Effects of mannan-oligosaccharide supplementation on gut health, immunity, and production performance of broilers / Efeitos da suplementação de mananoligossacarídeo na saúde do intestino, imunidade e desempenho da produção de frangos

The study was designed to investigate the effect of mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on intestinal histomorphology, immunity against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and productive parameters of broilers. A total of 1800, day old broiler chicks of Cobb-500 strain were selected and randomly assorted into 6 treatment groups: T1 (basal diet without antibiotics as negative control); T2 (basal diet plus antibiotics as positive control group); T3 (basal diet plus 200g/ton MOS); T4 (basal diet plus 400g/ton MOS); T5 (basal diet plus 600g/ton MOS) and T6 (basal diet plus 800g/ton MOS). Each treatment was having 6 replicates and the feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded on weekly basis. Results showed that, MOS supplemented birds have significantly higher feed intake, weight gain and FCR (P < 0.05). Similarly, supplementation of MOS showed positive effect on villus height and crypt depth both in jejunum and ilium. Goblet cell density was unaffected by MOS addition (P < 0.05). Furthermore, birds fed with diets containing MOS, exhibited better productive performance in comparison to positive and negative control groups. In conclusion, MOS can replace antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) as non-microbial performance-enhancing feed advocates.

O estudo foi desenhado para investigar o efeito da suplementação de mananoligossacarídeo (MOS) na histomorfologia intestinal, imunidade contra o vírus da doença de Newcastle (NDV) e parâmetros produtivos de frangos de corte. Um total de 1.800 pintos de corte de um dia da linhagem Cobb-500 foram selecionados e distribuídos aleatoriamente em 6 grupos de tratamento: T1 (dieta basal sem antibióticos como controle negativo); T2 (dieta basal mais antibióticos como grupo controle positivo); T3 (dieta basal mais 200g/ton MOS); T4 (dieta basal mais 400g/ton MOS); T5 (dieta basal mais 600g/ton MOS) e T6 (dieta basal mais 800g/ton MOS). Cada tratamento tinha 6 repetições e o consumo de ração, ganho de peso corporal e conversão alimentar foram registrados semanalmente. Os resultados mostraram que as aves suplementadas com MOS apresentam consumo de ração, ganho de peso e CA significativamente maiores (P < 0,05). Da mesma forma, a suplementação de MOS mostrou efeito positivo na altura das vilosidades e na profundidade das criptas tanto no jejuno quanto no íleo. A densidade de células caliciformes não foi afetada pela adição de MOS (P < 0,05). Além disso, as aves alimentadas com dietas contendo MOS apresentaram melhor desempenho produtivo em comparação aos grupos controle positivo e negativo. Em conclusão, o MOS pode substituir os promotores de crescimento de antibióticos (AGPs) como defensores de alimentos não microbianos que melhoram o desempenho.

Effects of Lactobacillus fermentum Administration on Intestinal Morphometry and Antibody Serum Levels in Salmonella-Infantis-Challenged Chickens.

There are no studies reporting the effects of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) on intestinal architecture and immunoglobulin serum levels in chickens. Here, we measured these parameters and hypothesized whether probiotic administration could modulate the observed outcomes. Two-hundred 1-day-old COBB 500 male chicks were allocated into four groups: (I) the control, (II) the group treated with L. fermentum, (III) the group exposed to S. Infantis, and (IV) the group inoculated with both bacteria. At 11 days post infection, blood was gathered from animals which were then euthanized, and samples from the small intestine were collected. Intestinal conditions, as well as IgA and IgM serum levels, were assessed. S. Infantis reduced villus-height-to-crypt-depth (VH:CD) ratios in duodenal, jejunal, and ileal sections compared to control conditions, although no differences were found regarding the number of goblet cells, muc-2 expression, and immunoglobulin concentration. L. fermentum improved intestinal measurements compared to the control; this effect was also evidenced in birds infected with S. Infantis. IgM serum levels augmented in response to the probiotic in infected animals. Certainly, the application of L. fermentum elicited positive outcomes in S. Infantis-challenged chickens and thus must be considered for developing novel treatments designed to reduce unwanted infections.

