Mom Didn't Go to School, Dad Is Out of Work: Associations between Maternal Educational Attainment, Family Socioeconomic Status, and Infant Development.

The purpose of this research is to assess the neuropsychomotor development (NPMD) of 6- to 18-month-old infants and identify factors that may pose a risk to their development. They underwent NPMD assessments, while the parents/guardians were interviewed through the other instruments. Altogether, 64 infants participated in this research. The results revealed infants with questionable NPMD: 29.7% verified with AIMS and 32.8%, with Denver II. There were significant associations between NPMD and maternal low educational attainment (P = .032); family low socioeconomic status and NPMD (P = .026), verified with AIMS and Denver II (P = .037); stimulation opportunities at home and maternal low educational attainment (P = .00026), socioeconomic status (P = .035), and NPMD, verified with AIMS (P = .02) and Denver II (P = .009). The following were identified as risk factors for NPMD: maternal low educational attainment (the lower her attainment, the more likely for the NPMD to be questionable) and family socioeconomic status (infants from disadvantaged homes tend to have questionable NPMD). Stimulation opportunities at home were also significantly associated with NPMD-that is, insufficient stimulations at home may lead to questionable NPMD.

Aspectos esenciales para realizar los cuidados en guarderías privadas desde la perspectiva de las cuidadoras / Essential Aspects, from the Perspective of Childcare Workers, for Providing Care in Private Daycare Centers

Introducción: El nuevo modelo económico cubano ha posibilitado la aparición de guarderías privadas, pero se desconocen qué aspectos deben ser considerados como esenciales para ejercer los cuidados desde la perspectiva de las cuidadoras Objetivo: Explorar aspectos esenciales para realizar los cuidados en guarderías privadas desde la perspectiva de las cuidadoras. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo de tipo exploratorio, realizado entre junio y septiembre de 2021 con 12 cuidadoras que laboran en guarderías privadas del municipio Santa Clara, provincia Villa Clara, Cuba. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante dos rondas de entrevistas; las narrativas fueron procesadas mediante análisis de contenido. Resultados: De la primera entrevista se manifestaron las siguientes categorías: higiene y protección para el cuidado, alimentación del niño, rutinas (sueño), problemas relacionados con el cuidado y rutinas (juego). De la segunda entrevista emergieron tres categorías: necesidad de un manual para la preparación, necesidad de un sitio digital para consulta y necesidad de curso de formación. Conclusiones: Se destaca la necesidad de garantizar en la guardería la higiene adecuada y disminuir el riesgo de accidentes; la preparación de alimentos y dietas; las rabietas, caídas y la fiebre como problemas más comunes; las rutinas de descanso y la rutina de juego y su influencia para el desarrollo armónico de los niños, además que las cuidadoras deberían recibir formación a través de un manual específico para guarderías privadas; algún sitio de consulta en internet y un curso preparatorio(AU)

Introduction: The new Cuban economic model has made possible the appearance of private daycare centers, but there is lack of knowledge concerning what aspects, from the perspective of childcare workers, should be considered as essential to perform caregiving. Objective: To explore, from the perspective of childcare workers, essential aspects of care in private daycare centers. Methods: Qualitative and exploratory study carried out between June and September 2021 with twelve childcare workers from private daycare centers in Santa Clara Municipality, Villa Clara Province, Cuba. The data were obtained through two rounds of interviews; the answers were processed through content analysis. Results: The following categories emerged from the first interview: hygiene and protection for care, child feeding, routines (sleep), problems related to care and routines (playing). Three categories emerged from the second interview: the need for a training manual, the need for a virtual consultation site, and the need for a training course. Conclusions: The need is highlighted to guarantee adequate hygiene in the daycare center and reduce the risk of accidents; diet and food preparation; tantrums, falls and fever as the most common problems; rest and playing routines, as well as their influence on harmonious child development; together with the fact that childcare workers should receive training through a specific manual designed for private daycare centers, any type of virtual consultation site and training course(AU)

Comparison of growth and psychomotor development in daycare centers attended by professionals.

