Perfil genético del trastorno bipolar en Panamá: análisis de genes relacionados y otros factores determinantes en una región de alta prevalencia de episodios maníacos en la República de Panamá / Genetic profile of bipolar disorder in Panama: related gene analysis and other determi­ning factors in a high prevalence region of manic episodes in the Republic of Panama

Introducción El Trastorno Bipolar es una enfermedad que causa discapacidad física y cognitiva, afectando tanto a hombres como mujeres, con edad de inicio temprano y con un alto componente hereditario. Objetivo Estimar el comportamiento del Trastorno Bi­polar, variables sociodemográficas, antecedentes y su relación con los genes CACNA1­C (12p13.3) y DAOA (13q34) entre personas de 18 años y más en áreas específicas de la Región de Azuero de Panamá. Metodología La muestra calculada fue de 267 perso­nas de 18 años y más (IC 95%) utilizando un muestreo aleatorio, de distribución propor­cional según sexo. Se utilizaron las variables: "trastorno bipolar" medido a través del cuestionario de trastornos del estado de ánimo (Mood Disorder Questionnaire, MDQ por sus siglas en inglés); "genes asociados a la bipolaridad" (genes CACNA1­C (12p13.3) y DAOA (13q34)); y un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y antecedentes persona­les ­ familiares. El análisis genético se realizó con PCR (tiempo real). Se utilizaron por­centajes como medida de frecuencia relativa y se consideró significancia estadística para un valor de p ≤ 0.05. Resultados La prevalencia de bipolaridad en la muestra es­tudiada fue 3.7% (IC 95% 3.5 ­ 4.1), siendo mayor en mujeres, 6.0% (IC 95% 5.9 ­ 6.3). El 74.2% (IC 95% 73.9 ­ 74.4) de los participantes tenía presente el polimorfismo del gen CACNA1­C (12p13.3), y 19.1% (IC 95% 18.9 ­ 19.4) el del gen DAOA (13q34). Para todas las variables de estudio, la presencia del gen CACNA1­C (12p13.3) fue mayor que la del gen DAOA (13q34). De los 10 casos con MDQ+, 3 presentaron el gen CAC­NA1­C. Conclusión Esta es la primera investigación sobre bipolaridad, genes y otros factores asociados en Panamá. El gen CACNA1­C fue más prevalente que el DAOA y se asoció más al MDQ +.

Introduction Bipolar disorder is a disease that causes physical and cognitive disability, affecting both men and women, with an early onset age and a high hereditary compo­nent. Objective To estimate Bipolar Disorder demeanor, sociodemographic variables, antecedents and its relationship with CACNA1­C (12p13.3) and DAOA (13q34) genes among people aged 18 years and over in specific areas of the Azuero Region of Pana­ma. Methodology The calculated sample was 267 people aged 18 and over (95% CI) using random sampling, proportional distribution according to sex. The variables were used: "bipolar disorder" measured through the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ); "genes associated with bipolarity" (CACNA1­C (12p13.3) and DAOA (13q34) genes); and a sociodemographic data questionnaire and personal ­ family background. The ge­netic analysis was performed with PCR (real time). Percentages were used as a re of relative frequency and statistical significance was considered for a value of p ≤ 0.05. Results The prevalence of bipolarity in the studied sample was 3.7% (CI 95% 3.5 ­ 4.1), being higher in women, 6.0% (CI 95% 5.9 ­ 6.3). 74.2% (CI 95% 73.9 ­ 74.4) of the participants were aware of the polymorphism of the CACNA1­C gene (12p13.3), and 19.1% (CI 95% 18.9 ­ 19.4) of the DAOA gene (13q34). For all study variables, the pre­sence of the CACNA1­C gene (12p13.3) was greater than that of the DAOA gene (13q34). Of the 10 cases with MDQ +, 3 presented the CACNA1­C gene. ConclusionThis is the first research on bipolarity, genes and other associated factors in Panama. The CACNA1­C gene was more prevalent than DAOA and was more associated with MDQ +.

