Methodological and theoretical contributions of critical discourse analysis to nursing research / Les apports méthodologiques et théoriques de l'analyse critique du discours pour la recherche en sciences infirmières.

Critical discourse analysis is a methodological approach that allows for the questioning of structures that relegate certain ideas and certain people to the margins. In health sciences, this approach, with its origins in the field of critical linguistics, is useful for highlighting the many societal processes that privilege certain conceptions of health and health care while labelling other perspectives as « alternative" or "fringe". However, critical discourse analysis is still underused in nursing science despite its emancipatory potential. We attribute this reluctance, among other things, to its theoretical anchoring, to its linguistic origin, and to the vagueness and variability of its analysis methods. The objective of this article is therefore to better understand how critical discourse analysis can be used in the discipline of nursing to shed light on the power dynamics and social inequalities that persist. Different examples of studies carried out using critical discourse analysis are also presented to concretely illustrate how this approach can be used in nursing sciences.

L'analyse critique du discours est une approche méthodologique qui permet une remise en question des structures qui relèguent certaines idées et personnes à la marge. Dans le domaine de la santé, cette approche, issue de la linguistique critique, est utile pour mettre en relief les nombreux processus sociétaux qui privilégient une certaine conception de la santé et des soins au profit d'autres perspectives considérées comme « alternatives ¼. Pourtant, en sciences infirmières, l'analyse critique du discours est encore trop peu utilisée malgré son potentiel émancipatoire. Nous attribuons cette réticence entre autres à ses ancrages théoriques, à son origine linguistique, et au flou et à la variabilité dans ses méthodes d'analyse. L'objectif de cet article est donc de mieux comprendre comment l'analyse critique du discours peut être utilisée dans la discipline des sciences infirmières afin de mettre en exergue les inégalités sociales et enjeux de pouvoir. Différents exemples d'études réalisées en utilisant l'analyse critique de discours sont aussi présentés afin d'illustrer concrètement comment cette approche peut être utilisée en sciences infirmières.

The Value of Researcher Reflexivity in the Coproduction of Public Policy: A Practical Perspective.

Coproduction of public policy involves bringing together technical experts, practitioners, and people with lived experience of that policy to collaboratively and deliberatively codesign it. Coproduction can leverage different ways of knowing and evaluative perspectives on a policy area to enhance the legitimacy and efficaciousness of policymaking. This article argues that researcher reflexivity is crucial for getting the most out of coproduction ethically and epistemically. By reflecting on our positionality, habitus, and biases, we can gain new insights into how we affect the research design, production and analysis of data, and communication of findings. This reflexivity helps to disrupt power dynamics that underly research and policymaking, helping to realise the radical potential of coproduction to democratise practice, empower citizens, and make research more relational. We demonstrate the value of reflexivity through an analysis of our work coproducing a theory of thriving in financial hardship in partnership with the UK national anti-poverty charity Turn2us. We contextualise our advocacy for reflexivity within the practical realities of advancing coproduction in the UK today.

A special section: Contributions of family science to anti-racism efforts.

Concomitant with a growing recognition of demographic shifts toward greater racial/ethnic diversity in the United States and widespread depictions of racial injustice, desires for increased racial/ethnic tolerance and inclusivity have been expressed in various sectors of U.S. society, including education, healthcare, and business. However, the literature on effective strategies and interventions for advancing anti-racism, or efforts to reduce racial/ethnic injustice, is minimal and underdeveloped. The family science field, characterized by rich theories on human systems and interactions, strategies for changing interpersonal dynamics, and the recognition that perceived knowledge is dependent on sociopolitical location, has much to offer the study of strategies to actualize increased racial/ethnic equity. The articles in this special section demonstrate potential contributions family science can make to the endeavor for racial/ethnic equity, through presenting theoretical, empirical, and practice innovations and findings steeped in the family science orientation toward addressing systems, cycles, and change.

On Seeing Long Shadows: Is Academic Medicine at its Core a Practice of Racial Oppression?

