Megarrectosigmoides por constipación crónica idiopática, sigmoidectomía con robot en el paciente pediátrico. Primer caso en México.

We present the first pediatric case of Da Vinci Xi robot-assisted video sigmoidectomy in a 9-year-old male with chronic idiopathic constipation refractory to medical treatment and megarectosigmoid. He underwent sigmoidectomy with primary anastomosis without exceeding the peritoneal reflection. Sigmoidectomy in patients with intractable chronic constipation results in dramatic improvement, with reduction or elimination of laxative measures. Robot-assisted sigmoid resection is a safe minimally invasive alternative in the pediatric patient.

Se presenta el primer caso pediátrico de sigmoidectomía videoasistida por robot Da Vinci Xi en un varón de 9 años con constipación crónica idiopática refractaria al tratamiento médico y megarrectosigmoides. Se le realizó sigmoidectomía con anastomosis primaria sin rebasar la reflexión peritoneal. La sigmoidectomía en pacientes con constipación crónica intratable resulta en una notable mejoría, con reducción o eliminación de medidas laxantes. La resección del sigmoides con asistencia de robot es una alternativa de mínima invasión segura en el paciente pediátrico.

La gioconda effect, homeopathy and self-organizing factors of biofield methodology

The phenomenon of people's attraction to Homeopathy throughout its history is a known fact by all homeopaths. This attraction is noted in polarization of people's opinions, some for and some against. People in favor of Homeopathy use dynamizeddrugs and contribute to the area, for example, the development of the methodology Self-Organizing Factors of Biofield (BioFAO). In contrast, people against Homeopathy try to stop its use and feed endless discussions. Despite be aware of these events, there was no prior description about the whole process identified as an effect to make easy the development of an appropriate response. This understanding was published in a brief explanation of the phenomenon exemplified by development of BioFAO. Due to similar behavior of people that happened with another great work, which is a famous painting, the phenomenon was called La Gioconda Effect. Aims: The purpose of this paper is to describe the La Gioconda Effect. Methodology:After comparing both Homeopathy's and Mona Lisa'shistories found at bibliographic review, the La Gioconda Effect was revealed, described qualitatively, and published. Results and discussion:The relationship between people with Homeopathy showed several similarities with people and Mona Lisa. Both workssurvived on a secular scale, influenced generations, have a period of social acceptance, many people show extreme interest in the use, education, research and dissemination of them. A remarkable example of the development of Homeopathy is the creation of BioFAO, which is a protocol with a complex of dynamizeddugs. The description of La Gioconda Effect helps to understand the history and development of Homeopathy, as well as people's behavior. Conclusion:La Gioconda Effect demonstrates people's attractionto Homeopathy.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Robotic-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy for Localized Prostate Cancer From the Brazilian Public System Perspective.

OBJECTIVES: Radical prostatectomy (RP) is the gold standard for the surgical treatment of localized prostate cancer, presenting better results than radiotherapy especially for high-risk patients. Although it has clinical and technical benefits compared with open and laparoscopic techniques, the robotic-assisted RP is not publicly funded in Brazil. The objective of this study was to calculate the cost-effectiveness of the robotic-assisted RP from the Brazilian public system perspective. METHODS: A state transition model was built to simulate the life of a patient undergoing RP. A total of 3 arms were compared: robotic-assisted, laparoscopic, and open surgeries. The assumed time horizon was 20 years; discounts were applied to both costs and health outcomes. Events and transition probabilities were obtained in the literature, and costs were obtained in official government databases. The results were reported as incremental cost-utility ratios. RESULTS: Robotic-assisted surgery was found to be costlier but more effective than both open and laparoscopic techniques, resulting in Brazilian reals 4518 per quality-adjusted life-year and Brazilian reals 3631 per quality-adjusted life-year incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study gives relevant inputs for decision making regarding the inclusion of robotic-assisted RP in the Brazilian public formularies. The study demonstrates that the technology is cost-effective even when considering willingness-to-pay thresholds lower than the traditionally used ones.

