[Balancing drug regulation and health democracy: The role of patient and healthcare professional advisors at the ANSM]. / Concilier régulation du médicament et démocratie sanitaire : rôle des conseillers patient ou professionnel de santé à l'ANSM.

The French National Agency for Health Products (ANSM) is a regulatory and public health agency. Its regulatory, health policing and public health protection activities require a perfect fit with the field and the various people involved in the use of health products. Since 2019, the ANSM has adapted its organisation, procedures and processes to encourage and improve interaction with its stakeholders, as part of its policy of openness towards civil society. To accompany this ambitious change and to support its staff, the Agency has recruited advisors corresponding to the main users of health products: prescribers (doctor's hospital and outpatient), pharmacists and patients. Working as a group or individually, they provide a "lived" user perspective on health products at each stage of the evaluation process. They may be involved in the assessment of dossiers, signals or applications received by the Agency, in the internal validation of reports or in discussions with stakeholders. They are particularly involved when the analysis requires expertise that goes beyond the technical, scientific or regulatory aspects. They may also work with ANSM staff to explain certain processes and difficulties in the field. Advisors help to ensure that regulatory and/or scientific expertise is clear and consistent with user experience. In addition to their scientific and therapeutic aspects, medicines are also economic, social and political issues. Their regulation is therefore particularly affected by the need for health democracy. This requires the active participation of health professionals, patients and, more broadly, civil society in the decision-making process. Civil society is a space occupied by a wide range of actors who exert pressure from different ideological positions to influence the regulation of health products. In this context, taking into account a plurality of viewpoints in the regulation of health products is necessary and complex, but its operation can be facilitated by the collective efforts of the actors and the adaptation of organisations, such as the integration of advisors.

[Facilitators and barriers to shared decision-making in France in 2021: National survey in cancer]. / Leviers et freins à la prise de décision partagée en France en 2021 : enquête nationale auprès des patients atteints de cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Shared-decision making (SDM) combines clinical expertise of the healthcare professional with patient's knowledge, values and preferences. This survey explores from a patient perspective, the implementation, facilitators and barriers of SDM in oncology in France in 2021. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From August to October 2021, the digital platform Cancer contribution conducted an online survey relayed by 11 patient associations. RESULTS: Out of 916 responses, 727 were analyzed: 394 from patients with hematological malignancies [HM], 185 with breast cancer [BC], 93 with other solid tumors [ST] and 55 with multiple cancers [MC]. Among the participants, 47.2 % reported that they participated in a decision about their health management, with a significant variation according to the pathology (BC 43.8 %, HM 41.1 %, ST 57 %, MC 60 %, P=0.01), and regardless of age and gender. Two-thirds felt comfortable with the shared decision-making process, in relation with the time allocated and the information provided, regardless of the pathology. In addition, emotions, uncertainty and lack of information are the main reasons quoted by patients to explain their lack of ease in making a decision related to their health. CONCLUSIONS: In this survey, less than half of the patients declared that they have been enrolled in a SDM approach, this rate varying according to the type of solid tumor or hematological malignancy. This study shows that to improve the implementation of SDM in routine clinical practice in cancer, sufficient time and use of decision aids are needed.

[Patient partnership: sharing experience in sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis]. / Partenariat patient : partage d'expérience dans le cas d'une crise vaso-occlusive drépanocytaire.

The patient partnership is a new approach in which the patient, through his knowledge acquired from his experience with the disease, is a stakeholder in decisions about care, the organization of the health system and choices in terms of health policy. A team from the Blois hospital (41) was able to share the experience of a patient partnership during the analysis of a complex medical situation with a young man with sickle cell disease in a vaso-occlusive crisis. She reports here this new and enriching experience.

[The place of users and their families in tomorrow's healthcare system]. / La place des usagers et des proches dans le système de santé de demain.

Partnership in health is an innovative concept that brings about change. It is part of an attempt to synthesize support practices and actions of political and citizen scope. Its application poses challenges and issues for the actors of tomorrow's health system.

In search of some light in this ugly darkness.

This paper aims to understand the origins of what is seen as a lack of understanding about the seriousness of our current times. The author's view is that this failure is due to a lack of awareness that our human species is destructive, arrogant, self-centred and ignorant of the laws of nature and the wonderful complexity of the environment that it destroys. Possible new values that could support a new civilizational framework are presented.