Suggestions that academic medicine is systemically racist are increasingly common in the medical literature. Such suggestions often rely upon expansive notions of systemic racism that are deeply controversial. The author argues for an empirical concept of systemic racism and offers a counter argument to a recent suggestion that academic medicine is systemically racist in its treatment of medical trainees: Anderson et al.'s (Academic Medicine, 98(8S), S28-S36, 2023) "The Long Shadow: a Historical Perspective on Racism in Medical Education." Contra the authors of "The Long Shadow," the author argues that racial performance disparities in medical education cannot be validly attributed to racism without careful empirical confirmation; he further argues that standards of assessment in medical education cannot be properly deemed racist merely because minority trainees are disproportionately disadvantaged by them. Furthermore, the history of medicine and society in the Anglo-European West is not, as argued by the authors of "The Long Shadow," best viewed as one long tale of racial oppression culminating in the present day pervasive racism of academic medicine in the United States. Racism is a deplorable stain on our history and our present but it is not the historical essence of Christianity, European civilization, Western medicine, or contemporary academic medical institutions.

La pedagogía crítica y las funciones de la profesionalización docente en la Educación Médica Superior

Introducción: La educación superior en general y la médica en lo particular han evidenciado su importancia en el desarrollo histórico de la sociedad. En este contexto la pedagogía crítica enuncia los principios fundamentales para el desarrollo de la educación. Se presenta como una perspectiva emancipadora de la formación para entender y resolver los problemas relacionados con la práctica pedagógica según las exigencias sociales. Objetivo: Mostrar las relaciones entre los principios de la pedagogía crítica y las funciones de la profesionalización docente en la Educación Médica Superior. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptivo bajo el enfoque dialéctico materialista con la utilización de dos fuentes de información, la revisión bibliográfica y documental que permitió la indagación teórica sobre la temática que se estudia con los métodos: histórico - lógico, analítico - sintético y la sistematización. Resultados: Se pudo constatar que la profesionalización docente de la Educación Superior deberá utilizar la pedagogía crítica como una importante herramienta para el desarrollo de la actuación docente, pues esta constituye un referente importante para el logro del desarrollo profesional. Discusión: Se justifica la expresión de la pedagogía critica en y desde la profesionalización docente de la Educación Médica Superior debido a la necesidad que imponen las constante transformaciones que tiene que afrontar esta, a tenor de la realidad siempre cambiantes en al ámbito económico, político, social y cultural del país y del mundo.

Introduction: Higher education in general and medical education in particular have demonstrated their importance in the historical development of society. In this context, critical pedagogy states the fundamental principles for the development of education. It is presented as an emancipatory perspective of training to understand and solve problems related to pedagogical practice according to social demands. Objective: to show the relationships between the principles of critical pedagogy and the functions of teaching professionalization in Higher Medical Education. Methods: A descriptive research was carried out under the dialectical materialist approach with the use of two sources of information, the bibliographic and documentary review that allowed the theoretical investigation on the topic being studied with the methods: historical - logical, analytical - synthetic and systematization. Results: It was confirmed that the teaching professionalization of Higher Education must use critical pedagogy as an important tool for the development of teaching performance, since this constitutes an important reference for the achievement of professional development. Discussion: The expression of critical pedagogy in and from the teaching professionalization of Higher Medical Education is justified due to the need imposed by the constant transformations that it has to face, in light of the ever-changing reality in the economic, political, social and cultural of the country and the world.

Mechanisms in sociology-a critical intervention.

The notion of the mechanism is one of the most popular and widely used concepts in science and sociology is no exception. This paper problematizes the widespread and often uncritical use of the term "mechanism" in contemporary sociology. Drawing on the mechanistic worldview associated with leading figures of the scientific revolution, the paper emphasizes the impact of mechanistic thinking on the societal rationalization process identified by Max Weber and the Frankfurt School. The analysis suggests that mechanisms, when applied to sociological theories, may uncritically reproduce a cultural fetish of the rational society with potentially dehumanizing consequences. The author advocates for a critical reflection on the cultural and historical context of mechanisms, urging sociologists to view them not merely as analytical tools but as active contributors to the creation and shaping of social worlds erected on a belief in instrumental reason.

"To do so in a patient-centred way is not particularly lucrative": The effects of neoliberal health care on PrEP implementation and delivery.