Effect of In Ovo Ascorbic Acid Injection and Thermal Manipulation During Incubation on Intestine Morphology of Broilers Reared under Cold and Heat Stress

It was investigated if pre-incubation ascorbic acid (AA) injection in fertile eggs incubated at high temperature impacts the performance, the yield of carcass and parts, and the intestine morphology of broilers reared under heat stress. Three thousand Cobb® fertile broiler eggs were randomly distributed according to weight into three incubations treatments (eggs not injected with AA and incubated at 37.5°C; eggs not injected with AA and incubated at 39°C; and eggs injected with 6 µg AA/100 µL water prior to incubation and incubated at 39ºC). The hatched birds were reared at thermoneutral, cold, and hot house temperatures. Broilers reared under hot temperature presented lower feed intake and weight gain than the broilers of the different rearing temperatures. Egg incubation at 39.0 ºC and 39.0 ºC + AA reduced broiler viability. Carcass and cut yields were not influenced by incubation and rearing procedures. Duodenal goblet cell count was lower in broilers from eggs of the treatment 39ºC + AA than in broilers from the other incubation treatments and in broiler rearing in hot temperature. In the jejunum, the goblet cell counts were higher in broilers that were reared under hot than thermoneutral temperatures. The incubation treatment of 39 ºC+AA increased the goblet cell counts in the ileum of broilers reared under cold temperatures. Rearing temperature influenced the duodenal villi counts, which were lower under cold rearing conditions than in the two other rearing temperatures. The results showed that egg incubation at 39°C, independently of ascorbic acid injection, did not produce an effective epigenetic heat adaptation in broilers.(AU)

The Probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum Biocenol CCM 7514 Moderates Campylobacter jejuni-Induced Body Weight Impairment by Improving Gut Morphometry and Regulating Cecal Cytokine Abundance in Broiler Chickens.

This research was conducted to investigate if the administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum could influence body weight, intestinal morphometry and the cecal cytokine response in Campylobacter jejuni-infected chickens. Seventy-two 1-day old COBB 500 male chicks were allocated randomly into four experimental groups. (I) Control group (C), in which chicks were left untreated. (II) LB group, treated with L. fermentum. (III) Cj group, infected with C. jejuni and (IV) coexposure group in which both bacteria were administered. Body weight was registered and then all birds were slaughtered; samples from the small intestine and caecum were collected at 4- and 7-days post infection. The experiment lasted eleven days. Villi height and crypt depth ratios of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were evaluated using appropriate software, while reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was utilized for assessing transcript levels of key cecal inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-18, IL-17, IL-15, IL13 and IL-4). Campylobacter-infected birds showed lower body weight values than those supplemented with the probiotic; these birds, in turn, proved to be heavier than those reared under control conditions. L. fermentum administration improved morphometrical parameters of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum; in general, villi were larger and crypts deeper than those identified in control conditions. Moreover, the negative effects elicited by C. jejuni were not observed in chickens exposed to the probiotic. Significant differences were also determined with regards to transcript abundance of all evaluated cytokines in the caecum. C. jejuni induced a downregulation of the studied interleukins; however, such a response was heightened by administration of L. fermentum, with an increase rate of transcription that promoted a more effective response to a C. jejuni infection. The effects of experimental treatments proved to vary between sampling points. Conclusively, these results demonstrate that L. fermentum lessens the negative effects elicited by C. jejuni on body weight by alleviating the impact on intestinal morphometry and cecal cytokine response, which ultimately improve chicken growth performance.

Effects of dietary supplementation of kefir on body measurements, weight of visceral organs, and gut morphology in geese

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of adding kefir on body measurements, giblet weight, and gut morphological patterns of geese through drinking water. A total of 54 birds were divided into three groups, each comprising 18 birds, and each group was further divided into three subgroups containing six birds each. One group served as the control group, while the other two groups were given kefir-treated drinking water at the ratios of 2.5 and 7.5%, respectively. No significant effects of kefir supplementation on body measurements, spleen weight, bursa weight, and gut morphology were observed. It is concluded that kefir may be used in poultry feed with an inclusion rate of 7.5% without imposing any adverse effect on the measurements of body structures, weights of visceral organs, and gut morphology.(AU)

Breed and Sex Differences in the Gross Anatomy, Digesta pH and Histomorphology of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Gallus Gallus Domesticus

