Triad of Cheiloscopy, Dactyloscopy, and Blood Groups: Does it Signify Anything?

Background: The knowledge and importance of blood groups emerged from transfusion medicine and its relation with certain malignancies has been proven. Its importance in forensic medicine was brought to light when its association was found with the distribution of finger patterns. Thus, few studies exist proving the relationship between dactyloscopy and blood groups. Cheiloscopy on other hand is the study of the irregularities present on the lips forming a unique arrangement called the prints of the lip. Aim: Our paper aims at elucidating any unique combination if any that exists between prints on lips, prints of fingers, and blood grouping in a specific population, which might help in the identification of an individual. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 subjects of age varying from 15 to 40 years were included in the study. Subjects comprised of 50 males and 50 females. All the subjects were examined and their prints of lips along with prints of their fingers were taken. Blood groups were determined for each patient using the ABO system. Results: Type I was found to be the predominant pattern of lips and whorl arrangement was the most recorded type of fingerprint in males whereas Type II arrangement along with loop prints of fingers was most observed in the case of females. The most common blood group in males was B+ and in females was O+ . Correlation between three parameters was obtained by Pearson correlation statistical analysis. Conclusion: The prints of the lips and fingers of an individual have never been similar and they tend to remain the same from a person's birth until his death. An association between the three things of an individual that is prints of lips, fingers, and his blood group has been tried to be elucidated through the present research to aid in forensic identification.

Sexual dimorphism and bilateral difference of fingerprint sweat pore among Slovak population.

Third level dermatoglyphic markers show a high level of individuality. Despite this fact, the occurrence of individual sweat pore types is still insufficiently studied due to their problematic extraction. The aim of our study was to evaluate the variability of sweat pore types on distal fingertips in the Slovak population and to establish the most uniform method for delineating the evaluated fingerprint area of 1 cm2 in size to avoid bias in the obtained data. In this study, the variability of seven sweat pore types (round, rhomboid, elliptical, square, rectangular, triangular, hexagonal) on distal phalanges were investigated in a sample of 60 volunteers (30 females and 30 males) from the Slovak population. The evaluated area was 1 cm2. Since none of the previously used definition methods seems to be completely reliable, we developed our own method using individual types of dermatoglyphic patterns. This method allowed an uniform location of the studied fingerprint area. The results suggest that sweat pores, like other dermatoglyphic characteristics, have strong identification potential. Several statistically significant bilateral and intersexual differences were found in both male and female populations. Significant intersexual differences in all categories were found in rhomboid and rectangular sweat pore types. Their use could be applied to partial or otherwise unusable fingerprints. The results of this study could help to incorporate these prints into the identification process, allowing their full use.

Cheiloscopy and Dactyloscopy as Behavior Assessment Tool in Dental Settings: A Cross-sectional Study.

PURPOSE: Assessment of children's behavior in the dental setting and its correlation with thumb print and lip print. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The behavior pattern, lip print pattern, and thumb print pattern of 518 children aged 5-12 years were recorded in their first dental visit. The behavior pattern, lip print pattern, and thumb print pattern were determined using Frankl's Behavior Rating Scale, Tsuchihashi's classification, and Cummin's classification, respectively. The data were tabulated according to the classified criteria and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: It was observed that positive and definitely positive Frankl Behavior was associated with the children bearing an arch pattern of thumb print, whereas their lip pattern had no association with their behavior pattern, particularly in dental sittings. CONCLUSION: Thumb print pattern can aid as a behavior marker before a child's first dental appointment and this can prove beneficial for both the child and the clinician in providing a high quality of dental care and modify behavior for future dental appointments. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Navit S, Pramanik S, Khan SA, et al. Cheiloscopy and Dactyloscopy as Behavior Assessment Tool in Dental Settings: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(2):238-242.

The impact of time, environmental conditions, and sex on the degradation of bloody fingerprints on a glass surface.

Dactyloscopy is the branch of forensics that deals with identifying individuals by analyzing the configurations of the friction ridges on the fingertips. The persistence and degradation of fingerprints depends on such factors as the individual's sex and BMI (body mass index) and the duration and conditions of their preservation. There is a great deal of information on how the passage of time affects the image of fingerprints composed of sebum and sweat, but little knowledge concerning the preservation of bloody fingerprints. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of sex, the state of the blood forming the print (dry vs. fresh), environmental factors (room vs. outdoor conditions), and time on the width of friction ridge impressions in fingerprints. Fingerprints made with fresh blood were found to persist longest, while prints left by women and exposed to outdoor conditions degraded most rapidly. The ambient temperature also had a significant effect on the width of friction ridge impressions and their degradation.