Impacto de la anestesia intravenosa en cirugía robótica para paciente de alto riesgo sometido a cirugía oncológica de larga duración en el Centro Médico Naval / Impact of intravenous anesthesia in robotic surgery for high-risk patient undergoing long-term oncologic surgery at the Naval Medical Center

Resumen: La práctica de cirugía robótica es un proceso complejo que implica desarrollo y tecnología no sólo en el campo de la cirugía, sino también en el campo de la anestesiología. Implica un proceso multifactorial, ya que ha generado un cambio drástico multidisciplinario basado en tecnología de punta que pretende ofrecer mejores condiciones durante el manejo perioperatorio en cirugía robótica. La anestesia total intravenosa cumple objetivos específicos en relación a la posición del paciente, relajación cerebral, neuroprotección, hemodinamia, pérdida y recuperación de la conciencia, parálisis neuromuscular, parámetros ventilatorios, etc. Ofrece seguridad y calidad al paciente durante el procedimiento con una mínima interferencia con el monitoreo electrofisiológico y permite modular la profundidad anestésica desde una neurosedación hasta una anestesia general, de acuerdo a las diferentes etapas de la cirugía. Un factor atribuible a la anestesia moderna para el éxito de la cirugía robótica es usar diferentes agentes anestésicos que promuevan inducción, mantenimiento y emersión anestésica más rápida y suave, a fin de reducir el tiempo de recuperación del estado de conciencia, funciones básicas y psicomotoras como la anestesia general multimodal.

Abstract: The practice of robotic surgery is a complex process, involving development and technology; not only in the surgery field but also in the anesthesiology field. It implies a multifactorial process since it has generated a drastic multidisciplinary change based on state-of-the-art technology; which aims to offer better conditions during perioperative management in robotic surgery. Intravenous Total Anesthesia accomplishes specific objectives in relation to patient position, brain relaxation, neuroprotection, hemodynamics, loss and recovery of consciousness, neuromuscular paralysis, ventilatory parameters, providing safety and quality during the procedure; with minimal intervention during electrophysiological monitoring and enabling anesthetic depth to be modulated from neurosedation to general anesthesia, according to the different stages of the surgery. A factor attributable to modern anesthesia for robotic surgery success is to employ different anesthetic agents promoting induction, maintenance of general anesthesia, smother and faster anesthetic emersion, for the purpose of reducing recovery time of the state of consciousness), basic and psychomotor functions; as is the general multimodal anesthesia.

Robotic surgery at ABC Medical Center: first 500 procedures experience.

BACKGROUND: Robotic surgery is a technological advance that is used in multiple surgical specialties in the world. Its acceptance in various areas has been supported by comparative studies with laparoscopic surgery and open surgery. OBJECTIVE: To document the robotic surgery program initial experience in a private hospital of Mexico City by analyzing its results and complications. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The first 500 robotic surgeries practiced at ABC Medical Center were included, covering a three-year period (January 2017 to December 2019). The following was documented: specialties involved, surgeries broken down by specialty and type of surgery, surgical times, complications and number of doctors involved in the initial experience. RESULTS: Out of 500 patients, 367 (73.4 %) were males and 133 (26.4 %) were females. The three most common surgeries were radical prostatectomy (269), hysterectomy (64) and inguinal repair (33). Average age was 58 years (range: 18 to 90 years). A total of 40 certified surgeons from five specialties performed all the procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Starting a program in a private medical center has several implications. The creation of a robotic surgery committee made up of certified robotic surgery specialists from each specialty and hospital authorities for the accreditation of guidelines for both certification and recertification of their doctors can benefit programs like ours by creating a center of excellence in robotic surgery and thus reduce complications and improve results.