BACKGROUND: Growth and development reflect the child's health condition. Currently, child care is supported in daycare centers. In this context, this article aimed to identify the differences in growth and psychomotor development in children according to their attendance at daycare centers. METHODS: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study in children aged 25 to 48 months. Two groups were identified: 68 children attended daycare, and 68 children did not attend daycare. Growth was assessed with weight-for-height curves, and psychomotor development was evaluated with the child developmental assessment instrument (psychosocial, language, psychomotor, and cognitive area). The X2 test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The percentage of daycare children with ideal weight was higher than those not attending in daycare (p = 0.035). Psychomotor development was significantly higher in daycare children: in the psychosocial (p = 0.000), language (p = 0.000), motor (p = 0.000), and cognitive development (p = 0.000) areas. CONCLUSIONS: The psychomotor development of children attending daycare centers is superior to that of children not in daycare centers.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La salud del niño se puede evaluar a partir de su crecimiento y desarrollo. En la sociedad actual, el cuidado de los hijos se comparte con las guarderías infantiles. En este contexto, el objetivo del artículo fue identificar las diferencias de crecimiento y desarrollo psicomotor en niños de acuerdo con su asistencia a las guarderías. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal analítico en niños de 25 a 48 meses de edad. Se identificaron dos grupos: 68 niños atendidos en guarderías y 68 niños no atendidos en guarderías. El crecimiento se evaluó con las curvas de peso para la talla y el desarrollo psicomotor, con el instrumento de evaluación del desarrollo del niño (área psicosocial, lenguaje, psicomotriz, y cognitiva). Se utilizó la prueba de X2 para el análisis estadístico. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de niños de guardería con peso ideal es superior al de los no atendidos en guardería (p = 0.035). El desarrollo psicomotor es significativamente mayor en los niños de guardería: en el área psicosocial (p = 0.000), en lenguaje (p = 0.000), en el área motriz (p = 0.000) y en desarrollo cognitivo (p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONES: El desarrollo psicomotor de los niños atendidos en guardería es superior al de los niños no atendidos en guardería.

EHEC O111:H8 strain and norovirus GII.4 Sydney [P16] causing an outbreak in a daycare center, Brazil, 2019.

BACKGROUND: This study describes the investigation of an outbreak of diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis (HC), and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) at a daycare center in southeastern Brazil, involving fourteen children, six staff members, six family members, and one nurse. All bacterial and viral pathogens detected were genetically characterized. RESULTS: Two isolates of a strain of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serotype O111:H8 were recovered, one implicated in a case of HUS and the other in a case of uncomplicated diarrhea. These isolates had a clonal relationship of 94% and carried the stx2a and eae virulence genes and the OI-122 pathogenicity island. The EHEC strain was determined to be a single-locus variant of sequence type (ST) 327. EHEC isolates were resistant to ofloxacin, doxycycline, tetracycline, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and intermediately resistant to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Rotavirus was not detected in any samples, and norovirus was detected in 46.7% (14/30) of the stool samples, three of which were from asymptomatic staff members. The noroviruses were classified as the recombinant GII.4 Sydney [P16] by gene sequencing. CONCLUSION: In this outbreak, it was possible to identify an uncommon stx2a + EHEC O111:H8 strain, and the most recent pandemic norovirus strain GII.4 Sydney [P16]. Our findings reinforce the need for surveillance and diagnosis of multiple enteric pathogens by public health authorities, especially during outbreaks.

Factores de riesgo de afecciones bucodentales en niños de guarderías infantiles no estatales / Risk factors of oral-dental disorders in children from particular daycare houses

Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal desde enero hasta mayo de 2017 de 93 niños de 1-4 años matriculados en 5 guarderías infantiles no estatales del reparto Sueño de Santiago de Cuba, con el objetivo de identificar los factores riesgo que incidieron en las enfermedades bucales que presentaban. Para recoger la información se confeccionó una planilla elaborada a los efectos y realizó el interrogatorio a padres y niños, además del examen bucal a estos últimos. Entre los factores de riesgo prevalecieron la dieta cariogénica (96,7 %), seguida por el uso del biberón (59,1 %); asimismo, la maloclusión resultó ser la alteración más frecuente, principalmente el resalte aumentado y la mordida abierta. Aunque predominaron los pacientes sin afectación, estaban expuestos a dichos factores. Por tanto, se debe insistir en el diagnóstico precoz de las maloclusiones para minimizar o evitar su impacto negativo sobre la salud de los menores.