Cet article vise à comprendre les origines de ce qui est perçu comme un manque de compréhension de la gravité de notre époque actuelle. L'auteur suggère que cet échec provient d'un déficit de conscience en ce qui concerne le fait que notre espèce humaine est destructrice, arrogante, centrée sur elle-même et ignorante des lois de la nature et de la merveilleuse complexité de l'environnement qu'elle détruit. De nouvelles valeurs envisageables - qui pourraient soutenir une nouvelle structure pour la civilisation - sont présentées.

El presente trabajo intenta comprender los orígenes de aquello que es visto como una falta de comprensión sobre la seriedad de nuestros tiempos actuales. La perspectiva del autor es que esta falla se debe a una falta de conciencia sobre la destructividad, arrogancia, auto-centración e ignorancia de nuestra especie humana acerca de las leyes de la naturaleza y la maravillosa complejidad del medio ambiente al que destruye. Se presentan nuevos valores posibles que puedan apoyar un nuevo marco de referencia para nuestra civilización.

Este artigo tem como objetivo entender as origens do que é visto como uma falta de compreensão sobre a seriedade de nossos tempos atuais. A visão do autor é que esse fracasso se deve à falta de consciência de que nossa espécie humana é destrutiva, arrogante, egocêntrica e ignorante das leis da natureza e da maravilhosa complexidade do ambiente que ela destrói. Possíveis novos valores que possam apoiar um novo quadro civilizacional são apresentados.

[Patient partnership and patient education in oncology]. / Patient partenaire et éducation thérapeutique en cancerologie.

INTRODUCTION: Over the last 40years, the French health system has opened up to patient engagement. Society has recognised the legitimacy of the patient as a decision-maker in his or her own health and as an expert in his or her illness. This is true at the individual level in the context of doctor-patient relationship, and at the organisational level within institutions, in decision-making or academic groups. The aim of this study is to present the concepts of patient-partnership, patient education and to illustrate the different functions that patient-partners can take within the organisation of patient education programmes, and in the field of oncology. METHOD: A narrative review of the literature was carried out to extract relevant and recent seminal articles to address these points. RESULTS: The Montreal model establishes the patient partner as a full care actor. He can thus contribute his expertise in many fields of application: care, research or teaching. The aim of patient education is to empower the patient in the management of his or her disease, treatment and the consequences of these on daily life. The patient partner has a full place in this system where he can accompany his peers, but also collaborate with the educational team to develop new programmes, evaluate them and even conduct research. The implementation of these systems consists of getting individuals with different cultures and operating methods to work together. It is a process that requires time, effort and attention to each other.

[The philosophical lessons of Covid-19]. / Les leçons philosophiques de la Covid-19.

Quelles leçons conceptuelles tirer de la crise sanitaire ? Si nous avons encore peu de recul sur cet épisode, plusieurs pistes se dessinent : nouvelle narration collective de l'événement, banalisation de l'état d'exception, prolifération de l'information, présence renforcée de la science dans le débat, intolérance au risque et à la mort… Autant d'éléments qui posent les jalons d'un nouveau paradigme encore en cours de construction.

[Sociotherapeutic innovations in the care system]. / Les innovations sociothérapeutiques dans le système de soins.

What are sociotherapeutic innovations? How can humanities be introduced and recognised in the French health care system? This set of practices and techniques differ from biomedical medicine. It is a matter of understanding the values they convey and the way they compare with evidence-based medicine.

Escola e laço fraterno / Escuela y lazo fraterno / School and fraternal bond / L'école et le lien fraternel

Este artigo recupera algumas das características civilizatórias que marcaram o advento das sociedades da modernidade democrática e destaca aquele que seria o traço distintivo da escola republicana. A identificação desse traço permite confrontar as reivindicações de movimentos que atualmente afirmam a prioridade da educação familiar sobre a educação escolar e interrogar alguns dos pressupostos dos ideólogos de uma "educação para a sociabilidade democrática", que muitas vezes desconsideram que uma educação escolar comprometida com promoção da experiência democrática passa, antes de tudo, pela afirmação da escola como instituição implicada com a produção de uma filiação simbólica comum. É essa afirmação que nos permitirá vislumbrar, por fim, o limite da família no processo da transmissão simbólica que balizará o acontecimento de um sujeito interpelado na modernidade como indivíduo e como cidadão.