ANTECEDENTES: La cirugía robótica se utiliza en múltiples especialidades quirúrgicas a nivel mundial. OBJETIVO: Documentar la experiencia inicial del programa de cirugía robótica en un hospital de práctica privada. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se incluyen las primeras 500 cirugías robóticas realizadas en el Centro Médico ABC, abarcando un periodo de tres años. Se documentan especialidades involucradas así como datos transoperatorios principales. RESULTADOS: De 500 pacientes, 367 (73.4%) fueron de sexo masculino y 133 (26.4%) de sexo femenino. Las tres cirugías más realizada fueron prostatectomía radical (269), seguido de histerectomía (64) y plastia inguinal (33). Un total de 40 médicos certificados de cinco especialidades realizaron la totalidad de los procedimientos. CONCLUSIONES: El iniciar un programa en un centro médico privado tiene diversas implicaciones. La creación de un comité de cirugía robótica integrado por médicos especialistas certificados en cirugía robótica de cada especialidad y autoridades del hospital para la acreditación de lineamientos tanto para la certificación como la recertificación de sus médicos puede beneficiar a programas como el nuestro por crear un centro de excelencia de cirugía robótica, disminuyendo complicaciones y mejorando resultados.

Cirugía robótica en el Centro Médico ABC: experiencia en los primeros 500 procedimientos realizados / Robotic surgery at ABC Medical Center: first 500 procedures experience

Resumen Antecedentes: La cirugía robótica se utiliza en múltiples especialidades quirúrgicas a nivel mundial. Objetivo: Documentar la experiencia inicial del programa de cirugía robótica en un hospital de práctica privada. Material y método: Se incluyen las primeras 500 cirugías robóticas realizadas en el Centro Médico ABC, abarcando un periodo de tres años. Se documentan especialidades involucradas así como datos transoperatorios principales. Resultados: De 500 pacientes, 367 (73.4%) fueron de sexo masculino y 133 (26.4%) de sexo femenino. Las tres cirugías más realizada fueron prostatectomía radical (269), seguido de histerectomía (64) y plastia inguinal (33). Un total de 40 médicos certificados de cinco especialidades realizaron la totalidad de los procedimientos. Conclusiones: El iniciar un programa en un centro médico privado tiene diversas implicaciones. La creación de un comité de cirugía robótica integrado por médicos especialistas certificados en cirugía robótica de cada especialidad y autoridades del hospital para la acreditación de lineamientos tanto para la certificación como la recertificación de sus médicos puede beneficiar a programas como el nuestro por crear un centro de excelencia de cirugía robótica, disminuyendo complicaciones y mejorando resultados.

Abstract Background: Robotic surgery is used in different surgical specialties worldwide. Objective: To documents the initial experience in a private hospital in the use robotic surgery in different surgical areas. Material and Methods: We included the first 500 robotic surgeries in our hospital in a 3 year period, documenting specialty and operative information. Results: Of the 500 patients, 367 (73.4%) were male and 133 (26.4%) female. The three most frequent surgeries performed were Radical Prostatectomy (269), Hysterectomy (64) an inguinal repair (33). A total of 40 certified surgeons ranging from 5 specialties performed the total number of surgeries. Conclusions: There are several implications in starting a robotic program in a private hospital setting. The creation of a robotic committee, formed by robotic certified physicians and hospital authorities, has helped in the certification process of its staff, lowering the complication rate and obtaining better surgical results.

La enfermedad neurológica de Leonardo da Vinci / The neurological disease of Leonardo da Vinci

Introducción: el año 2019 se conmemoraron los 500 años de la muerte de Leonardo da Vinci en el Chateux du Cloux, Francia. Según registros históricos, Leonardo vivió los últimos años de su vida con una parálisis en su mano derecha, atribuida a un probable accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), lo cual afectó a su capacidad para emprender nuevos proyectos pictóricos. Este trabajo describe como fueron los últimos años de vida de Leonardo, revisa los antecedentes sobre salud y su probable enfermedad neurológica, sus eventuales etio-logías y sus consecuencias. Desarrollo: Leonardo llegó a Francia en 1516 por invitación del rey Francisco I para llevar el Renacimiento y completar su formación personal. En 1517 es visitado por el cardenal Luis de Aragón, y su secretario registra en su diario que Leonardo se encuentra afectado de una parálisis de la mano derecha. Algunos autores sugieren un ACV como causa probable, sobretodo porque según el historiador Vasari, Leonardo vivió sus últimos años en condición de discapacidad. Se llega a plantear que su condición de vege-tariano habría podido influir como factor de riesgo de ACV. Sin embargo, un dibujo no fechado de Figino muestra a Leonardo con una parálisis de tipo periférica de la mano derecha, abriendo el diagnóstico diferencial. Conclusiones: no hay información suficiente para valorar el tipo y la causa de enfermedad neurológica de Leonardo da Vinci, no obstante, está influyó significativamente en su interacción con su discípulo Francisco Melzi y su mecenas Francisco I, hecho que contribuyó a que su legado perdure hasta hoy.