A study was conducted to investigate the influence of breed and sex in the gross anatomy, digesta and histology of Ross 308 broiler and Venda chickens. Chickens were slaughtered at 90 days of age and the pH of the digestive organs was measured immediately after slaughter. The digestive organ weights and lengths of Ross 308 broiler and Venda chickens were measured. Tissue samples of the duodenum, ileum and jejunal from each treatment group were collected and histologically examined. Higher (p 0.05) gizzard pH values were observed in male and female of Ross 308 broiler and Venda chickens. The jejunal and ileal pH values were lower (p 0.05) for Venda chickens than in Ross 308 broiler chickens. The absolute weights of the gastrointestinal tract, crop, proventriculus and gizzard were lighter (p 0.05) in Venda chickens than in Ross 308 broiler chickens. The relative organ weights of the GIT, proventriculus, gizzard and caeca were higher (p 0.05) in Venda chickens than in Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 90 days. Male chickens had higher (p 0.05) relative organ weights than female chickens. Interactions between breed and sex influenced (p 0.05) the absolute weights of the crop, proventriculus, caeca and large intestine. Ileum villus heights of female Venda chickens were higher (p 0.05) than those of female and male Ross 308 broiler and Venda chickens. The male and female Ross 308 broiler chickens had higher (p 0.05) ileum and duodenum crypt depths than male and female Venda chickens. The duodenum and ileum villus height/crypt depth ratios were higher (p 0.05) in male and female Venda chickens than Ross 308 broiler chickens. In overall, male broiler chicken performed better.(AU)

Breed and Sex Differences in the Gross Anatomy, Digesta pH and Histomorphology of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Gallus Gallus Domesticus

A study was conducted to investigate the influence of breed and sex in the gross anatomy, digesta and histology of Ross 308 broiler and Venda chickens. Chickens were slaughtered at 90 days of age and the pH of the digestive organs was measured immediately after slaughter. The digestive organ weights and lengths of Ross 308 broiler and Venda chickens were measured. Tissue samples of the duodenum, ileum and jejunal from each treatment group were collected and histologically examined. Higher (p 0.05) gizzard pH values were observed in male and female of Ross 308 broiler and Venda chickens. The jejunal and ileal pH values were lower (p 0.05) for Venda chickens than in Ross 308 broiler chickens. The absolute weights of the gastrointestinal tract, crop, proventriculus and gizzard were lighter (p 0.05) in Venda chickens than in Ross 308 broiler chickens. The relative organ weights of the GIT, proventriculus, gizzard and caeca were higher (p 0.05) in Venda chickens than in Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 90 days. Male chickens had higher (p 0.05) relative organ weights than female chickens. Interactions between breed and sex influenced (p 0.05) the absolute weights of the crop, proventriculus, caeca and large intestine. Ileum villus heights of female Venda chickens were higher (p 0.05) than those of female and male Ross 308 broiler and Venda chickens. The male and female Ross 308 broiler chickens had higher (p 0.05) ileum and duodenum crypt depths than male and female Venda chickens. The duodenum and ileum villus height/crypt depth ratios were higher (p 0.05) in male and female Venda chickens than Ross 308 broiler chickens. In overall, male broiler chicken performed better.

Dietas suplementadas com óleos essenciais não promove alterações na morfometria de vilos e criptas do duodeno de frangos de corte / Diets supplemented with essential oils do not promote alterations in villous morphometry and duodenum crypt of broilers / Dietas suplementadas con aceites esenciales no promove cambios en morfometría de las vellosidades y criptas del duodeno de pollos de engorda

Devido à necessidade da substituição dos antimicrobianos como melhoradores de desempenho por aditivos alternativos, inúmeros produtos estão em estudo. Dentre esses estão os óleos essenciais que apresentam características antimicrobianas, contribuindo para manutenção da integridade intestinal e consequentemente melhora no desempenho, garantindo a segurança alimentar, evitando a resistência cruzada, bem como a contaminação do meio ambiente. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de uma mistura de óleos essenciais extraídos de orégano, alho, limão, alecrim, timo, eucalipto e laranja doce, na dosagem de 300 mL para 500 L de água de bebida, sobre a morfometria da mucosa do duodeno de frangos de corte. Foram avaliados quatro aviários tratados com óleos essenciais na ração e quatro aviários controle, durante o período de um a sete dias de idade, contendo pintainhos da linhagem Cobb. Para a análise morfométrica, cinco aves de cada aviário (total de 40 aves) foram mortas, utilizando-se de protocolo anestésico, medicação pré-anestésica de xilazina 4mg/Kg IM. e após solução de tiopental na dose de 25 mg/Kg IV. Após eutanásia, foram colhidas amostras de material do intestino delgado, correspondente ao segmento duodenal, para realização das medições de altura de vilo e profundidade de cripta. Não foram verificados efeitos sobre a altura de vilo e profundidade de cripta nos animais tratados com óleos essenciais (P>0,05). Nas condições em que foram realizados o experimento, pode-se concluir que os óleos essenciais não alteraram a altura de vilo e a profundidade de cripta do duodeno.