A novel chitosan/tripolyphosphate/L-lysine conjugates for latent fingerprints detection and enhancement.

Most chemical and physical methods employed in visualizing latent marks have shown detrimental effects on human health and, therefore, some research groups have directed their attention to the utilization of various (bio)polymers with the aforementioned purpose. Although chitosan is widely used in medicine, pharmacy, food, and drug delivery systems, there are very few studies that address this biopolymer utilization in forensic applications, such as the detection of latent fingerprints. We used chitosan crosslinked with sodium tripolyphosphate and conjugated with L-lysine to enhance the visualization of latent fingerprints, due to its ability to interact with fingerprint sweat residues. These conjugates were prepared using different (w/w) amounts of chitosan and tripolyphosphate (6/1; 4/1; 1/1; 1/4; and 1/6), and those with the most promising results (i.e., 6/1 formulation) were investigated in detail. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed interactions between components of the systems. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed that prepared powder formulations were uniform in size and confirmed that chitosan/tripolyphosphate/lysine conjugates bind easily to the sweat and lipid residues present in the latent fingerprints. The testing of prepared conjugates demonstrated the potential of these systems as bio-based powder substitution for commercially available powders.

Distribution of the Minutiae in Hypothenar Palm Prints in Slovak Adults: Indications for Personal Identification.

Minutiae are small distinguishing features found along every ridge flow, which make each friction ridge print unique. The most common friction ridge prints found at the crime scene are fingerprints; therefore, the most of the minutiae studies are focused exactly on this kind of prints. The authors believe that further examination and enlargement of the palm print database could result in better use of the palm prints for personal identification. We analyzed a total of 160 palm prints from 40 females and 40 males aged between 18 and 70 years from Slovakia. For the evaluation of the minutiae, the area of the hypothenar had to be marked out. The classification of the minutiae used for this study was based on a modified version of the classification system using the total of 13 types of minutiae. The frequency of every minutiae type was calculated and, using the chi-square test with Yates's correction, bilateral and sex differences were assessed. The relationship between the different types of minutiae was examined with Pearson's correlation test. During the initial phases of the identification process, the focus should be on the least common types of minutiae (Y or M and return), which were found not to correlate; thus, their mutual occurrence is random (e.g., overlap-Y or M, crossbar-return, or Y or M-dock). The results of the present study show which specific minutiae types are the most suitable for personal identification. These findings may be beneficial in more effective outcome of the identification process.

Correlation and Comparison of Cheiloscopy and Dactyloscopy with Blood Groups ­ An Institutional Study

Background: The most crucial evidence that is left behind at the crime scenarios that might narrow down the suspect pool are lip prints and fingerprints. These are undoubtedly the most reliable and valuable evidence till date in the court of law. One more biological record that remains unchanged throughout the lifespan of a person is the blood group. Aim and Objectives: To study, correlate and compare cheiloscopy and dactyloscopy with blood group among dental students in the Western Maharashtra population. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 dental students with age groups ranging between 18-25 years were included in the study. Lip print pattern, fingerprint pattern and ABO blood groups were collected and compared. SPSS version 20.0 was used to analyse the data. Results: There was a statistically significant correlation between lip prints and ABO - Rh (χ2 37.56, P < 0.05) as well as between fingerprints and ABO-Rh blood groups (χ2 30.6, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Hence, this study concluded that fingerprints-ABO blood group and lip prints-ABO blood groups are valuable evidence that can be relied upon in forensic investigations for the identification of the suspect in crime.

Changes in Fingerprints and the Quantity of Material Forming the Print Depending on Hand Cleanliness, Gender, and Ambient Conditions.

Impressions of friction ridges left on a surface are important evidence for identifying an individual and can be used to confirm his or her presence at the scene of an incident. Factors influencing the durability of fingerprints include the physiological characteristics and cleanliness of the individual, environmental factors, and time. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of atmospheric factors, gender, hand cleanliness and time on the width of friction ridge impressions and the amount of material forming the print. The research shows that factors such as gender, ambient conditions, and hand cleanliness affect the width of the ridge impressions and the quantity of material forming the print. The passage of time significantly reduces both the width of the ridge impressions and the quantity of the material forming the print.

Fixing Transient Iodine on Developed Latent Fingermarks.