BACKGROUND: HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective biomedical intervention used by HIV-negative people to prevent HIV acquisition. Despite increased use of PrEP worldwide, several barriers to PrEP implementation have resulted in insufficient uptake, inadequate adherence, and frequent discontinuation. Our objective was to interrogate the social, political, and economic conditions shaping PrEP implementation and delivery among gay, bisexual, queer and other men who have sex with men (GBQM) in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: Six focus groups and three interviews with 20 stakeholders in Ontario (e.g., healthcare professionals, clinicians, community-based organization staff, and government staff) were conducted between July and October 2021. Participants were asked about the personal, workplace, and structural factors shaping PrEP delivery strategies for GBQM. Transcripts were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis informed by the political economy of PrEP and employed a critique of neoliberalism. RESULTS: Participants critiqued the problematic arrangements of the current healthcare system in Canada. Neoliberal governmentality and policies have resulted in inequitable PrEP care by establishing funding structures prioritizing profit and requiring patients and providers to function as individual entrepreneurs. Consequently, healthcare disparities are compounded for marginalized peoples who lack the resources and capacity to navigate existing healthcare systems. Participants identified several pathways to improve the implementation of PrEP, including greater institutional and governmental supports for PrEP and healthcare, leveraging communities and collaboration, and moving beyond risk-based health frameworks. CONCLUSION: Socio-political-economic changes reflecting post-neoliberal principles are needed to overcome existing barriers to PrEP care, and sexual and reproductive healthcare more broadly.

Digital loneliness-changes of social recognition through AI companions.

Inherent to the experience of loneliness is a significant change of meaningful relatedness that (usually negatively) affects a person's relationship to self and others. This paper goes beyond a purely subjective-phenomenological description of individual suffering by emphasizing loneliness as a symptomatic expression of distortions of social recognition relations. Where there is loneliness, a recognition relation has changed. Most societies face an increase in loneliness among all groups of their population, and this sheds light on the reproduction conditions of social integration and inclusion. These functions are essential lifeworldly components of social cohesion and wellbeing. This study asks whether "social" AI promotes these societal success goals of social integration of lonely people. The increasing tendency to regard AI Companions (AICs) as reproducers of adequate recognition is critically discussed with this review. My skepticism requires further justification, especially as a large portion of sociopolitical prevention efforts aim to fight an increase of loneliness primarily with digital strategies. I will argue that AICs rather reproduce than sustainably reduce the pathodynamics of loneliness: loneliness gets simply "digitized."

On the bullshitisation of mental health nursing: A reluctant work rant.

This discussion paper offers a critical provocation to my mental health nursing colleagues. Drawing upon David Graeber's account of bullshit work, work that is increasingly meaningless for workers, I pose the question: Is mental health nursing a bullshit job? Ever-increasing time spent on record keeping as opposed to direct care appears to represent a Graeberian bullshitisation of mental health nurses' work. In addition, core aspects of the role are not immune from bullshit. Professional rhetoric would have us believe that mental health nursing is a therapeutically beneficent occupation organised around ideals of care and compassion and providing fulfilling work for practitioners. Yet, there are some key characteristics of the experience of mental health nursing work that afford alternative judgements on its value and meaningfulness. Not least of these is the fact that many mental health nurses feel quite existentially unsettled in the practise of their work and many service users do not recognise the professional ideal, especially when compelled into increasingly coercive and restrictive services. In this context, Graeber's thesis is explored for its applicability to mental health nursing with a conclusion that many aspects of mental health nursing work are commensurate with bullshit but that mental health care can possibly be redeemed from bullshitisation by authentically democratising reforms. Engaging with posthumanist ideas, this exploration involves a flexing of aspects of Graeber's theory.

Radicalisation studies: An emerging interdisciplinary field.