Due to the need for replacement of antimicrobials as performance enhancers to alternative additives, several products are being studied. Among them, essential oils that exhibit antimicrobial properties are being analyzed, which contribute to the maintenance of intestinal integrity and consequently improving performance, assuring food safety, preventing cross-resistance, as well as contamination of the environment. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of adding a mixture of essential oils from oregano, garlic, lemon, rosemary, thyme, eucalyptus and sweet orange, at a dosage of 300 mL for 500 L of drinking water, on the morphometry of duodenal mucosa of broilers. Four poultry aviaries treated with essential oils in the diet and four control poultry aviaries were evaluated during the period from one to seven day old, containing Cobb chicks. For the morphometric analysis, five birds in each aviary (total of 40 birds) were euthanized using anesthetic protocol premedication with xylazine 4mg/kg IM) and after, a solution of thiopental (25 mg /Kg IV). After euthanasia, material samples were collected from the small intestine (duodenum) for measuring villus height and crypt depth. No effects on villus height and crypt depth could be found in the animals treated with essential oils (P> 0:05). Under the experimental conditions, it can be concluded that essential oils did not alter villus height and crypt depth of the duodenum.

Debido a la necesidad de reemplazo de antimicrobianos como mejoradores de desempeño por aditivos alternativos, innúmeros productos están siendo estudiados. Entre esos están los aceites esenciales que presentan características antimicrobianas, lo que contribuye al mantenimiento de la integridad intestinal y por consiguiente mejora el rendimiento, por garantizar la seguridad alimentaria, evitando resistencia cruzada, así como la contaminación del medio ambiente. Por lo tanto, el objetivo ha sido evaluar los efectos de la adición de una mezcla de aceites esenciales extraídos del orégano, ajo, limón, romero, tomillo, eucalipto y naranja dulce, a una dosis de 300 ml para 500 litros de agua potable, sobre la morfometría de la mucosa duodenal de pollos de engorde. Se han evaluado cuatro aviarios tratados con aceites esenciales en el pienso y cuatro aviarios control, durante el período de uno a siete días de edad, conteniendo pollitos Cobb. Para el análisis morfométrico, cinco aves de cada aviario (total de 40 aves) fueron sacrificadas, utilizándose de protocolo anestésico, medicación pre anestésica de xilazina 4 mg /Kg IM., y después tiopental solución a una dosis de 25 mg /Kg IV. Después de la eutanasia, se ha recogido muestras de material del intestino delgado, que corresponde al segmento duodenal, para llevar a cabo las mediciones de la altura de las vellosidades y profundidad de la cripta. No se ha verificado efectos sobre la altura de las vellosidades y la profundidad de la cripta en los animales tratados con aceites esenciales (P> 0,05). En las condiciones en que se han realizado el experimento, se puede concluir que los aceites esenciales no alteraron la altura de las vellosidades y la profundidad de la cripta del duodeno.

Dietas suplementadas com óleos essenciais não promove alterações na morfometria de vilos e criptas do duodeno de frangos de corte / Diets supplemented with essential oils do not promote alterations in villous morphometry and duodenum crypt of broilers / Dietas suplementadas con aceites esenciales no promove cambios en morfometría de las vellosidades y criptas del duodeno de pollos de engorda

Devido à necessidade da substituição dos antimicrobianos como melhoradores de desempenho por aditivos alternativos, inúmeros produtos estão em estudo. Dentre esses estão os óleos essenciais que apresentam características antimicrobianas, contribuindo para manutenção da integridade intestinal e consequentemente melhora no desempenho, garantindo a segurança alimentar, evitando a resistência cruzada, bem como a contaminação do meio ambiente. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de uma mistura de óleos essenciais extraídos de orégano, alho, limão, alecrim, timo, eucalipto e laranja doce, na dosagem de 300 mL para 500 L de água de bebida, sobre a morfometria da mucosa do duodeno de frangos de corte. Foram avaliados quatro aviários tratados com óleos essenciais na ração e quatro aviários controle, durante o período de um a sete dias de idade, contendo pintainhos da linhagem Cobb. Para a análise morfométrica, cinco aves de cada aviário (total de 40 aves) foram mortas, utilizando-se de protocolo anestésico, medicação pré-anestésica de xilazina 4mg/Kg IM. e após solução de tiopental na dose de 25 mg/Kg IV. Após eutanásia, foram colhidas amostras de material do intestino delgado, correspondente ao segmento duodenal, para realização das medições de altura de vilo e profundidade de cripta. Não foram verificados efeitos sobre a altura de vilo e profundidade de cripta nos animais tratados com óleos essenciais (P>0,05). Nas condições em que foram realizados o experimento, pode-se concluir que os óleos essenciais não alteraram a altura de vilo e a profundidade de cripta do duodeno.(AU)