Este artículo busca recuperar algunas de las características civilizadoras que marcan el advenimiento de las sociedades de la modernidad democrática para, a partir de allí, rescatar el rasgo distintivo de la escuela republicana. La identificación de este rasgo que caracteriza a la escuela soñada por la modernidad democrática permite, en un segundo momento, confrontar el argumento en el que se basan los movimientos actuales que priorizan la educación familiar por sobre la escolar y, al mismo tiempo, cuestionar algunos de los presupuestos idealistas de una "educación para sociabilidad democrática" - que, muchas veces, desconocen que una educación escolar comprometida con la promoción de la experiencia democrática se basa, principalmente, en la consolidación de la escuela como institución implicada en la producción de una filiación simbólica común.

Starting with a brief consideration on the movements that presently claim the priority of family education over school education, and those that reclaim the possibility of an education fully ran in a home territory, this paper aims to recover some of the civilizatory characteristics that mark the advent of the societies of the democratic modernity to, from this point, retrieve what would be the distinctive trait of the Republican school. The identification of this trait that distinguishes the dreamed school in the advent of the democratic modernity allows us, at a second moment, to confront the argument that serves as a basis for these movements' claims. At the same time, it allows us to question some of the assumptions from the ideologues of an "education for the democratic sociability" - who, often, end for considering that a school education committed with the promotion of the democratic experience passes, first and foremost, through the affirmation of school as an institution implicated with the production of a common filiation.

Cet article vise à reprendre, en premier lieu, certains éléments civilisateurs caractérisant l'avènement des sociétés de la modernité démocratique afin d'en dégager celui qui serait le trait distinctif de l'école républicaine. D'une part, ce travail d'identification nous permet de confronter les propos des mouvements qui revendiquent, de nos jours, la priorité de l'éducation familiale par rapport à l'éducation scolaire. D'autre part, il est également nécessaire de remettre en cause quelques présupposés des théoriciens d'une « éducation pour la sociabilité démocratique ¼ d'autant plus qu'ils ne prennent pas assez souvent en compte certains aspects importants d'une éducation scolaire engagée à la promotion de l'expérience démocratique. Au terme de l'analyse, cette étude cherche à mettre en évidence que la scolarisation liée à la sociabilité démocratique passe, avant tout, par l'affirmation d'une école considérée comme une institution orientée envers la production d'une filiation commune.

Creando paz: contenidos formativos con imaginación pedagógica / Criando paz: conteúdos formativos com imaginação pedagógica / Créer la paix : contenus de formation et imagination pédagogique / Creating peace: training contents with pedagogical imagination

Resumen Este artículo se deriva de una investigación sobre experiencias de mediación y gestión transformativa de conflictos en zonas afectadas por el conflicto armado en Colombia, presentando dos hallazgos: uno, que en medio de ciclos repetidos de violencia, las personas han logrado un "empoderamiento pacifista", sobreponerse y apelar a sus capacidades para transformar los conflictos y para restituir el tejido social; y dos, el trabajo sobre el ser, el abordaje simbólico para tramitar los conflictos y para educar en formas de convivencia pacífica. Los recursos culturales identificados sirvieron de base para la construcción de contenidos formativos digitales que aportaran a la Cátedra de la Paz en el país. Por tanto, los contenidos no parten de prescripciones ni de teorías, sino que convirtieron las experiencias concretas en contenidos formativos para la construcción de la paz.

Resumo Este artigo se deriva de uma pesquisa sobre experiências de mediação e gestão transformadora de conflitos em áreas afetadas pelo conflito armado colombiano, apresentando dois achados: em primeiro lugar, que, no meio de ciclos repetidos de violências, as pessoas conseguem obter um "empoderamento pacifista", se superar e apelar para as suas capacidades, a fim de transformar os conflitos e restituir o tecido social; e em segundo, o trabalho sobre o ser, a abordagem simbólica para administrar os conflitos e educar sobre formas de convivência pacífica. Os recursos culturais identificados serviram como base para a construção de conteúdos formativos digitais que contribuíram para a Cátedra da Paz, na Colômbia. Portanto os conteúdos não partem de prescrições nem de teorias, mas transformaram as experiências concretas em conteúdos formativos para a construção da paz.