This research note provides an overview of Radicalisation Studies as an emerging interdisciplinary field aimed at developing more holistic understandings of how and why individuals and groups turn to extreme ideologies and political violence. It traces the evolution of radicalisation research across core social science disciplines, including sociology, psychology, anthropology, and political science. While this burgeoning scholarship has expanded knowledge, persistent gaps remain due to studying radicalisation in disciplinary silos. To address this fragmentation, the research note proposes an integrated Radicalisation Studies approach grounded in critical social theory and reflexivity. This paradigm synthesises concepts and mechanisms from across disciplines to investigate the complex interplay between individual vulnerabilities, group dynamics, and broader socio-political contexts in generating radicalisation. The note outlines theoretical foundations, guiding research questions, and methodological strategies for this new field focused on mixed-methods, multi-level analysis. Radicalisation Studies holds promise for advancing theoretical integration, contextualised explanations, critical perspectives on radicalisation discourse, and evidence-based preventative policies. While challenges remain in institutionalising this emerging field, Radicalisation Studies has the potential to steer research towards greater interdisciplinarity and the nuanced understandings necessary to elucidate this complex phenomenon. The research note aims to spur debate on constructing Radicalisation Studies as a viable scholarly enterprise.

[When (how and why) is a social innovation innovative? : Legal philosophical and ethical derivations from the conditio humana]. / Wann (wie und warum) ist eine soziale Innovation innovativ? : Rechtsphilosophische und ethische Herleitungen aus der Conditio humana.

On the basis of a personalistic anthropology, the foundation values relevant to legal philosophy and ethics are problematized in the understanding of the innovativeness (as evaluative predication) of social innovations. Accordingly, social innovations must be normatively scaled beyond the market-oriented logic with a praxeological view on the personalizing metamorphoses of the culture of social practices towards a "good life" and their "juridical substance" (juridified ethical content in law) in social coexistence in the everyday life of existence in view of the vulnerability of human beings.

Fundamentos do processo de trabalho em terapia ocupacional: uma abordagem analítica a partir do diálogo entre Terapia Ocupacional Social e Saúde Coletiva Latino-Americana / Labor process foundations of occupational therapy: an analytical approach based on the dialogue between Social Occupational Therapy and Latin American Collective Health / Fundamentos del proceso de trabajo de la terapia ocupacional: una aproximación analítica basada en el dialogo entre Terapia Social Ocupacional y Salud Colectiva Latinoamericana

Resumo Introdução Este artigo apresenta uma abordagem analítica da prática da terapia ocupacional baseada no materialismo histórico dialético, compreendendo que a prática profissional da terapia ocupacional é considerada trabalho no sistema capitalista, podendo ser analisada à luz da Teoria do Processo de Trabalho. Objetivo Propor uma abordagem analítica com o intuito de apoiar o desenvolvimento de práticas de terapia ocupacional emancipatórias, baseadas no diálogo entre a Terapia Ocupacional Social e a Saúde Coletiva Latino-Americana. Método Com base na pesquisa-ação emancipatória, foram realizadas dez oficinas com dez terapeutas ocupacionais visando à produção coletiva de conhecimento. Resultados A atividade humana foi identificada como objeto do processo de trabalho da terapia ocupacional, definida pela categoria trabalho em sua dimensão ontológica. A participação radical foi proposta como o produto intencionado deste processo, sendo entendida como a participação na luta por transformar elementos da determinação social das condições coletivas de trabalho e vida. Os sujeitos desse processo são os terapeutas ocupacionais e os indivíduos, grupos e/ou comunidades acompanhados, todos entendidos como seres sociais em parceria para a transformação social. São identificadas quatro ferramentas teórico-metodológicas: análise emancipatória de atividades humanas, proposição emancipatória de atividades humanas, operacionalização da participação radical e intervenções sobre o tecido social. Conclusão A terapia ocupacional como prática social oferece uma contribuição específica para o desenvolvimento de uma práxis revolucionária coletiva que, voltada para a realização de uma utopia concreta, poderá gerar os meios para produzir uma nova sociedade.