An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study, of 93 children aged 1-4 years registered in 5 non-state daycare houses in Sueño neighborhood of Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January to May, 2017, with the objective of identifying the risk factors which influenced in the oral illnesses that they presented. To collect the information a schedule was made for this aim and an inquiry to parents and children was carried out, besides the oral examination to the last ones. Among the risk factors the cariogenic diet (96.7 %), followed by the use of the baby bottle (59.1 %) prevailed; also, the malocclusion turned out to be the most frequent disorder, mainly the increased prominence and the open bite. Although the patients without disorders prevailed, they were exposed to these factors. Therefore, it should be insisted in the previous diagnosis of malocclusions to minimize or to avoid their negative impact on the health of the children.

Blastocystis genetic diversity among children of low-income daycare center in Southeastern Brazil.

Blastocystis, an unicellular anaerobic eukaryote, is known to be a very common intestinal parasite found in humans and animals fecal samples worldwide. Currently, there is an increasing interest to yield insights into its prevalence and diversity in human populations living in poor and deprived areas. In this study, we describe the prevalence and genetic variability of Blastocystis isolates obtained from daycare center attendees aged 0 to 6years and staff, as well as some children family members and their dogs in a low-income community in São Paulo State, Brazil. A total of 181 stool samples (123 from daycare children, 14 from workers, 44 from household members and 20 from dogs) were submitted to DNA extraction, tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the SSUrDNA gene and the amplicons retrieved were sequenced. The prevalence of Blastocystis was 40.7% (50/123) in children, 28.6% (4/14) in workers and 50% (22/44) in household members. No dog was found positive. Of the 76 PCR products generated, 57 were successfully sequenced. Four subtypes were identified and the most common were ST1 (54.4%) and ST3 (33.3%), followed by ST2 (7.0%) and ST7 (5.3%). The intra-subtype analysis revealed a total of 10 different alleles previously reported. No statistically significant correlation was observed between subtypes and sociodemographic variables analyzed. Here, the following findings must be highlighted: (1) predominance of subtypes 1 and 3, a pattern that has been observed in many populations worldwide; (2) absence of ST4, a common subtype in Europe but rarely detected in South America's human populations and, (3) human infection with ST7, a subtype primarily found in birds but occasionally seen in human infections, raising the possibility of zoonotic transmission.

Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal parasitic infections in children attending daycare centers in Alfenas, southern Minas Gerais, Brazil

Intestinal parasitic infections are common among pre-school children in developing countries and they are often associated with gastrointestinal morbidity such as chronic diarrhea and malnutrition. Their circulation is mainly associated with lack of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, as well as limited housing and food conditions. As the diagnosis of intestinal parasites is not a simple procedure, especially in population studies, due to difficulties encountered in strategies to obtain fecal samples, reliable prevalence data are scarce. Indeed, the epidemiological data on the prevalence of these parasites in different locations are important for the development of appropriate control measures. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with intestinal parasitic infection in children attending three public municipal daycare centers in Alfenas, MG. Three fecal samples from each child were collected on alternate days and processed by the spontaneous sedimentation technique and also through the commercially available centrifugal concentration technique, known as the TF-Test® (TFT). Information on the biological, social and physical environment, in which the children lived, were obtained through the application of a socio-epidemiological questionnaire to the parents or guardians and daycare staff. Giardia duodenalis was the parasite species most frequently detected among the children, with a positive rate of 27.8% (77/277). Entamoeba coli was detected in one of the daycare centers studied, with positivity rate of 43.7%, (7/16); and helminth infection in only two children. The present study showed that children of municipal daycare centers in Alfenas could be at risk of infection by intestinal parasites.

Adaptação do Ecomapa proposto no Modelo Calgary para avaliação socioambiental de parasitoses intestinais em crianças de creches filantrópicas / Adapting the Ecomap proposed in the Calgary Model for the socio environmental evaluation of intestinal parasites in children at philanthropic day care centers

Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar a frequência de enteroparasitos em crianças de creches filantrópicas e adaptar um diagrama de Ecomapa para avaliar as condições socioambientais envolvidas. Um total de 151 amostras de fezes, coletadas de 66 crianças de dois a seis anos de idade foram analisadas por meio de técnicas de Hoffman, Pons e Janer (HPJ), e de Faust e colaboradores. Um questionário estruturado foi aplicado aos responsáveis pelas crianças, e um Ecomapa foi adaptado para avaliar as interações entre as crianças parasitadas e os condicionantes socioambientais. Enteroparasitos patogênicos (Ascaris lumbricoides, Balantidium coli, Giardia lamblia e Strongyloides stercoralis) e não patogênicos (Chilomastix mesnili, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli e Iodamoeba butschilii) foram identificados, acometendo 37,9 % das crianças. Com o Ecomapa observaram-se fortes correlações dos parâmetros avaliados (renda familiar, higiene alimentar e pessoal, escolaridade dos responsáveis, contato com animais domésticos e interpessoal) com as crianças parasitadas. O parasito Giardia lamblia foi o de maior frequência e a adaptação do Ecomapa permitiu efetuar a avaliação dos principais condicionantes envolvidos. Diante do exposto é necessário implementar o programa de educação em saúde no ambiente escolar que estimulem os hábitos de higiene alimentar e pessoal, como atividades de prevenção e controle de parasitos.(AU)

This study evaluated the enteroparasites frequency in children at philanthropic daycare centers, and the adaptation of an Ecomap diagram to evaluate the socio-environmental conditions. The 151 faeces samples collected from 66 children aged two to six years old were analyzed, by using the techniques of Hoffman, Pons and Janer (HPJ) and Faust et col. A structured questionnaire was applied to those responsible for children, and an Ecomap was adapted for evaluating the interactions between parasitized children and socio-environmental conditions. Pathogenic enteroparasites (Ascaris lumbricoides, Balantidium coli, Giardia lamblia e Strongyloides stercoralis) and non-pathogenic ones (Chilomastix mesnili, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli e Iodamoeba butschilii) were identified, and affecting 37.9 % of children. The Ecomap indicated the strong relationships of the evaluated parameters (family income, personal and food hygiene, schooling of the responsible, contact with domestic animals and interpersonal) with the parasitized children. Giardia lamblia was the parasite showing the highest frequency, and the adaptation of the Ecomap allowed to evaluate the main conditioning factors involved. In view of these findings, it is needed to implement the health education program in the school environment for stimulating the food and personal hygiene habits, as the activities for parasites prevention and control.(AU)

Adaptação do Ecomapa proposto no Modelo Calgary para avaliação socioambiental de parasitoses intestinais em crianças de creches filantrópicas / Adapting the Ecomap proposed in the Calgary Model for the socio-environmental evaluation of intestinal parasites in children at philanthropic day care centers

Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar a frequência de enteroparasitos em crianças de creches filantrópicas e adaptar um diagrama de Ecomapa para avaliar as condições socioambientais envolvidas. Um total de 151 amostras de fezes, coletadas de 66 crianças de dois a seis anos de idade foram analisadas por meio de técnicas de Hoffman, Pons e Janer (HPJ), e de Faust e colaboradores. Um questionário estruturado foi aplicado aos responsáveis pelas crianças, e um Ecomapa foi adaptado para avaliar as interações entre as crianças parasitadas e os condicionantes socioambientais. Enteroparasitos patogênicos (Ascaris lumbricoides, Balantidium coli, Giardia lamblia e Strongyloides stercoralis) e não patogênicos (Chilomastix mesnili, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli e Iodamoeba butschilii) foram identificados, acometendo 37,9 % das crianças. Com o Ecomapa observaram-se fortes correlações dos parâmetros avaliados (renda familiar, higiene alimentar e pessoal, escolaridade dos responsáveis, contato com animais domésticos e interpessoal) com as crianças parasitadas. O parasito Giardia lamblia foi o de maior frequência e a adaptação do Ecomapa permitiu efetuar a avaliação dos principais condicionantes envolvidos. Diante do exposto é necessário implementar o programa de educação em saúde no ambiente escolar que estimulem os hábitos de higiene alimentar e pessoal, como atividades de prevenção e controle de parasitos.