Résumé Cet article découle d'une recherche sur les expériences de médiation et de gestion et transformation des conflits dans des zones de Colombie touchées par le conflit armé. Il rend compte de deux découvertes : la première est que, malgré les cycles de violence récurrents, la population est parvenue non seulement à s'autonomiser de manière pacifique, mais aussi à se surmonter en mobilisant ses capacités à transformer les conflits et à restaurer le tissu social ; la deuxième étant que grace au travail sur l'être humain lui-même et à une approche symbolique il est possible de gérer les conflits et de mettre en place une éducation bâtie sur des formes de coexistence pacifique. Les ressources culturelles identifiées ont servi de base à la construction des contenus de formation numériques ayant contribué à la Chaire de la Paix en Colombie. Les contenus ne sont donc pas partis de prescriptions ou de théories, mais des expériences concrètes qui ont été converties en contenus de formation pour la construction de la paix.

Abstract This article stems from a research project about mediation experiences and transformational conflict management in areas affected by the armed conflict in Colombia. The first finding states that in the midst of repeated violence cycles, people have achieved a "pacifist empowerment". They have overcome and called upon their capacities to transform conflicts and restore social structure. The second one, concerning self-work, is the symbolic approach when dealing with conflict and educating in peaceful coexisting ways. The identified cultural resources served as the basis for creating digital training content that will contribute to the country's Cátedra de Paz in the country. Therefore, specific experiences were transformed into training contents aimed at building peace instead of using contents based on provisions or theories.

Educação e democracia: do risco de desarticulação a uma recomposição crítica / Education and democracy: from the risk of disarticulation to a critical recomposition / Educación y democracia: del riesgo de desarticulación a una recomposición crítica / éducation et démocratie: du risque de désarticulation à une recomposition critique

Resumo Retornando a um tema que é um clássico em teoria da educação, o presente artigo procura respostas fundamentadas para um problema atual: a erosão da relação entre educação e democracia e o risco de assistirmos, se nada for feito, a uma desarticulação de ambas nos contextos em que a neoliberalização levou mais longe a economização de esferas e atividades, incluindo as não diretamente económicas. Voltado para as instituições escolares, e partindo da análise criteriosa desse fenómeno, o artigo aponta para uma recomposição crítica do alinhamento entre educação e democracia, especificando o que isso implica no percurso educativo dos mais novos nas escolas realmente existentes.

Abstract Returning to a theme that is a classic in the theory of education, this article seeks grounded answers to a current problem: the erosion of the relationship between education and democracy and the risk of witnessing, if nothing is done, a disarticulation of both in the contexts where neoliberalization has taken economization of spheres and activities further, including those not directly economic. Focused on school institutions, and based on a careful analysis of this phenomenon, the article points to a critical recomposition of the alignment between education and democracy, specifying what this implies in the educational path of the youngest in the really existing schools.

Resumen Volviendo a un tema que es un clásico en la teoría de la educación, el presente artículo busca respuestas razonadas a un problema actual: la erosión de la relación entre educación y democracia y el riesgo de presenciar, si no se hace nada, una desarticulación de ambas en los contextos donde la neoliberalización ha llevado más lejos la economización de esferas y actividades, incluidas las que no son directamente económicas. Dirigido a las instituciones escolares y basado en un análisis cuidadoso de este fenómeno, el artículo señala una recomposición crítica del alineamiento entre educación y democracia especificando lo que esto implica en el itinerario educativo de los más jóvenes en las escuelas realmente existentes.

Résumé Revenant sur un thème qui est déjà un classique de la théorie de l'éducation, cet article cherche des réponses concrètes à un problème actuel : l'érosion de la liaison entre éducation et démocratie et le risque d'assister, si rien n'est fait, à leur désarticulation dans les contextes où la néolibéralisation a poussé plus loin l'économisation de sphères et d'activités, y compris celles qui ne sont pas directement économiques. Centré sur les institutions scolaires et basé sur une analyse approfondie de ce phénomène, l'article pointe une recomposition critique de l'alignement entre éducation et démocratie et precise les implications dans le parcours scolaire des plus jeunes dans les écoles réellement existantes.