Introduction: the year2019 marked the 500th anniversary of the death of Leonardo da Vinci at the Chateau du Cloux, France. According to historical records, Leonardo lived the last years of his life with palsy on his right hand, attributed to a probable stroke, which affected his ability to undertake new pictorial projects. This study describes how were the last years of Leonardo's life, reviews his medical history and his probable neurological disease, with its possible etiologies and its consequences. Discussion: Leonardo arrived in France in 1516 invited by King Francis I to lead the Renaissance and complete his education. In 1517, cardinal Luis de Aragón visited Leonardo, and his secretary recorded in his diary that he was affected by a palsy on his right hand. Some authors suggest that stroke could have been a probable cause, especially because according to the historian Vasari, Leonardo lived his last years in a condition of disability. His vegetarian food habit could have been a risk factor for his suspected stroke. However, an undated drawing by Figino shows Leonardo with a peripheral nerve palsy on his right hand, opening up the differential diagnosis. Conclusions:there is not enough information to assess the type and cause of Leonardo da Vinci's neurological disease. However, this condition significantly affected his interaction with his discipleFrancisco Melzi and his patron Francisco I, a fact that contributed to his legacy enduring until today.

Establishing a successful robotic surgery program and improving operating room efficiency: literature review and our experience report.

The benefits and outcomes of robotic surgery are well established in the literature across multiple specialties. The increasing need for and dissemination of this technology associated with high costs, demand adequate planning during its implementation. Therefore, after years of training several robotic surgeons and establishing multiple robotic programs worldwide, the purpose of this article is to focus on the necessary elements in the initial phase of establishing a robotics program. We summarized in our article crucial factors when implementing a robotic program. Therefore, we explained in detail the critical aspects of the program design, implementation, marketing, research and outcomes, and ultimately improving efficiency. The creation of a robotics planning committee composed of several hospital individuals contributes in different lines of work such as cost evaluation, staff training, and OR modifications. A multidisciplinary approach and a robotic lead surgeon are also recommended to guarantee surgical volume and satisfactory outcomes. Furthermore, market analysis should evaluate the competition with other centres and potential surgical candidates in that area. Data collection should also be considered a vital element of the program organization, which assures quality control and helps to diagnose any program deficiency. We believe that the robotic program should be individualized according to the economy and reality of each centre. The success and duration of a robotic surgery program depend on long-term results. Therefore, careful planning with a robotic committee defining the types of procedures to be performed and appropriate multidisciplinary training to avoid surgery cancelations are crucial factors in establishing a successful program.

Cirugía robótica colorectal, en un hospital de comunidad cerrada: experiencia inicial leído en sesión SACP, 11 de octubre de 2019 / Colorectal robotic surgery in a closed community hospital: initial experience read in SACP session, october 11, 2019

Introducción: La introducción del sistema Da Vinci, ha revolucionado el campo de la cirugía mínima invasiva en el cual el cirujano tiene control de la cámara 3D y los instrumentos son de gran destreza y confort ergonómico, acortando la curva de aprendizaje quirúrgica. Objetivo: Describir nuestra experiencia inicial de cirugía robótica colorectal en un hospital de comunidad cerrada de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Materiales y Método: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo sobre una base prospectiva de cirugías colorectales robóticas realizadas por el mismo equipo quirúrgico desde mayo de 2016 a abril de 2019. Resultados: Se operaron 41 pacientes. Trece de ellos fueron colectomías derechas, 17 colectomías izquierdas y 11 cirugías de recto. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 170 minutos (90-330), la estadía hospitalaria de 4 días (3-30), la tasa de conversión de 7,31% (3/41 pacientes) y la tasa de dehiscencia anastomótica del 9,75% (4/41 pacientes). Morbilidad global del 19.5% (8/41 pacientes). Conclusión: Hemos repasado los resultados iniciales de nuestra experiencia en cirugía robótica colorectal en un número reducido de casos, pero suficiente para evaluar la seguridad y reproducibilidad del método al comienzo de una curva de aprendizaje.