Due to the need for replacement of antimicrobials as performance enhancers to alternative additives, several products are being studied. Among them, essential oils that exhibit antimicrobial properties are being analyzed, which contribute to the maintenance of intestinal integrity and consequently improving performance, assuring food safety, preventing cross-resistance, as well as contamination of the environment. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of adding a mixture of essential oils from oregano, garlic, lemon, rosemary, thyme, eucalyptus and sweet orange, at a dosage of 300 mL for 500 L of drinking water, on the morphometry of duodenal mucosa of broilers. Four poultry aviaries treated with essential oils in the diet and four control poultry aviaries were evaluated during the period from one to seven day old, containing Cobb chicks. For the morphometric analysis, five birds in each aviary (total of 40 birds) were euthanized using anesthetic protocol premedication with xylazine 4mg/kg IM) and after, a solution of thiopental (25 mg /Kg IV). After euthanasia, material samples were collected from the small intestine (duodenum) for measuring villus height and crypt depth. No effects on villus height and crypt depth could be found in the animals treated with essential oils (P> 0:05). Under the experimental conditions, it can be concluded that essential oils did not alter villus height and crypt depth of the duodenum.(AU)

Debido a la necesidad de reemplazo de antimicrobianos como mejoradores de desempeño por aditivos alternativos, innúmeros productos están siendo estudiados. Entre esos están los aceites esenciales que presentan características antimicrobianas, lo que contribuye al mantenimiento de la integridad intestinal y por consiguiente mejora el rendimiento, por garantizar la seguridad alimentaria, evitando resistencia cruzada, así como la contaminación del medio ambiente. Por lo tanto, el objetivo ha sido evaluar los efectos de la adición de una mezcla de aceites esenciales extraídos del orégano, ajo, limón, romero, tomillo, eucalipto y naranja dulce, a una dosis de 300 ml para 500 litros de agua potable, sobre la morfometría de la mucosa duodenal de pollos de engorde. Se han evaluado cuatro aviarios tratados con aceites esenciales en el pienso y cuatro aviarios control, durante el período de uno a siete días de edad, conteniendo pollitos Cobb. Para el análisis morfométrico, cinco aves de cada aviario (total de 40 aves) fueron sacrificadas, utilizándose de protocolo anestésico, medicación pre anestésica de xilazina 4 mg /Kg IM., y después tiopental solución a una dosis de 25 mg /Kg IV. Después de la eutanasia, se ha recogido muestras de material del intestino delgado, que corresponde al segmento duodenal, para llevar a cabo las mediciones de la altura de las vellosidades y profundidad de la cripta. No se ha verificado efectos sobre la altura de las vellosidades y la profundidad de la cripta en los animales tratados con aceites esenciales (P> 0,05). En las condiciones en que se han realizado el experimento, se puede concluir que los aceites esenciales no alteraron la altura de las vellosidades y la profundidad de la cripta del duodeno.(AU)

Performance and morphometry of the intestinal mucosa of laying hens fed diets containing xylanase

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary energy level reduction and xylanase inclusion on the performance and on intestinal mucosa morphometry of two- to six-week-old laying hens. In total, 400 Hy-line W36 laying hens were distributed according to a completely randomized design in 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (energy level x inclusion of xylanase), totaling four treatments with 10 replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. The following treatments were evaluated: positive control (balanced diet); positive control + xylanase; negative control (diet with of 100 kcal ME reduction /kg); negative control + xylanase. Body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, uniformity and livability were not influenced by diets with metabolizable energy reduction and xylanase inclusion; however, the addition of xylanase to the diets resulted in shallower crypts depth and greater villus:crypt ratio in the ileum. The energy reduction of the diet associated with the supplementation of xylanase did not influence performance, but increased the feed intake of 2- to 6-week-old laying hens and increased villus height in the ileum of 6-wk-old hens. Xylanase reduces crypt depth in the ileum of 6-week-old hens.(AU)

Performance and morphometry of the intestinal mucosa of laying hens fed diets containing xylanase

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary energy level reduction and xylanase inclusion on the performance and on intestinal mucosa morphometry of two- to six-week-old laying hens. In total, 400 Hy-line W36 laying hens were distributed according to a completely randomized design in 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (energy level x inclusion of xylanase), totaling four treatments with 10 replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. The following treatments were evaluated: positive control (balanced diet); positive control + xylanase; negative control (diet with of 100 kcal ME reduction /kg); negative control + xylanase. Body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, uniformity and livability were not influenced by diets with metabolizable energy reduction and xylanase inclusion; however, the addition of xylanase to the diets resulted in shallower crypts depth and greater villus:crypt ratio in the ileum. The energy reduction of the diet associated with the supplementation of xylanase did not influence performance, but increased the feed intake of 2- to 6-week-old laying hens and increased villus height in the ileum of 6-wk-old hens. Xylanase reduces crypt depth in the ileum of 6-week-old hens.