In the present study, a simple and novel fume-mist technique is described which can be used efficiently to fix the latent fingermarks developed using iodine. It is well known that the residues left over in the fingermarks interact with iodine to give transient brown impressions which disappear in a short time. Also, iodine forms colored complexes with various organic solvents. Based on iodine-fingermark interaction and iodine-solvent complex formation, latent fingermarks were developed on paper surface using iodine fumes which were subsequently fixed by spraying polar and nonpolar solvents. The fingermarks developed with this technique were not only clear but also permanent in nature. The interaction of fingermark residue, iodine, and solvent forming a ternary structure is believed to be a possible reason for the stability of iodine-developed fingermarks. Ease of method, availability of chemicals, and minimum training make the method adaptable in routine development of forensic fingermarks present on paper surface.

[The distribution of the main types of the papillary patterns on the distal phalanges of human fingers]. / Raspredelenie osnovnykh tipov papilliarnykh uzorov na distal'nykh falangakh pal'tsev ruk cheloveka.

The present study included the investigation of the four main types of the papillary patterns on the distal phalanges of all the ten fingers. As many as three million fingerprint cards have been used for the first time. The investigation yielded the exact quantitative characteristics of the frequency of occurrence of various papillary patterns. The importance of these findings for dactyloscopy and dermatoglyphics is discussed.

Changes in Fingerprints Depending on Physiological Factors.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of gender, body mass index, and time on the width of friction ridge impressions in fingerprints and the content of sweat and sebum forming the print. The research showed that the friction ridge impressions of women are significantly wider than those of men, and this tendency persists throughout the existence of the print. The differences may result from the anatomical structure of the skin, as well as from the use of protective products such as creams, which are used more often by women. The width of friction ridge impression is similar in underweight and overweight people, but greater than in those with normal body weight, and the amount of sweat and sebum increases with body weight. The passage of time significantly reduces both the width of the friction ridge impression and the content of sweat and sebum secretions in the print.

Relación entre el patrón dactiloscópico epidérmico y dérmico / Relationship between the epidermal and the dermal dactyloscopic pattern

El método más utilizado en identificación humana es el dactiloscópico, que registra, analiza y coteja los tipos fundamentales y puntos característicos de las figuras presentes en el dactilograma, determinando el grado de coincidencia, entre un patrón de identidad dubitada y uno de identidad indubitada. Debido a los procesos que afectan la piel de cadáveres, como la putrefacción entre otros, se utilizan las técnicas necropapiloscópicas que ocupan los patrones dérmicos para la identificación humana. El objetivo del presente trabajo es comparar registros epidérmicos con dérmicos, y validar científicamente, este método de identificación (epidérmico - dérmico). Para ello se utilizaron 32 dedos de cadáveres de individuos chilenos, de ambos sexos y de entre 40 y 80 años. Para obtener el registro físico artificial epidérmico y dérmico se utilizó la técnica de obtención de impresiones necrodactilares y se comparó a través de la técnica de cotejo dactiloscópico. Estos procedimientos fueron realizados por peritos criminalísticos de Carabineros de Chile. Se logró evidenciar diferencias importantes entre epidermis y dermis en cuanto a cantidad y calidad de puntos característicos y presencia de líneas seniles. En relación a tipos fundamentales, se evidenció que en dermis es difícil la observación de tipos fundamentales (borrosos) pero no se encontró ningún dígito que presentara tipo fundamental diferente entre epidermis y dermis. También se constataron diferencias por sexo y edad. Finalmente se pudo evidenciar, que existe una relación morfológica semejante entre registros físicos artificiales de patrones papiloscópicos epidérmicos con dérmicos provenientes del mismo individuo. Esto permite utilizar los registros dérmicos para la identificación humana positiva. Los resultados de este trabajo son importantes al aportar evidencia científica para la identificación humana en base al patrón dactiloscópico dérmico.