Introduction: The introduction of the Da Vinci System, has revolved the field of invasive minimal surgery in which the surgeon has control of the 3d camera and the instruments are of great strength and ergonomic comfort by cutting the surgical learning curve. Objective: Of this preliminary presentation is to describe our initial experience of colorectal robotic surgery in a closed community hospital of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Materials and Method: Retrospective descriptive study on a prospective basis of robotic colorectal surgeries performed by the same surgical team from May 2016 to April 2019.Results: 41 patients were operated. 13 of them were right colectomies, 17 left colectomies and 11 rectum surgeries. The average surgical time was 170 minutes (90-330), the average hospital stay of 4 days (3-30), the conversion rate of 7.31% (3/41 patients) and the anastomotic dehiscence rate of 9 , 75% (4/41 patients). Overall morbidity of 19.5% (8/41 patients).Conclusion: We have reviewed the initial results of our experience in colorectal robotic surgery in a reduced number of cases but sufficient to evaluate the security and reproducibility of the methodic learning of a learning curve.

Robot-assisted thoracic surgery in Colombia: a multi-institutional initial experience.

BACKGROUND: Robotic assisted videothoracoscopic surgery (RVATS) adoption has increased worldwide from 3.4% in 2010 to 17.5% in 2015. However, in Latin America, the literature is limited to a report of a series of 10 patients who underwent RVATS lobectomy and one case report of an RVATS thymectomy from Brazil. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of all RVATS performed in Bogotá Colombia since 2012. A single thoracic surgeon (RB) performed all the operations at three institutions: Clínica de Marly, Fundación Clínica Shaio and Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative and pathology report variables were included. Patients were analyzed in three groups: robotic RVATS pulmonary resections, RVATS mediastinal surgeries and other RVATS procedures. Descriptive statistics were used to report the median and interquartile range (IQR) of the continuous variables, and number and percentage were used to describe categorical variables. The association between total operative time and the year the surgery was analyzed using a linear regression model. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients underwent RVATS pulmonary resections; 72.3% (n=34) of these patients underwent a RVATS lobectomy. The median total operative time was 220 (IQR: 200 to 250) minutes, 6.4% (n=3) had intraoperative complications, and the most frequent histologic diagnosis was adenocarcinoma (n=24, 51.1%). Of 18 patients who underwent RVATS mediastinal surgeries, 50.0% (n=9) had RVATS thymectomy, the median total operative time was 195.5 (IQR: 131 to 221) minutes and two patients (11.1%) had intraoperative complications. The linear regression model of the association between total operative time and the year the surgery showed a 10.3 minute reduction per year (P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: This is the second series of RVATS published in Latin America and the first published in Colombia, with comparable perioperative results to other reports.

What is in a word? Neuron: Early usage and evolution in antiquity to its long-lasting current significance.

Neuron, a Greek term with a rustic background, made much of its way to its current significance since antiquity, when full recognition was achieved that sensory and motor signals travel through the animal body along nerves (neura, plural). Drawing from classic and recent historical scholarship, this study identifies the successive steps toward such a major breakthrough, starting from the usage of the expression in archaic times and continuing up to the much later transference of a mature theory into the modern world. It is shown that four main consecutive stages may be distinguished in the process: (a) incorporation of the word into early anatomical terminology; (b) theorizing on material composition, origin, properties, and role of the neura in animal bodies; (c) functional association of the neura with a transmitting vehicle; (d) identification of true anatomical and physiological correspondences. Upon this over 2000-year-old foundation is still being built one of the most relevant and fascinating scientific adventures of all time.