Psicologia da era virtual: estrutura das atitudes frente ao Facebook / Psychology of virtual era: attitudes toward Facebook / Psicología de la era virtual: la estructura de las actitudes hacia Facebook

O site de relacionamento social com maior número de usuários em todo o mundo é o Facebook. Nesse site se relacionam milhares de pessoas. Estudar as atitudes frente ao Facebook pode ser muito importante para melhor entender o comportamento dos seus usuários a partir da psicologia social. Portanto, decidiu-se propor uma Escala de Atitudes frente ao Facebook, assim como verificar as relações dessas atitudes com variáveis sociodemográficas. Contou-se com uma amostra de 300 participantes que faziam parte do site de relacionamento social. Os principais resultados atestam para uma medida válida, breve e precisa para mensurar atitudes frente ao Facebook. Verificaram-se também relações com variáveis sociodemográficas, como mais atitudes favoráveis frente ao site por parte dos homens. Conclui-se que novas pesquisas devem ser realizadas para trazer novas evidências de validade e precisão para a medida proposta assim como para se aprofundar nas relações com variáveis sociodemográficas.

The social network website with the largest number of users worldwide is Facebook. On this website, thousands of people develop relationships. Studying attitudes towards Facebook can be very important to understand the behavior of its users in a better way, from a social psychology perspective. Therefore, it was decided to propose the Attitudes Towards Facebook Scale, as well as examine the relationships of these attitudes with socio demographic variables. We relied on a sample of 300 participants who were part of this social network website. The main results point out to a valid, brief and reliable scale to measure attitudes towards Facebook. There were also relationships with socio demographic variables, such as more favorable attitudes towards this website by men. It is concluded that further research should be undertaken to provide new evidence of the validity and reliability for the measure proposed, as well as to deepen the relationship with socio demographic variables.

El sitio de relacionamiento social con más usuarios en todo el mundo es Facebook. Este sitio relaciona a miles de personas. Estudiar las actitudes frente a Facebook puede ser muy importante para entender mejor el comportamiento de sus usuarios desde la psicología social. Por lo tanto se decidió proponer una Escala de Actitud frente a Facebook, como también verificar la relación de estas actitudes con las variables socio-demográficas. Se contó con una muestra de 300 participantes que hacen parte de esta red social. Los principales resultados anuncian una medida válida, breve y precisa para determinar las actitudes en torno a Facebook. Examinan también las relaciones con las variables sociodemográficas, como las actitudes más favorables frente a Facebook por parte de los hombres. Se concluye que nuevas investigaciones deben llevarse a cabo para entregar nuevas pruebas de validez y fiabilidad de la medida propuesta, así como para profundizar las relaciones con variables sociodemográficas.

Sociodemographic characteristics of a cohort of patients with chronic migraine from a health district in Asturias.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic migraine (CM), with or without medication overuse, is a common condition in the general population. It has traditionally been assumed that suffering CM has an impact on a patient's socio-occupational and educational level. Our goal was to analyse these characteristics in a cohort of patients with CM and compare them to the general population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used a telephone interview and an ad hoc questionnaire to record and analyse the sociodemographic characteristics of 150 patients with a diagnosis of CM according to the criteria of the International Headache Classification. Results were compared to those obtained by the Third Health Survey of Asturias, conducted in 2012. RESULTS: Of the 150 patients, 142 were women (95%). Married patients accounted for 59.3% of the total interviewees, while 22% were single, 12.6% divorced, and 6% were widowed. Regarding educational level, we found that 73% of our patients had completed secondary or higher education and 25% had completed only primary education. Sixty per cent of these patients are occupationally active, while the rest are not actively employed. Overall, these figures do not differ from those published by the Third Health Survey of Asturias. DISCUSSION: The classic idea that CM has a negative impact on patients' educational, personal, and occupational situations was not confirmed in our series. In fact, most patients with CM reported a medium-high educational level and a good socio-occupational status. However, since our series includes only CM patients attended in a specialist clinic, our results are not necessarily applicable to all patients with CM.