The most used method in human identification is the dactyloscopy, which registers, analyzes and collates the fundamental types and characteristic points of figures present in the dactylogram determining the degree of coincidence, between a pattern of identity that is dubious, and one that is indubious. Due to the processes that affect the skin of corpses, such as putrefaction, the necropapiloscopy techniques that occupy the dermal patterns for human identification are used. The objective of the present work is to compare epidermal with dermal records and validate scientifically, this method of identification (epidermal - dermal). For this purpose, 32 cadaveric fingers of Chilean individuals, of both sexes and between 40 and 80 years were used. In order to obtain the epidermal and dermal artificial physical record, the technique of obtaining necrodactyle impressions was used and compared through of the technique of dactyloscopic comparison. These procedures were carried out by criminalistic experts of Carabineros de Chile. It was possible to show important differences between epidermis and dermis in terms of quantity and quality of characteristic points and presence of senile lines. In relation to fundamental types, it was evidenced that in the dermis it is difficult to observe fundamental types (blurred) but no digit was found that presented a different of fundamental type between epidermis and dermis. There were also differences by sex and age. Finally, it was possible to demonstrate that there is a similar morphological relationship between artificial physical records of epidermal papiloscopic patterns with dermal patterns from the same individual. This allows the use of dermal records for positive human identification. The results of this work are important in providing scientific evidence for human identification based on the dermal fingerprint pattern.

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry imaging: A personal identification based on a gunshot residue analysis on latent fingerprints.

A new laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry imaging (LA-ICP-MSI) method has been developed to visualize latent fingerprint of suspect persons possibly related to a criminal offence committed with a gun. Metallic impurities and metallic gunshot residues (GSRs) adhered on a latent fingerprint can link biometric information and shooting. The identification and spatial distribution of characteristic gunshot-related metals (Cu, Zn, Sb, Ba, Hg, Pb) was studied in detail. Observed limits of detection for the corresponding metals were below 0.3 ng cm-2. The distributions of the selected metals were simply transferred to images of fingerprints that can reveal a person somehow manipulating with a gun while the presence of characteristic and consistent GSR particles provided the evidence of the shooting. LA-ICP-MSI has been proved to be a unique tool in dactyloscopic identification of a suspect person from latent and commonly visualized fingerprints.

Fingerprint Ridge Density as a Potential Forensic Anthropological Tool for Sex Identification.

In cases of partial or poor print recovery and lack of database/suspect print, fingerprint evidence is generally neglected. In light of such constraints, this study was designed to examine whether ridge density can aid in narrowing down the investigation for sex identification. The study was conducted on the right-hand index digit of 245 males and 246 females belonging to the Punjabis of Delhi region. Five ridge density count areas, namely upper radial, radial, ulnar, upper ulnar, and proximal, were selected and designated. Probability of sex origin was calculated, and stepwise discriminant function analysis was performed to determine the discriminating ability of the selected areas. Females were observed with a significantly higher ridge density than males in all the five areas. Discriminant function analysis and logistic regression exhibited 96.8% and 97.4% accuracy, respectively, in sex identification. Hence, fingerprint ridge density is a potential tool for sex identification, even from partial prints.

Cheiloscopy and dactyloscopy: Do they dictate personality patterns?

CONTEXT: Cheiloscopy and dactyloscopy, both are well-established forensic tools used in individual identification in any scenario be it a crime scene or civil cause. Like finger prints, lip prints are unique and distinguishable for every individual. But their relationship to personality types has not been established excepting the hypothesis stating that finger prints could explain these personality patterns. AIMS: The study was aimed to record and correlate the lip and finger prints with that of character/personality of a person. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The lip and finger prints and character of a person were recorded and the data obtained was subjected for statistical analysis, especially for Pearson's Chi-square test and correlation/association between the groups was also studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample comprised of 200 subjects, 100 males and 100 females, aged between 18 and 30 years. For recording lip prints, brown/pink-colored lipstick was applied on the lips and the subjects were asked to spread uniformly over the lips. Lip prints were traced in the normal rest position on a plain white bond paper. For recording the finger prints, imprints of the fingers were taken on a plain white bond paper using ink pad. The collected prints were visualized using magnifying lens. To record the character of person, a pro forma manual for multivariable personality inventory by Dr. BC Muthayya was used. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Data obtained was subjected for statistical analysis, especially for Pearson's Chi-square test and correlation/association between the groups was also studied. RESULTS: In males, predominant lip pattern recorded was Type I with whorls-type finger pattern and the character being ego ideal, pessimism, introvert, and dogmatic; whereas in females, predominant lip pattern recorded was Type II with loops-type finger pattern and the character being neurotic, need achievers, and dominant. CONCLUSION: Many studies on lip pattern, finger pattern, palatal rugae, etc., for individual identification and gender determination exist, but correlative studies are scanty. This is the first study done on correlating patterns, that is, lip and finger pattern with the character of a person. With this study we conclude that this correlation can be used as an adjunct in the investigatory process in forensic sciences.

Comparison between fingerprints of the epidermis and dermis: Perspectives in the identifying of corpses.