[Initial experience in robot-assisted colorectal surgery in Mexico]. / Experiencia inicial en cirugía colorrectal asistida por robot en México.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal surgery has advanced notably since the introduction of the mechanical suture and the minimally invasive approach. Robotic surgery began in order to satisfy the needs of the patient-doctor relationship, and migrated to the area of colorectal surgery. An initial report is presented on the experience of managing colorectal disease using robot-assisted surgery, as well as an analysis of the current role of this platform. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in order to review five patients with colorectal disease operated using a robot-assisted technique over one year in the initial phase of the learning curve. Gender, age, diagnosis and surgical indication, surgery performed, surgical time, conversion, bleeding, post-operative complications, and hospital stay, were analysed and described. A literature review was performed on the role of robotic assisted surgery in colorectal disease and cancer. RESULTS: The study included 5 patients, 3 men and 2 women, with a mean age of 62.2 years. Two of them were low anterior resections with colorectal primary anastomoses, one of them extended with a loop protection ileostomy, a Frykman-Goldberg procedure, and two left hemicolectomies with primary anastomoses. The mean operating time was 6hours and robot-assisted 4hours 20minutes. There were no conversions and the mean hospital stay was 5 days. CONCLUSION: This technology is currently being used worldwide in different surgical centres because of its advantages that have been clinically demonstrated by various studies. We report the first colorectal surgical cases in Mexico, with promising results. There is enough evidence to support and recommend the use of this technology as a viable and safe option.

Early Experience of Robotic Hysterectomy for Treatment of Benign Uterine Disease / Experiência inicial da histerectomia robótica no tratamento da patologia uterina benigna

Abstract Objectives To demonstrate the initial experience of robotic hysterectomy to treat benign uterine disease at a university hospital in Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to review data from the first twenty patients undergoing robotic hysterectomy at our hospital. The surgeries were performed from November 2013 to August 2014, all of them by the same surgeon. The patients were reviewed for preoperative characteristics, including age, body mass index (BMI), indications for the hysterectomy and previous surgeries. Data of operative times, complications, postoperative pain and length of hospital stay were also collected. Results The total operating room time was 252.9 minutes, while the operative time was 180.7 minutes and the console time was 136.6 minutes. Docking time was 4.2 minutes, and the average undocking time was 1.9 minutes. There was a strong correlation between the operative time and the patient's BMI (r = 0.670 ; p = 0.001). The console time had significant correlation with the uterine weight and the patient's BMI (r = 0.468; p = 0.037). A learning curve was observed during docking and undocking times. Conclusion Despite its high cost, the robotic surgery is gaining more space in gynecological surgery. By the results obtained in our hospital, this surgical proposal proved to be feasible and safe. Our initial experience demonstrated a learning curve in some ways.

Resumo Objetivos O presente projeto visa à documentação da experiência inicial do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre na realização da histerectomia robótica. Métodos Um estudo transversal foi realizado a fim de revisar dados das primeiras vinte pacientes submetidas à histerectomia robótica em nosso hospital. As cirurgias foram realizadas no período de novembro de 2013 a agosto de 2014, e todas tiveram o mesmo cirurgião. Foram analisadas características pré-operatórias, incluindo idade, índice de massa corporal, cirurgias prévias abdominais, paridade, indicação da histerectomia. Dados referentes aos tempos operatórios, complicações, dor pósoperatória e tempo de internação pós-operatória também foram coletados. Resultados O tempo de sala total foi de 252,9 minutos, enquanto o tempo cirúrgico total foi 180,7 minutos, e o tempo de console foi 136,6 minutos. O tempo médio de docking foi 4,2 minutos; e o tempo médio de undocking foi 1,9 minutos. Foi observada forte correlação entre o tempo cirúrgico total e o índice de massa corporal da paciente (r = 0,670; p = 0,001). O tempo de console teve correlação significativa com o peso uterino e com o índice de massa corporal das pacientes (r = 0,468; p = 0,037). Foi observada curva de aprendizado nos tempos de docking e undocking. Conclusão Apesar do alto custo, a robótica vem ganhando espaço na cirurgia ginecológica. Pelos resultados obtidos no nosso hospital, a proposta provou ser factível e segura. Nossa experiência inicial demonstrou curva de aprendizado em alguns aspectos.