Abstract Introduction This paper presents an analytical approach to occupational therapy practice grounded in historical dialectical materialism. It understands occupational therapy professional practice as work within a capitalist system, and thus subject to analysis through the labor process theory. Objective To propose an analytical approach to occupational therapy practice aimed at supporting the development of an emancipatory practice framework based on the dialogue between Social Occupational Therapy and Latin American Collective Health. Method Utilizing emancipatory action research methodologies, this study conducted 10 workshops with 10 occupational therapists aimed at collective knowledge production. Results Human activity is identified as the object of occupational therapy working process, defined by the category work in its ontological dimension. Radical participation is set as the intended product of this process, which entails engaging in efforts to transform the social determination of collective living conditions. The individuals in this process include occupational therapists and the followed-up individuals, groups, and/or communities, all viewed as social beings collaborating toward social transformation. Four theoretical-methodological tools are identified: emancipatory analysis of human activities, emancipatory proposition of human activities, operationalization of radical participation, and interventions in the social fabric. Conclusion Occupational therapy, as a form of social practice, offers a specific contribution to the development of a collective revolutionary praxis. This praxis, aimed at realizing a concrete utopia, seeks to generate the means to create a new society.

Resumen Introducción Este artículo presenta una aproximación analítica a la práctica de la terapia ocupacional basada en el materialismo histórico dialéctico. Entiende la práctica profesional de terapia ocupacional como trabajo bajo el capitalismo y, como tal, puede ser analizada bajo la teoría del proceso de trabajo. Objetivo Proponer un enfoque analítico de la práctica de la terapia ocupacional con la intención de apoyar el desarrollo posterior de un marco para la práctica de la terapia ocupacional emancipadora basada en el dialogo entre la Terapia Ocupacional Social y la Salud Colectiva Latinoamericana. Método A partir de una investigación acción emancipadora, se realizaron 10 talleres con diez terapeutas ocupacionales con el objetivo de la producción colectiva de conocimiento. Resultados La actividad humana es identificada como objeto del proceso de trabajo de la terapia ocupacional, definida por la categoría trabajo en su dimensión ontológica. La participación radical se establece como el producto previsto del proceso, es decir, la participación en la lucha por los elementos transformadores de la determinación social de las condiciones de vida colectivas. Los sujetos del proceso de trabajo son los terapeutas ocupacionales y los individuos, grupos y/o comunidades acompañados, todos entendidos como seres sociales en colaboración para la transformación social. Se identifican cuatro herramientas teórico-metodológicas: análisis emancipatorio de las actividades humanas, propuesta emancipadora de las actividades humanas, operacionalización de la participación radical e intervenciones en el tejido social. Conclusión La terapia ocupacional como práctica social ofrece una contribución específica al desarrollo de una praxis revolucionaria colectiva que, dirigida a realizar una utopía concreta, puede generar los medios para producir una nueva sociedad.

Donald Trump e o fascismo: uma análise inspirada na teoria crítica / Donald Trump and fascism: an analysis inspired by critical theory / Donald Trump y el fascismo: un análisis inspirado en la teoría crítica / Donald Trump et le fascisme: une analyse inspirée de la théorie critique

Resumo A atuação de Donald Trump durante o período em que esteve na presidência dos Estados Unidos suscita a investigação de possíveis semelhanças entre ele e líderes fascistas do passado. A proposta deste ensaio é apresentar reflexões sobre a atuação política de Trump, inspiradas pelas discussões sobre a psicologia e a propaganda fascista na teoria crítica. Embora pareça impossível tomar Trump por um líder fascista clássico, principalmente em razão de contextos históricos muito diferentes, também é impossível desconsiderar o nexo entre suas estratégias políticas e o modus operandi de agitadores fascistas no século XX. Além disso, é inegável que sua política mobiliza elementos sociopsicológicos que remontam às análises da emergência do fascismo histórico, como a identificação com uma figura idealizada e transcendente, a submissão a uma autoridade ou causa superior e a agressividade direcionada às ameaças do out-group.

Abstract Donald Trump's actions during his presidency calls for an investigation regarding possible similarities between him and fascist leaders of the past. This essay is reflects on Trump's political actions inspired by discussions on fascist psychology and propaganda within Critical Theory. Although Trump may escape the category of a classic fascist leader, mainly due to the different historical contexts, the similarities between his political strategies and those of 20th-century fascist agitators is undeniable. Moreover, his politics mobilize socio-psychological elements that date back to the emergence of historical fascism, such as identification with an idealized and transcendent identity, submission to a superior authority or cause, and aggressiveness directed to out-group threats.