Performance and morphometry of the intestinal mucosa of laying hens fed diets containing xylanase

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary energy level reduction and xylanase inclusion on the performance and on intestinal mucosa morphometry of two- to six-week-old laying hens. In total, 400 Hy-line W36 laying hens were distributed according to a completely randomized design in 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (energy level x inclusion of xylanase), totaling four treatments with 10 replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. The following treatments were evaluated: positive control (balanced diet); positive control + xylanase; negative control (diet with of 100 kcal ME reduction /kg); negative control + xylanase. Body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, uniformity and livability were not influenced by diets with metabolizable energy reduction and xylanase inclusion; however, the addition of xylanase to the diets resulted in shallower crypts depth and greater villus:crypt ratio in the ileum. The energy reduction of the diet associated with the supplementation of xylanase did not influence performance, but increased the feed intake of 2- to 6-week-old laying hens and increased villus height in the ileum of 6-wk-old hens. Xylanase reduces crypt depth in the ileum of 6-week-old hens.

Performance and morphometry of the intestinal mucosa of laying hens fed diets containing xylanase

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary energy level reduction and xylanase inclusion on the performance and on intestinal mucosa morphometry of two- to six-week-old laying hens. In total, 400 Hy-line W36 laying hens were distributed according to a completely randomized design in 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (energy level x inclusion of xylanase), totaling four treatments with 10 replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. The following treatments were evaluated: positive control (balanced diet); positive control + xylanase; negative control (diet with of 100 kcal ME reduction /kg); negative control + xylanase. Body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, uniformity and livability were not influenced by diets with metabolizable energy reduction and xylanase inclusion; however, the addition of xylanase to the diets resulted in shallower crypts depth and greater villus:crypt ratio in the ileum. The energy reduction of the diet associated with the supplementation of xylanase did not influence performance, but increased the feed intake of 2- to 6-week-old laying hens and increased villus height in the ileum of 6-wk-old hens. Xylanase reduces crypt depth in the ileum of 6-week-old hens.

Utilization of jellied corn flour and micronized soybean in diets of piglets from 21 to 56 days old / Utilização da farinha pré-gelatinizada de milho e soja micronizada em dietas de leitões dos 21 aos 56 dias de idade

The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the use of jellied corn flour and micronized soybean, in substitution of corn and soybean meal, , respectively, in diets for weaning piglets from 21 to 56 days of age. The performance, relative weight of the digestive organs and duodenum and jejunum villous height and crypt depth were evaluated. A total of 112 21 days old weaning piglets were utilized, being 56 castrated males and 56 females, with average initial weight of 8,0 kg. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with factorial arrangement of treatments (two types of corn and types of soybean), seven replicates and four piglets per experimental unit. The two soy types affected (P 0,05) the relative weight of liver and large intestine at 33 days of age. The largest weight of liver and large intestine was observed when soybean meal was used and the smallest when the micronized soybean was utilized. The relative weight of the stomach was affected (P 0,05) by the two corn and soy types. It was observed highest villous height when used micronized soybean and lowest crypt depth was observed when used common corn + micronized soybean. The same way, the use of pre-jellied corn flour and micronized soybean in the diets did not affect the performance.The combinations of common corn and pre-jellied corn flour with micronized soybean resulted in reduced re

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da farinha pré-gelatinizada de milho e da soja micronizada em substituição total ao milho comum e ao farelo de soja, respectivamente, sobre o desempenho, peso relativo dos órgãos digestivos e parâmetros morfológicos intestinais (altura de vilosidade e profundidade de cripta), de leitões dos 21 aos 56 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 112 leitões mestiços (Landrace e Large White), desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, sendo 56 machos castrados e 56 fêmeas, com peso inicial médio de 8,0 kg, em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (dois tipos de milho e dois tipos de soja), sete repetições e quatro leitões por unidade experimental. Não houve efeito da interação dos tipos de milho com os tipos de soja sobre o ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. A utilização da soja micronizada resultou em redução dos pesos relativos do fígado e intestino grosso, aos 33 dias de idade. O peso relativo do estômago foi influenciado pelos dois tipos de milho e de soja, sendo que os maiores valores foram obtidos com a dieta à base de milho e farelo de soja. A altura das vilosidades do duodeno e do jejuno, aos 33 dias de idade, foi influenciada pelos tipos de milho e de soja, sendo a profundidade de cripta no duodeno influenciada pela interação entre ambos. A altura das vilosidades foi maior quando se utilizou a farinha p