[The role of patients in the training systems of nursing training institutes in France]. / La place des patients dans les dispositifs de formation des instituts de formation en soins infirmiers en France.

Launched by the University of Patients-Sorbonne University, a survey explores the number of nursing training institutes that develop patient interventions in their teaching curricula. Presentation of the preliminary results of this study.

[Artificial intelligence: a benefit for patients?] / Intelligence artificielle : un atout pour les patients ?

While artificial intelligence (AI) may have raised concerns, these questions are now making way for in-depth discussions on how to take advantage of its potential to ensure advances for patients. From this point of view, AI can constitute a real lever for strengthening the doctor-patient relationship, subject to a certain number of conditions.

A educação ocupada: um ensaio psicopolítico sobre as ocupações secundaristas de São Paulo / The occupied education: a psychopolitical essay on the occupations of secondary schools in São Paulo / La educación ocupada: un ensayo psicopolítico acerca de las ocupaciones de secundaria en el estado de São Paulo / L'éducation occupée: un essai psychopolitique sur les occupations des lycées à São Paulo

O presente ensaio busca oferecer uma reflexão a respeito do movimento secundarista de ocupações das escolas estaduais de São Paulo, a partir da perspectiva da Psicologia Política. Considerando a característica fortemente interdisciplinar desse campo do conhecimento, serão trazidos para a discussão autores provindos de diversas áreas que possam contribuir para uma análise psicopolítica do movimento em questão, lançando luz sobre os temas que dali emergiram, tais como: as relações entre democracia e educação, entre poder e resistência e entre movimentos sociais e políticas públicas. A análise aponta, a nosso ver, para a importância da participação política e para a necessidade de um ambiente escolar aberto a processos democráticos, com o fomento da consciência política e do exercício da cidadania, com vistas à formação crítico-reflexiva dos estudantes quanto à sociedade em que vivem, tal como visto nas ocupações.

This essay seeks to offer a reflection on the secondary school movement of occupations of state schools in São Paulo, from the perspective of Political Psychology. Considering the strongly interdisciplinary feature of this field of knowledge, we will bring to discussion authors of several areas that can contribute to a psycho-political analysis of the movement in question, shedding light on the issues that there have emerged, such as the relationship between democracy and education, between power and resistance and between social movements andpublic policies. The analysis points out, in our view, to the importance of reflection on the relationship between individual and state, political participation and the need for a school environment open to democratic processes, with the development of political consciousness and citizenship, with the aim of critical-reflexive education of students about the society in which they live in, as seen in occupations.

Este ensayo pretende ofrecer una reflexión sobre el movimiento secundarista de ocupación de las escuelas del estado de Sao Paulo, desde la perspectiva de la Psicologia Política. Teniendo en cuenta la característica fuertemente interdisciplinar de este campo del conocimiento, recurriremos a autores de diversos campos, que pueden contribuir a un análisis psico-político del movimiento en cuestión, arrojando luz acerca de los problemas que han surgido, como la relación entre la democracia y la educación, entre el poder y la resistencia y entre los movimientos sociales y las políticas públicas. El análisis senala la importancia de la participación política y la necesidad de un entorno escolar abierto a los procesos democráticos, fomentando la conciencia política y la ciudadanía, con vistas a la formación crítico-reflexiva de los estudiantes a respecto de la sociedad en la que viven y sobre como se ven en las ocupaciones.

Le présent essai a pourbut de proposer une réflexion sur le mouvement d'occupations des lycées publics de l 'état de São Paulo par les lycéens de cet état, à partir de la perspective de la psychologie politique. Compte tenu de la nature fortement interdisciplinaire de cette sphère de la connaissance, nous évoquer ons dans cette discussion de sauteur sissus de différents domaines pouvant apporter leur contribution à une analyse psychopolitique du mouvement en question, enfaisant la lumière sur les thèmes qui en ont émergé, tels que: la relation entre démocratie et éducation, entre pouvoir et résistance, et entre mouvement ssociaux et politiques publiques. Cette analyse signale, à notre avis, l'importance de la participation politique et la nécessité d'un environnement scolaire ouvert aux processus démocratiques, visant à la promotion de la conscience politique et l'exercice de la citoyenneté, en vue de la formation critique et réflexive de sélèves vis-à-vis de la société dans laquelle ils vivent, tel que nous avons pu voir lors des occupations.