In forensic science, the putrefaction, maceration, mummification or burning make it difficult to collect the fingerprints of the epidermis for identification purposes. In such cases, the comparison between fingerprints collected from the dermal surface and the ante mortem pattern of the epidermal surface archived in databases must be performed. Therefore, considering that the identification of corpses is done by comparison of fingerprints on different surfaces, this study aimed to compare the epidermal and the dermal fingerprints to determine the discrepancies between the minutiae of both surfaces. The study was conducted with excised fingers of 19 fresh adult corpses. Once selected, excised and photographed, the fingers were subjected to maceration with 0.5% acetic acid solution for the removal of the epidermal glove and for registering the dermal fingerprint. Then, an area of 1cm(2) in the epidermal and dermal photographies was selected and the minutiae of each were separately marked by an expert in identification. The comparison between minutiae of the epidermal and dermal surfaces showed that: (1) both surfaces maintained the patterns and characteristics of fingerprints (arch, whorl or loop) and the characteristics related to the systems and the disposal of the lines, meaning the formation or not of deltas; (2) the total number of marked minutiae did not differ between both surfaces for the group of individuals (paired t test, p=0.48); (3) the percentage of coincidences and divergences (minutiae present on only one surface) between minutiae were 63.0±20.0% and 37.0±20.0%, respectively; (4) identification was possible for 16 fingers/individuals, but not for 3 of them; (5) the increase in the number of marked minutiae does not affect the percentage of coincidences. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of the dermal surface for identification purposes due to the high percentage of matching minutiae, but considering the discrepancies and the inconclusive identification of 3 fingers/individuals, our study points to the use of more fingers per individual, as well as the possibility of further studies to improve on the techniques for increasing the identification of corpses, or even to deploy new technologies to ensure their rapid and safe identification.

Effects of latent fingerprint development reagents on subsequent forensic DNA typing: a review.

Successful development of latent fingerprints can be helpful in solving the case but in case where fingerprints are smudged, distorted or overlapped, the question arises whether it is still possible to identify the person apart from dermatoglyphic features. Sweat residue present in the latent prints is supposed to have quite good quantity of cellular material which if analyzed properly can be used to generate forensic DNA profile of the individual and may answer the queries related to the effect of reagents used to develop the prints, as they may have a significant effect on the process of examination of this evidentiary material. In the present work an effort has been made to summarize the published review of literature on this aspect of personal identification.

Utility of cheiloscopy, rugoscopy, and dactyloscopy for human identification in a defined cohort.

BACKGROUND: Identification is of paramount importance in any forensic investigation. Positive identification of living or deceased using distinctive traits is a cornerstone of forensic science. The uniqueness of these patterns and subtle distinction between traits has offered worthy supplemental tools in establishing the true nature of facts. AIM: The first aim of our study was to determine the most common pattern of lip prints, palatal rugae, and finger prints in the study subjects. Secondly, to determine if any specific pattern of lip print, palatal rugae, or the finger print concurs in individuals, and thereby establish a database of these prototypes for human identification from a defined cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample size comprised 100 female students of a dental college staying together in the hostel. Lip prints were recorded on a white bond sheet using lipstick, palatal rugae on dental casts, and finger prints using printer's blue ink. RESULTS: Our observation suggested that the reticular pattern of lip print, the wavy pattern of palatal rugae, and the loop pattern of finger prints were the predominant patterns. Correlation of the three parameters did not reveal significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: This approach of human identification utilizing conventional techniques and relevant parameters is pertinent in defined groups. However, larger representative sample with robust analytical tools may provide a necessary blueprint of human identification.

Quality improvement of fingerprints of decayed corpses by local thanatopractical processing (Thanatoprint).

Thanatopractical processing allows morphological reconstruction of even advanced decayed bodies. By extracting fluids from the body's tissue antemortem tenseness and volume can be restored. If bodies are partly subject to thanatopractical processing in the hand region ("Thanatoprint"), fingerprints of high quality can be gathered even in cases of advanced decay. Without this treatment fingerprinting can be extremely difficult, if not impossible. Thanatopractical processing could be applied successfully in cases of partial to subtotal detachment of the epidermis as well. In an interdisciplinary study 400 fingerprints of bodies in various states of decay were examined after application of Thanatoprint. In 76.75% fingerprints were applicable for data entry into AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System); another 11.00% of the fingerprints could be used for the process of non-elimination. Further advantages of the method are low invasivity while maintaining the integrity of the corpse, less time- and material requirement as well as its long-lasting effect.