Enfoques filosóficos à psicanálise, especialmente de Paul Ricoeur. Contribuição para o psicanalista.

Os estudos dos textos de Freud por Paul Ricoeur são valiosos para uma melhor compreensão dos fundamentos de nosso trabalho clínico. A Psicanálise aplicada à cultura, especificamente à arte, pode ser mais instigante ainda com a interpretação de Ricoeur, e tem interessado bastante à autora, principalmente dois estudos psicanalíticos a respeito de Leonardo da Vinci, de Freud (1910) e de Green (1992).(AU)

The studies of Freud's texts by Paul Ricoeur are valuable for a better understanding of the fundamentals of our clinical work. Psychoanalysis applied to culture, specifically to the arts, may be more exciting with the interpretation of Ricoeur, and has been of great interest to the author, mainly two psychoanalytic studies about Leonardo da Vinci - Freud (1910) and Green (1992).(AU)

Canon de las proporciones humanas y el Hombre de Vitruvio / Canon of human proportions and the Vitruvian Man

El Hombre de Vitruvio es un estudio de las proporciones humanas que data del siglo I a.C y que fue redescubierto durante el Humanismo y difundido en el Renacimiento por Leonardo da Vinci. También conocido como "El hombre ideal" o "Canon de las proporciones", se lo considera una suma de arte y ciencia. Actualmente, su estudio continúa. El Hombre de Vitruvio es, hasta la fecha, la representación más famosa de la morfología y las medidas humanas.

The Vitruvian Man is a study of human proportions made in the 1st Century BC. It was rediscovered in the Humanist period and spread by Leonardo da Vinci during the Renaissance. Also known as "The ideal man" or "Canon of proportions" , it is considered to be a sum of art and science and it is still being studied. The Vitruvian Man is, so far, the most famous representation of human morphology and measures.

Robotic phrenic nerve harvest: a feasibility study in a pig model.

The aim of this study was to report on the feasibility of robotic phrenic nerve harvest in a pig model. A surgical robot (Da Vinci S™ system, Intuitive Surgical(®), Sunnyvale, CA) was installed with three ports on the pig's left chest. The phrenic nerve was transected distally where it enters the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve harvest was successfully performed in 45 minutes without major complications. The advantages of robotic microsurgery for phrenic nerve harvest are the motion scaling up to 5 times, elimination of physiological tremor, and free movement of joint-equipped robotic arms. Robot-assisted neurolysis may be clinically useful for harvesting the phrenic nerve for brachial plexus reconstruction.

Feasibility of an endoscopic approach to the axillary nerve and the nerve to the long head of the triceps brachii with the help of the Da Vinci Robot.

Surgery to transfer the axillary nerve and the nerve of the long head of the triceps presents two obstacles: 1) the access portals are not standardized and 2) the nerves are for their larger part approached through large incisions. The goal of this study was to explore the feasibility of an endoscopic microsurgical approach. The posterior aspect of a cadaver shoulder was approached through three communicating mini-incisions. The Da Vinci robot camera was installed on a central trocart, and the instrument arms on the adjacent trocarts. A gas insufflation distended the soft tissues up to the lateral axillary space. The branches of the axillary nerve and the nerve to the long head of the triceps brachii muscle were identified. The dissection of the axillary nerve trunk and its branches was easy. The posterior humeral circumflex veins and artery were dissected as well without any difficulty. Finding the nerve to the long head of the triceps brachii was found to be more challenging because of its deeper location. Robots properties allow performing conventional microsurgery: elimination of the physiologic tremor and multiplication of the movements. They also facilitate the endoscopic approach of the peripheral nerves, as seen in our results on the terminal branches of the axillary nerve and the nerve to the long head of the triceps brachii.