Utilization of jellied corn flour and micronized soybean in diets of piglets from 21 to 56 days old / Utilização da farinha pré-gelatinizada de milho e soja micronizada em dietas de leitões dos 21 aos 56 dias de idade

The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the use of jellied corn flour and micronized soybean, in substitution of corn and soybean meal, , respectively, in diets for weaning piglets from 21 to 56 days of age. The performance, relative weight of the digestive organs and duodenum and jejunum villous height and crypt depth were evaluated. A total of 112 21 days old weaning piglets were utilized, being 56 castrated males and 56 females, with average initial weight of 8,0 kg. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with factorial arrangement of treatments (two types of corn and types of soybean), seven replicates and four piglets per experimental unit. The two soy types affected (P 0,05) the relative weight of liver and large intestine at 33 days of age. The largest weight of liver and large intestine was observed when soybean meal was used and the smallest when the micronized soybean was utilized. The relative weight of the stomach was affected (P 0,05) by the two corn and soy types. It was observed highest villous height when used micronized soybean and lowest crypt depth was observed when used common corn + micronized soybean. The same way, the use of pre-jellied corn flour and micronized soybean in the diets did not affect the performance.The combinations of common corn and pre-jellied corn flour with micronized soybean resulted in reduced re

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da farinha pré-gelatinizada de milho e da soja micronizada em substituição total ao milho comum e ao farelo de soja, respectivamente, sobre o desempenho, peso relativo dos órgãos digestivos e parâmetros morfológicos intestinais (altura de vilosidade e profundidade de cripta), de leitões dos 21 aos 56 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 112 leitões mestiços (Landrace e Large White), desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, sendo 56 machos castrados e 56 fêmeas, com peso inicial médio de 8,0 kg, em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (dois tipos de milho e dois tipos de soja), sete repetições e quatro leitões por unidade experimental. Não houve efeito da interação dos tipos de milho com os tipos de soja sobre o ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. A utilização da soja micronizada resultou em redução dos pesos relativos do fígado e intestino grosso, aos 33 dias de idade. O peso relativo do estômago foi influenciado pelos dois tipos de milho e de soja, sendo que os maiores valores foram obtidos com a dieta à base de milho e farelo de soja. A altura das vilosidades do duodeno e do jejuno, aos 33 dias de idade, foi influenciada pelos tipos de milho e de soja, sendo a profundidade de cripta no duodeno influenciada pela interação entre ambos. A altura das vilosidades foi maior quando se utilizou a farinha p

Intestinal mucosa development in broiler chickens fed natural growth promoters

This study evaluated the use of probiotics and prebiotics on the histological and morphological indexes of the intestinal mucosa of broilers at 21 days of age. Thirty-six birds were randomly distributed in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement, considering 3 probiotics and prebiotics sources in the diet. There were 9 treatments with 4 repetitions. Diet treatments were: 1 - Control (without growth promoters); 2 - Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic (Pro 1); 3 - Probiotic (Pool) based on Lactobacillus acidophilus and casei, Streptococcus lactis and faecium, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Aspergillus oryzae (Pro 2); 4 - Prebiotic based on Phosphorylated Mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and Organic Acidifier (OA) (Pre 1); 5 - MOS-based prebiotic (Pre 2); 6 - Pro 1 + Pre 1; 7 - Pro 1 + Pre 2; 8 - Pro 2 + Pre 1; 9 - Pro 2 + Pre 2. Higher villus height (VH) (p 0.01) were seen in the duodenum of birds fed diets without prebiotics, whereas birds fed Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic and birds fed prebiotic based on MOS and OA showed higher VH (p 0.01) in jejunum and ileum. Greater crypt depths (CD) (p 0.01) were observed in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of birds receiving B. subtilis, and in the duodenum and jejunum of birds fed diets without prebiotics. Significant interaction (p 0.01) between the evaluated factors was seen for both, VH and CD, in the three intestinal portions. Greater VH was obtained in duodenum, jejunum and ileum with the use of probiotics and prebiotics and greater CD with the use of probiotics, in relation to the control group. There was no difference in villus density (VD) between birds fed diets without additives or diets containing probiotics and prebiotics. Nevertheless, there was a significant interaction (p 0.05) between the evaluated factors for VD in the duodenum. Concluding, beneficial effects were seen in histological indexes of the intestinal mucosa with the use of probiotics and prebiotics at 21 days of age.