[The contribution of the fight against AIDS to the health democracy]. / Les apports de la lutte contre le sida à la démocratie en santé.

There is a debate on the place and the role of users in the healthcare system. It is important to remember that the people concerned by AIDS and associations fighting against this pathology have initiated a new type of patient involvement in care and public policies. This could be taken as a model.

O papel da Associação dos Membros Filiados (AMF) na democracia institucional / The role of the Association of Candidates for institutional democracy / El papel de la Asociación de Candidatos en la democracia institucional / Le rôle de L'Association des Candidats dans la démocratie institutionnelle

A autora se propõe a pensar sobre a importância da Associação dos Membros Filiados (AMF) para o Instituto de Psicanálise "Durval Marcondes", da Sociedade Brasileira de Psicanálise de São Paulo (SBPSP), e das organizações de analistas em formação para a democracia das instituições psicanalíticas. O texto se desenvolve por dois pontos principais: (1) a importância do grupo de colegas como parte da formação psicanalítica, ao lado do tripé análise-supervisão-estudos teóricos, e da participação na vida institucional; (2) e os ritos democráticos que validam a escolha dos representantes dos membros filiados por seus pares.

The author intends to think about the importance of the Association of Candidates (AMF) of the Institute of Psychoanalysis Durval Marcondes of the Brazilian Society of Psychoanalysis of São Paulo (SBPSP), and of Candidates Organizations in general for democracy in Psychoanalytical institutions. The text is developed through two main points: (1) the importance of the group of colleagues as a part of psychoanalytical training, alongside the tripod - analysis, supervision, theoretical studies - and the institutional participation; (2) and the democratic rite that validate the election of the candidates' representatives by their peers.

La autora se propone pensar sobre la importancia de la Asociación de Candidatos (AMF) del Instituto de Psicoanálisis Durval Marcondes de la Sociedad Brasileña de Psicoanálisis de São Paulo (SBPSP), y de las organizaciones de candidatos en general para la democracia de las instituciones psicoanalíticas. El texto se desarrolla en dos puntos principales: (1) la importancia del grupo de colegas como parte de la formación psicoanalítica, al lado del trípode - análisis, supervisión, estudios teóricos - y la participación en la vida institucional; (2) y los ritos democráticos que validan la elección de los representantes de los candidatos por sus pares.

L'auteur propose de réfléchir à l'importance de l'Association des candidats (AMF) de l'Institut de Psychanalyse Durval Marcondes de la Société Brésilienne de Psychanalyse de São Paulo (SBPSP), ainsi que des organisations des candidats en général pour la démocratie des institutions psychanalytiques. Le texte repose sur deux points principaux: (1) l'importance du groupe de collègues dans la formation psychanalytique, aux côtés du tripode - analyse, supervision, études théoriques - et de la participation à la vie institutionnelle; (2) et les rites démocratiques qui valident le choix des représentants des candidats pour leurs pairs.

Les stratégies d'implantation de l'infirmier en pratique avancée dans les établissements.

THE STRATEGIES FOR DEPLOYING THE ROLE OF ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSE IN HOSPITALS.: Advanced practice is developing in France and is a real opportunity for patients, health professionals and for the health system as a whole. Advanced practice nurses will bring real added value in this context. The director of nursing has a key role to play in terms of communication and supporting the teams with the deployment of these new professionals on the wards.

Infirmiers en pratique avancée, le regard des patients.

ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSES, THE PATIENTS' PERSPECTIVE: The recognition of advanced nursing practice is being met with great optimisim among patients. The care relationship will be enhanced by the creation of different partnerships between health professionals, patients and carers, which will ensure a better quality of initial and follow-up care. The patient will now be able to rely on the advanced practice nurse to guide them along a more global healthcare pathway. As a result, the care and support relationship will feel more human.

[The autonomy of caregivers and patients: a philosophical perspective]. / L'autonomie des soignants et des patients : éclairage philosophique.

The nursing profession is moving towards greater autonomy. At the same time, users support the notion of a health democracy. At the crossroads of these two, sometimes contradictory processes, health professionals, trained to be reflexive and adaptable, have to attempt to combine patient autonomy and the respect of the constraints of the health sector. A complicated exercise which a philosophical approach can perhaps help to put into perspective.