Abordaje laparoscópico de hernia paraesofágica asistido por robot reporte de un caso / Laparoscopic approach to robot-assisted paraesophageal hernia report of a case

Paciente femenino de 55 años con antecedente de trauma torácico izquierdo con disfagia, disnea, dolor retroesternal y epigástrico, la serie contrastada de esófago estomago duodeno muestra la presencia de hernia paraesofágica que igualmente se corrobora en endoscopia digestiva superior y los estudios tomográficos se plantea la necesidad de la resolución quirúrgica y para ello se realiza abordaje laparoscópico asistido por sistema da Vinci®, se evidencia elongación de pilares del hiato esofágico y desplazamiento a través del fundus gástrico cubierto por peritoneo hacia el tórax izquierdo, se realiza, liberación de los elementos del saco herniario y posterior escisión del mismo, cierre del defecto y reforzado con una banda de politetrafluoroetileno expandido de 5 x 8 cm. Después de la cirugía la paciente se recupera satisfactoriamente inicia dieta a las 24 horas de postoperatorio, la estancia hospitalaria es de 3 días. El abordaje laparoscópico se presenta como una opción que ofrece mayores beneficios al paciente en comparación con el abordaje abierto. Informes sobre corrección de hernia paraesofágica asistida por sistema Da Vinci son limitados y serán tratados en este informe de caso(AU)

Female patient 55 years female with a history of left thoracic trauma with dysphagia, dyspnea, retrosternal and epigastric pain, esophageal contrasted series esophagus stomach duodenum shows the presence of paraesophageal hernia which is also corroborated by upper endoscopy and CT scans raises the need for surgical resolution and it is performed laparoscopic-assisted da Vinci robotic mark, elongation evidenced esophageal hiatus pillars and scrolling through the gastric fundus covered by peritoneum to the left chest, is performed, release of the elements of the sac and subsequent cleavage of the same defect closure and reinforced with a strip of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene 5 x 8 cm. following surgery the patient is recovering diet started at 24 hours after surgery, the hospital stay is 3 days. The laparoscopic approach is presented as an option that provides greater benefits to patients compared with the open approach. Reports paraesophageal hernia correction aided brand da vinci robotic system are limited and will be discussed in this case report(AU)

Robótica: tecnología de avanzada en cirugía abdominal / Robotic: advanced technology in abdominal surgery

Describir la utilidad y demostrar la seguridad del Robot Da Vinci®, en la cirugía general abdominal. Estudio realizado en el Hospital de Clínicas Caracas, Caracas-Venezuela. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo realizado entre junio 2006 y julio 2010, en pacientes que ameritaron cirugía abdominal y que fueron operados con el robot Da Vinci® (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA). Se incluyeron 61 pacientes, predominando el género femenino (82%), en edades comprendidas entre 21-80 años, que acudieron a la consulta y/o emergencia y que, accedieron a realizarse el abordaje laparoscópico asistido por el robot Da Vinci®. Entre las patologías mayormente operadas se encuentran: litiasis vesicular o colecistitis aguda y la hernia hiatal con reflujo gastroesofágico. Tuvimos 8% de complicaciones (entre mayores y menores). La cirugía abdominal laparoscópica asistida por robot, recupera la visión y la habilidad perdida con la cirugía laparoscópica convencional. En nuestra serie observamos no sólo los beneficios que el robot le brinda al cirujano, sino los que esta técnica le ofrece al paciente. La cirugía robótica ha probado ser de gran utilidad y segura.

To demostrate the safety and describe the benefits in abdominal general surgery. Study performed at the Hospital de Clínicas Caracas, Caracas-Venezuela. Retrospective study performed between 2006-2010 in patients who underwent abdominal surgery with the Da Vinci® robot (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA). Sixty one patients were included, 82% females, between 21-80 years. Elective and/or emergency abdominal surgery was performed after they agree to have the laparoscopic approach assited by the Da Vinci® robot. Gastroesophageal reflux disease with or withouth hiatal hernia, cholecistectomy were the frecuent pathologies. Minor and/or major complications where 8%. Laparoscopic approach with the Da Vinci® System, regains the tridimentional visión and the intuitive hand movements lost with the conventional laparoscopic approach. In our series robotic surgery is safe and brings benefits to the surgeon and the patients.