Embarazo Adolescente en Chile: Una mirada a la desigualdad sociodemográfica comunal / Teen Pregnancy in Chile: A look to communal sociodemographic inequality

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS El embarazo adolescente es un problema de salud pública mundial. En Chile no se ha estudiado su asociación a desigualdad y determinantes sociales. Se evaluó la distribución del embarazo adolescente, cuantificó su desigualdad y analizaron los factores socioeconómicos, demográficos y del sistema de salud municipal asociados, por comunas chilenas. Método Se estudió el porcentaje de nacidos vivos de mujeres de 10 a 19 años y la tasa de fertilidad adolescente, por comunas chilenas desde 2008 a 2012. Se midieron los indicadores de desigualdad Gini, Theil, Coeficiente de variación y Razón 90/10. Se evaluó la asociación de la tasa de fertilidad adolescente a características comunales con modelos de datos de panel. Resultados Se observó una disminución en la mediana del embarazo adolescente comunal, con un leve aumento en los indicadores de desigualdad medidos. La fertilidad adolescente se asoció a una mayor dependencia de los recursos municipales a un fondo de redistribución (p<0.01), menor gasto en salud municipal per cápita (p<0.05) y menor tasa de consultas por anticoncepción de emergencia (p<0.05 o p<0.1, dependiendo del modelo). En algunos modelos, se encontró asociación directa a pobreza (p<0.01) y años de vida perdidos (AVPP) (p<0.01), e indirecta a años de escolaridad promedio (p<0.05). Conclusiones Existe una asociación a características socioeconómicas y del sistema de salud municipal que permite proponer una tendencia al alza en la desigualdad en embarazo adolescente, profundizando la desigualdad de oportunidades y la transmisión intergeneracional de la pobreza.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives Teen pregnancy is a worldwide public health problem. In Chile, its association to social determinants and inequality has not been well studied. Our objective was to evaluate teen pregnancy distribution, quantify inequality and analyze associated socioeconomic, demographic and municipal health factors, by Chilean communes. Methods We studied the percentage of live births from woman 10 to 19 years old and adolescent fertility rate, from 2008 to 2012, in the 345 communes of Chile. We measured inequality through four indicators: Gini, Theil, Variation coefficient and 90/10 ratio. Using panel data models, we evaluated association of adolescent fertility rate to communes' characteristics. Results We observed a decrease in the communal teen pregnancy median, with a mild raise in inequality indicators. Adolescent fertility was heavily associated to a greater dependence in municipal resources to a redistribution fund (p<0.01), less expense in municipal healthcare per capita (p<0.05) and less emergency contraception consultations rate (p<0.05 or p<0.1, depending on the model built). In some models, we found a direct association to poverty (p<0.01) and years of life lost (YLL) (p<0.01), and indirect to average schooling years (p<0.05). Conclusions Association found to socioeconomic and municipal health characteristics allows proposing that inequality in teen pregnancy by communes in Chile will continue increasing, deepening inequality of opportunity and intergenerational transmission of poverty.

Situational analysis of poverty and violence among children and youth with disabilities in the Americas an agenda proposal / Análise da situação da pobreza e da violência entre crianças e jovens com deficiência nas Américas uma proposta de agenda debate debate

This article reviews the prevalence of poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean discussing the cycle and culture of poverty, their links to violence and maltreatment among disabled children and youth, from 1990 to 2006. There is a discussion of child maltreatment both of typical and disabled children taking into consideration the disabled child's unique needs, the impact on the family and society and the availability of supports and resources. Finally, an agenda is set forth to address poverty and violence, seeking to diminish the prevalence of maltreatment of all children, but especially children with disabilities. In addition, there is the hope of breaking the cycle of poverty and supporting disabled and marginalized individuals. This agenda speaks to the need for multidisciplinary collaboration as well as collaboration regionally and locally among governmental and non-governmental agencies, advocacy groups and the community at large.

Esse artigo revisa a prevalência da pobreza na América Latina e no Caribe, discute o ciclo e a cultura da pobreza e sua interface com a violência e os maus tratos contra crianças e jovens com deficiência, de 1990 a 2006. A discussão sobre os maus tratos focaliza crianças com e sem deficiência, levando em consideração a especificidade e necessidades singulares das crianças com deficiência, o impacto na família e na sociedade e a disponibilidade de suporte e recursos. Finalmente, uma agenda é proposta para abordar o tema da pobreza e violência, ao procurar diminuir a prevalência de maus tratos entre todas as crianças, especialmente as crianças com deficiência, ao quebrar o ciclo de pobreza e dar suporte para indivíduos com deficiência e marginalizados. Essa agenda aponta a necessidade de colaboração multidisciplinar, como também colaboração regional e local entre organizações governamentais e não-governamentais, grupos de auto-ajuda e a comunidade mais ampla.