Intestinal mucosa development in broiler chickens fed natural growth promoters

This study evaluated the use of probiotics and prebiotics on the histological and morphological indexes of the intestinal mucosa of broilers at 21 days of age. Thirty-six birds were randomly distributed in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement, considering 3 probiotics and prebiotics sources in the diet. There were 9 treatments with 4 repetitions. Diet treatments were: 1 - Control (without growth promoters); 2 - Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic (Pro 1); 3 - Probiotic (Pool) based on Lactobacillus acidophilus and casei, Streptococcus lactis and faecium, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Aspergillus oryzae (Pro 2); 4 - Prebiotic based on Phosphorylated Mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and Organic Acidifier (OA) (Pre 1); 5 - MOS-based prebiotic (Pre 2); 6 - Pro 1 + Pre 1; 7 - Pro 1 + Pre 2; 8 - Pro 2 + Pre 1; 9 - Pro 2 + Pre 2. Higher villus height (VH) (p 0.01) were seen in the duodenum of birds fed diets without prebiotics, whereas birds fed Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic and birds fed prebiotic based on MOS and OA showed higher VH (p 0.01) in jejunum and ileum. Greater crypt depths (CD) (p 0.01) were observed in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of birds receiving B. subtilis, and in the duodenum and jejunum of birds fed diets without prebiotics. Significant interaction (p 0.01) between the evaluated factors was seen for both, VH and CD, in the three intestinal portions. Greater VH was obtained in duodenum, jejunum and ileum with the use of probiotics and prebiotics and greater CD with the use of probiotics, in relation to the control group. There was no difference in villus density (VD) between birds fed diets without additives or diets containing probiotics and prebiotics. Nevertheless, there was a significant interaction (p 0.05) between the evaluated factors for VD in the duodenum. Concluding, beneficial effects were seen in histological indexes of the intestinal mucosa with the use of probiotics and prebiotics at 21 days of age.

Effects of corn particle size and physical form of the diet on the gastrointestinal structures of broiler chickens

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of different particle sizes, expressed as Geometric Mean Diameter (GMD) of corn (0.336mm, 0.585mm, 0.856mm and 1.12mm) of mash and pelleted broiler chicken diets on the weight of the gizzard, duodenum and jejunum+ileum; on the pH of the gizzard and small intestine and on the characteristics of the duodenal mucous layer (number and height of villi and crypt depth) in 42-day-old broilers. The physical form and the particle size of the diet had no significant effect on gizzard and intestine pH (p > 0.05). A greater gizzard weight was seen in the birds receiving pelleted diet and particle size of 0.336mm (p 0.008). However, for the particle sizes of 0.856 and 1.12 mm, a greater weight was found in birds that received mash diet (p 0.039 and p 0.006, respectively). Also, gizzard weight was greater with increasing corn GMD independent of the physical form of the diet. In the mash diet, the increase in particle size promoted a quadratic response in the weight of duodenum and jejunum + ileum. The pelleted diet promoted a greater number of villi per transverse duodenum cut (p 0.007) and greater crypt depth (p 0.05). As the particle size increased, there was a linear increase of villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum, irrespective of the physical form of the diet.

Effects of corn particle size and physical form of the diet on the gastrointestinal structures of broiler chickens

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of different particle sizes, expressed as Geometric Mean Diameter (GMD) of corn (0.336mm, 0.585mm, 0.856mm and 1.12mm) of mash and pelleted broiler chicken diets on the weight of the gizzard, duodenum and jejunum+ileum; on the pH of the gizzard and small intestine and on the characteristics of the duodenal mucous layer (number and height of villi and crypt depth) in 42-day-old broilers. The physical form and the particle size of the diet had no significant effect on gizzard and intestine pH (p > 0.05). A greater gizzard weight was seen in the birds receiving pelleted diet and particle size of 0.336mm (p 0.008). However, for the particle sizes of 0.856 and 1.12 mm, a greater weight was found in birds that received mash diet (p 0.039 and p 0.006, respectively). Also, gizzard weight was greater with increasing corn GMD independent of the physical form of the diet. In the mash diet, the increase in particle size promoted a quadratic response in the weight of duodenum and jejunum + ileum. The pelleted diet promoted a greater number of villi per transverse duodenum cut (p 0.007) and greater crypt depth (p 0.05). As the particle size increased, there was a linear increase of villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum, irrespective of the physical form of the diet.