Da fragilização dos vínculos ao retorno do mito: algumas reflexões sobre a psicologia de grupo de Freud, a democracia e a eleição de Jair Bolsonaro / From bond weakening to the return of myth: Some reflections on Freud's group psychology, democracy, and the election of Jair Bolsonaro / De la fragilización de los vínculos al retorno del mito: algunas reflexiones sobre la psicología de grupo de Freud, la democracia y la elección de Jair Bolsonaro / De la fragilisation des liens au retour du mythe - quelques réflexions sur la psychologie des groupes de Freud, la démocratie et l'élection de Jair Bolsonaro

Este artigo procura compreender a eleição de Jair Bolsonaro à presidência do Brasil utilizando a teoria psicanalítica, especialmente os estudos de Sigmund Freud sobre a psicologia das massas, em conjunto com elementos da teoria jurídica (especialmente a partir de Hans Kelsen) e da teoria da comunicação. Nossa hipótese é que a escolha de Bolsonaro, um político que durante sua vida pública mostrou-se em constante confronto com o pensamento democrático, está relacionada a uma concepção onipotente de grupalidade que aparece como resposta à fragilização da vinculação social e afetiva entre componentes da sociedade brasileira. Por sua vez, essa fragilização surgiria a partir do conhecimento público do que foi apurado pela Operação Lava Jato e, especialmente, a partir de como essa investigação foi tratada pelos formadores de opinião, desde as tradicionais empresas de comunicação até as redes sociais.

The aim of this article was to interpret the election of Jair Bolsonaro to the presidency of Brazil. To this end, the psychoanalytic theory was adopted, with a focus on Sigmund Freud's studies on the psychology of the masses, together with elements of the Theory of Law (drawing predominantly on Hans Kelsen's conception of democracy) and Communication Theory. Our hypothesis is that the choice of Bolsonaro, a politician who has consistently challenged democratic thought throughout his public life, relates to an omnipotent conception of grouphood arising as a response to the weakening of social and affective bonds among members of Brazilian society-a weakening stemming from public knowledge of the findings of the Operação Lava-Jato criminal investigations and, more importantly, from the manner these investigations were met by opinion makers, ranging from traditional communication enterprises to social networks.

Este artículo es un intento de comprender la elección de Jair Bolsonaro a la presidencia de Brasil, utilizando la teoría psicoanalítica, especialmente los estudios de Sigmund Freud sobre la psicología de las masas, e conjunto con elementos de la Teoría Jurídica (especialmente a partir de las concepciones de Hans Kelsen a respeto de la democracia) y de la Teoría de la Comunicación. Nuestra hipótesis es que la elección de Bolsonaro, un político que se mostró en constante confrontación con el pensamiento democrático durante su vida pública, está relacionado a una concepción omnipotente de grupalidad que surge como respuesta a la fragilización de la vinculación social y afectiva entre los componentes de la sociedad brasileña. Por su parte, esa fragilidad surgiría a partir del conocimiento público de lo que fue investigado por la operación "Lava-Jato" y, especialmente, a partir de la forma en que esas investigaciones fueron tratadas por los formadores de opinión, desde los tradicionales grupos de comunicación hasta las redes sociales

Cet article cherche à comprendre l'élection de Jair Bolsonaro à la présidence du Brésil, en utilisant la théorie psychanalytique, en particulier les études de Sigmund Freud sur la psychologie des masses, auxquelles s'ajoutent des éléments de la théorie juridique (notamment la conception de Hans Kelsen sur la démocratie) et de la Théorie de la Communication. Notre hypothèse est que le fait de choisir Bolsonaro, un homme politique qui au cours de sa vie publique s'est constamment opposé à la pensée démocratique, est lié à une conception toute-puissante de la formation de groupes qui surgit comme réponse à la fragilisation des liens sociaux et affectifs entre les composants de la société brésilienne. À son tour, cette fragilisation est née à partir du moment où tout ce que l'opération Lava-Jato a découvert est devenu publique et, en spécial, à partir de la manière comme ces enquêtes ont été traitées par ceux qui agissent sur l'opinion, des groupes traditionnels de communication jusqu'aux réseaux sociaux.