Resumen La actuación de Donald Trump durante el período en el que fue presidente de los Estados Unidos plantea la posibilidad de investigar posibles similitudes entre los líderes fascistas del pasado y él. El propósito de este ensayo es presentar reflexiones sobre la actuación política de Trump inspiradas en discusiones sobre psicología y propaganda fascista en teoría crítica. Si bien parece imposible ver a Trump como un líder fascista clásico, principalmente debido a contextos históricos muy diferentes, también es imposible ignorar el nexo entre sus estrategias políticas y el modus operandi de los agitadores fascistas en el siglo XX. Además, es innegable que su política moviliza elementos sociopsicológicos que se remontan al análisis del surgimiento del fascismo histórico, como la identificación con una identidad idealizada y trascendente, la sumisión a una autoridad o causa superior, y agresividad dirigida a amenazas del out-group.

Résumé Les actions de Donald Trump au cours de sa présidence appellent une enquête sur les similitudes possibles entre lui et les leaders fascistes du passé. Cet essai réfléchit aux actions politiques de Trump en s'inspirant des discussions sur la psychologie et la propagande fasciste au sein de la Théorie Critique. Bien que Trump puisse échapper à la catégorie de leader fasciste classique, principalement en raison de contextes historiques très différents, les similitudes entre ses stratégies politiques et celles des agitateurs fascistes du XXe siècle sont indéniable. En outre, sa politique mobilise des éléments socio-psychologiques qui remontent à l'émergence du fascisme historique, tels que l'identification à une identité idéalisée et transcendante, la soumission à une autorité ou à une cause supérieure, et l'agressivité dirigées vers les menaces du out-group.

The Relationship between Religion, Substance Misuse, and Mental Health among Black Youth.

Studies suggest that religion is a protective factor for substance misuse and mental health concerns among Black/African American youth despite reported declines in their religious involvement. However, few studies have investigated the associations among religion, substance misuse, and mental health among Black youth. Informed by Critical Race Theory, we evaluated the correlations between gender, depression, substance misuse, and unprotected sex on mental health. Using multiple linear regression, we assessed self-reported measures of drug use and sex, condom use, belief in God, and religiosity on mental health among a sample of Black youth (N = 638) living in a large midwestern city. Results indicated drug use, and sex while on drugs and alcohol, were significant and positively associated with mental health symptoms. Belief in God was negatively associated with having sex while on drugs and alcohol. The study's findings suggest that despite the many structural inequalities that Black youth face, religion continues to be protective for Black youth against a myriad of prevalent problem behaviors.

Disability Justice and the Americans with Disabilities Act: An Opportunity for Social Work.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over 61 million Americans have a disability, which translates to about 26 percent of the national population. The most common types of disability are physical (13.7 percent), or those that impact mobility, and intellectual (10.8 percent), or those related to cognitive processing. The Bureau of Justice Statistics has reported that 32 percent of people in state prisons and 40 percent of people in county jails have at least one disability, rates that demonstrate alarming disproportionality. Yet the history of the disability rights movement, the impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act for people with disabilities who are involved with the criminal justice system, and the implications of disability justice and critical disability theory for the field of social work are not well understood. The purpose of this article is to review these under-recognized topics and offer recommendations for addressing this neglected area of social work education, research, policy, and practice.

Free Speech or Free to Hate?: Anti-LGBTQ+ Discourses in LGBTQ+-Affirming Spaces on Gab Social.

This article presents a critical discourse analysis of groups on the free speech social media platform Gab that were intended to be LGBTQ+-friendly but became spaces of queerphobia. Results indicate that Gab users deployed discourses of difference to situate the platform as heteronormative and to denigrate the LGBTQ+ community. In particular, discourses utilized in the name of free speech were used to establish LGBTQ+ individuals as abominations, undergird hegemonic masculinity, and marginalize queer folk by reducing them to sex acts and sex organs. This study provides a better understanding of the (in)efficacy of "free speech" as a content moderation policy and unpacks how anti-LGBTQ+ hate speech spreads in digital spaces.

