measurements required. To date, there are no data concerning development of this breed available. Therefore, this study aims to describe the growth curve of Crioulo foals in the south region of Rio Grande do Sul.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted in three Crioulo horse breeding farms in the cities of Santa Vitória do Palmar, Bagé and Aceguá, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for a period of two years (2013-2015). We followed up on 267 Crioulo foals from birth up to 24 months of age. Biometric evaluation was divided in 26 periods, with 40 animals in each and random repetition of individuals. Period one: birth to seven days; period two: seven to 21 days; monthly from 1st to 24th month. The three breeding farms presented similar environmental conditions and the horses were submitted to similar management. Measurements were taken on a monthly basis, usin

Enterolithiasis in Crioulo horses / ptla

Background: Enteroliths are intestinal mineral calculi predominantly composed of struvite. In horses this material accumulates concentrically around a core, causing total or partial obstruction of the higher and lower colon, and can lead to death by rupture. The enterolithiasis has worldwide distribution, and occurs frequently in Rio Grande do Sul, especially in Crioulo Horses. The aim of this work is to report a sequence of cases of Crioulo Horses with enterolithiasis, linking risk factors through historical analysis, clinical presentation and management employed by the breeding farms. Case: Between the years 2012 and 2015, 16 Crioulo Horses with colic syndrome caused by enteroliths were treated at the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária of Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), RS, Brazil and Clínica Hípica, in Porto Alegre, RS. The group was formed predominantly by males, weighted 430 kg in average and the average age was eight years old. All horses underwent general and specific clinical examination, laboratory tests and surgical procedure to remove the enterolith. After discharge, there was an epidemiological questionnaire seeking information about the history, food and environmental management that could be related to the development of enterolithiasis. In relationship to the history of previous episodes of colic, the results were: 4 horses (25%) had no previous episodes of [...]

Curva de crescimento em potros da raça Crioula do nascimento aos 24 meses de idade / Growth curve of Crioulo foals from birth until 24 months of age

Background: Breeding of Crioulo horses in the southern region of Brazil is very significant. Notwithstanding, not all animals meet the standards defined for the breed, raising concern among breeders, owners and veterinarians, driving them to an effort to know and understand the development of Crioulo foals. In order to get a registry at Brazilian Association of Crioulo Horse Breeders (ABCCC), the foals must be presented to a certified technician as of 24 months of age and show the breed standards and measurements required. To date, there are no data concerning development of this breed available. Therefore, this study aims to describe the growth curve of Crioulo foals in the south region of Rio Grande do Sul.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted in three Crioulo horse breeding farms in the cities of Santa Vitória do Palmar, Bagé and Aceguá, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for a period of two years (2013-2015). We followed up on 267 Crioulo foals from birth up to 24 months of age. Biometric evaluation was divided in 26 periods, with 40 animals in each and random repetition of individuals. Period one: birth to seven days; period two: seven to 21 days; monthly from 1st to 24th month. The three breeding farms presented similar environmental conditions and the horses were submitted to similar management. Measurements were taken on a monthly basis, using a mechanical scale for weight and a hippometer for height. The analysis were conducted on SAS/ETS® version 9.2. Logistic non-linear regression model was used to obtain growth curves for height and minimum, medium and maximum weight of the foals on their respective ages, by this way six growth curves were produced. Results show an increase in weight and height at 24 months of age compared to the moment of birth. This increase was accentuated during the first months of life, both in weight and height.[...](AU)

Enterolithiasis in Crioulo horses / ptla

Background: Enteroliths are intestinal mineral calculi predominantly composed of struvite. In horses this material accumulates concentrically around a core, causing total or partial obstruction of the higher and lower colon, and can lead to death by rupture. The enterolithiasis has worldwide distribution, and occurs frequently in Rio Grande do Sul, especially in Crioulo Horses. The aim of this work is to report a sequence of cases of Crioulo Horses with enterolithiasis, linking risk factors through historical analysis, clinical presentation and management employed by the breeding farms. Case: Between the years 2012 and 2015, 16 Crioulo Horses with colic syndrome caused by enteroliths were treated at the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária of Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), RS, Brazil and Clínica Hípica, in Porto Alegre, RS. The group was formed predominantly by males, weighted 430 kg in average and the average age was eight years old. All horses underwent general and specific clinical examination, laboratory tests and surgical procedure to remove the enterolith. After discharge, there was an epidemiological questionnaire seeking information about the history, food and environmental management that could be related to the development of enterolithiasis. In relationship to the history of previous episodes of colic, the results were: 4 horses (25%) had no previous episodes of [...](AU)

Limiar anaeróbico (V4) e frequência cardíaca de cavalos Crioulos condicionados para prova funcional / Anaerobic threshold (V4) and heart rate of Crioulo horses conditioned for functional testing

Determinou-se o limiar anaeróbico (V4) de 23 cavalos Crioulos hígidos em treinamento. Os animais selecionados foram submetidos a testes de desempenho, composto por três etapas de velocidade progressiva de 6m/s, 8m/s e 10m/s, com duração de cinco minutos cada etapa, até que fosse atingida a concentração de 4mmol/dL de lactato sanguíneo. As concentrações de lactato sanguíneo elevaram-se a partir da velocidade de exercício de 6,0m/s, sendo que 20 animais (90%) atingiram 4mmol/L de lactato na velocidade entre 6 - 8m/s, com média de frequência cardíaca que variou de 121 a 140bpm. Concluiu-se que a V4 do cavalo Crioulo está entre as velocidades de 6 - 8m/s e a frequência cardíaca entre 121 - 140bpm.

The anaerobic threshold (V4) while running on a track is used in many breeds to evaluate physical conditioning and to establish a training regimen, but these data have not been obtained for the Crioulo breed. This study evaluated 23 healthy Crioulo horses to determine the anaerobic threshold (V4) during training. The selected animals were subjected to a performance test on a track. The test consisted of three five minute stages with increasing speeds of 6m/s, 8 m/s and 10m/s until the blood lactate concentration reached 4mmol/dL. Blood lactate concentrations began to increase at the exercise speed of 6m/s, and 90% (n=20) of the animals reached 4mmol/dL lactate between 6-8m/s, with an average heart rate ranging from 121 to 140bpm at these speeds. Our results demonstrate that the V4 of the Crioulo horse is between 6-8m/s at a heart rate between 121 and 140bpm.