Discursive constructions of family functions in forensic psychiatry: A critical ethnographic perspective.

Significant barriers remain regarding the implementation of family-centred approaches in the domain of forensic psychiatry despite their effectiveness at increasing adherence to treatment, improving attendance to medical appointments, decreasing readmission rates and reducing episodes of relapse. We attribute these barriers to a fundamental gap in our understanding of the family function and its role within the forensic psychiatric system. Despite requesting to be included and considered as partners, some families feel excluded and sidelined, which causes distress, incomprehension and disengagement. We approached this tension at the discursive level through a critical ethnography of the Review Board and the work of Foucault on psychiatric power, which provided us with a unique opportunity to understand how the role of families are constructed and sustained in the Canadian forensic psychiatric system. To do so, we mobilized data stemming from ethnographic observations and documentary artifacts entitled 'reasons for disposition'. Data analysis allowed us to identify two discursive constructions of familial functions: (1) families as repositories of information and (2) families as supervisory agents. These results have implications for health care professionals and administrators in forensic psychiatry who are increasingly adhering to family-centred care models without questioning what such care or what such family engagement entails.

Reflections on Putting AI Ethics into Practice: How Three AI Ethics Approaches Conceptualize Theory and Practice.

Critics currently argue that applied ethics approaches to artificial intelligence (AI) are too principles-oriented and entail a theory-practice gap. Several applied ethical approaches try to prevent such a gap by conceptually translating ethical theory into practice. In this article, we explore how the currently most prominent approaches of AI ethics translate ethics into practice. Therefore, we examine three approaches to applied AI ethics: the embedded ethics approach, the ethically aligned approach, and the Value Sensitive Design (VSD) approach. We analyze each of these three approaches by asking how they understand and conceptualize theory and practice. We outline the conceptual strengths as well as their shortcomings: an embedded ethics approach is context-oriented but risks being biased by it; ethically aligned approaches are principles-oriented but lack justification theories to deal with trade-offs between competing principles; and the interdisciplinary Value Sensitive Design approach is based on stakeholder values but needs linkage to political, legal, or social governance aspects. Against this background, we develop a meta-framework for applied AI ethics conceptions with three dimensions. Based on critical theory, we suggest these dimensions as starting points to critically reflect on the conceptualization of theory and practice. We claim, first, that the inclusion of the dimension of affects and emotions in the ethical decision-making process stimulates reflections on vulnerabilities, experiences of disregard, and marginalization already within the AI development process. Second, we derive from our analysis that considering the dimension of justifying normative background theories provides both standards and criteria as well as guidance for prioritizing or evaluating competing principles in cases of conflict. Third, we argue that reflecting the governance dimension in ethical decision-making is an important factor to reveal power structures as well as to realize ethical AI and its application because this dimension seeks to combine social, legal, technical, and political concerns. This meta-framework can thus serve as a reflective tool for understanding, mapping, and assessing the theory-practice conceptualizations within AI ethics approaches to address and overcome their blind spots.

A Scoping Review of Theoretical Lenses and Methodological Approaches in Indigenous Women's Health and Well-Being Research in North America over the Past Two Decades.

Theoretical approaches influence research design, engagement, and outcomes. The relevance of critical theoretical and methodological approaches to Indigenous women's health and well-being research has increased in the last decade. It is difficult to assess the ways in which theoretical lenses can effectively interrupt and challenge systemic erasure, ongoing harms, and deficit-based (ill-health-centered) approaches to Indigenous women's health and well-being, a fact that is not broadly acknowledged. We conducted a scoping review to (a) map the type and frequency of critical theoretical lenses used by researchers focused on Indigenous women's health and well-being in North America over the past two decades and (b) identify which topics tend to use which theoretical lens. We have conducted a scoping review to examine peer-reviewed articles from eight electronic databases. In the articles selected over 2000-2021, we found an increase in the use of community-based participatory research, decolonial lenses, and feminist lenses. Over the last decade, there has been a decrease in quantitative social science approaches. While a range of critical theoretical and methodological approaches are increasingly being applied, the use of cultural resurgence and Indigenous feminism in health research is not widespread.