This study evaluated the enteroparasites frequency in children at philanthropic daycare centers, andthe adaptation of an Ecomap diagram to evaluate the socio-environmental conditions. The 151 faecessamples collected from 66 children aged two to six years old were analyzed, by using the techniquesof Hoffman, Pons and Janer (HPJ) and Faust et col. A structured questionnaire was applied tothose responsible for children, and an Ecomap was adapted for evaluating the interactions betweenparasitized children and socio-environmental conditions. Pathogenic enteroparasites (Ascarislumbricoides, Balantidium coli, Giardia lamblia e Strongyloides stercoralis) and non-pathogenicones (Chilomastix mesnili, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli e Iodamoeba butschilii) were identified,and affecting 37.9 % of children. The Ecomap indicated the strong relationships of the evaluated parameters (family income, personal and food hygiene, schooling of the responsible, contactwith domestic animals and interpersonal) with the parasitized children. Giardia lamblia was the parasite showing the highest frequency, and the adaptation of the Ecomap allowed to evaluate the main conditioning factors involved. In view of these findings, it is needed to implement the health education program in the school environment for stimulating the food and personal hygiene habits, as the activities for parasites prevention and control.

Educação infantil em contexto não urbano: um estudo com educadoras / Daycare center in the non-urban context: an approach with educators / Guardería en contexto no urbano: un estudio con educadores

A creche assume um papel cada vez mais relevante na dinâmica familiar e no desenvolvimento infantil. Estes serviços de atendimento à infância, como construções sociais e culturais, são também desenvolvidos a partir de concepções que cada sociedade constrói para as crianças. Neste artigo, buscou-se investigar as concepções de educadoras sobre o papel das creches não urbanas no desenvolvimento infantil. Participaram 21 educadoras de creches não urbanas do interior de Pernambuco. A partir da utilização de uma entrevista semiestruturada, os resultados mostraram que a creche tem como função suprir as necessidades básicas das crianças e estimular seu desenvolvimento. Em relação ao papel do educador, as participantes ressaltaram o estímulo ao desenvolvimento, oferecer afeto e disciplina à criança. Esses resultados apontam para a importância da formação dos educadores e valorização de seu papel profissional, considerando as características do contexto sociocultural não urbano.

Daycare centers play an increasingly relevant part where family dynamics and infant development are concerned. These childhood-assistance services, as social and cultural constructions, are also developed as from conceptions built up by each society for infants. In this research, we investigated the educators' conceptions about non-urban daycare centers in relation to infant development. As many as 21 educators, all of whom from non-urban daycare centers in the countryside of the state of Pernambuco, took part in the study. Out of a semi-structured interview, results indicated that meeting the basic needs of a child and stimulating their development turns out as the target to be achieved by daycare centers. As for the educator's part, the participants highlighted stimulus to development, affection, and discipline as sought-after issues. These outcomes point to the importance of the educators' formation and a higher recognition of their professional role, as conceived non urban context characteristics.

La guardería tiene un papel cada vez más importante en la dinámica familiar y en el desarrollo infantil. Estos servicios de atención a la infancia, como construcciones sociales y culturales, se desarrollan a partir de las concepciones que cada sociedad construye para los niños. En este artículo, hemos tratado de investigar las concepciones de las maestras sobre el papel de las guarderías no urbanas en el desarrollo infantil. Participaron 21 maestras de las guarderías no urbanas del interior de Pernambuco. Con una entrevista semiestructurada, los resultados mostraron que la función de guardería es para satisfacer las necesidades básicas de los niños y fomentar su desarrollo. En cuanto al papel del educador, las participantes destacaron el fomento del desarrollo, ofrecer cariño y disciplina a los niños. Estos resultados apuntan a la importancia de la formación de educadores y la valoración de su rol profesional, entendidos desde el contexto sociocultural no urbano.

O Trabalho da educadora na creche: uma revisão sistemática / The educator's work in a daycare center: a systematic Review / El trabajo de la educadora en la guardería: una revisión sistemática

Este trabalho corresponde a uma revisão sistemática da produção brasileira sobre a relação entre a organização do trabalho da educadora na creche e a saúde mental. Foram realizadas pesquisas nas bases de dados Lilacs, PEPsic e Periódicos Capes, através dos indexadores "trabalho e creche", "trabalho e educadora" e "organização e creche". Foram incluídos os trabalhos publicados nos últimos dez anos, no contexto brasileiro e de acesso aberto e completo nas bases de dados pesquisadas. Os artigos foram analisados a partir das categorias "autor", "objetivo", "local", "participantes", "instrumentos" e "resultados". Constatou-se que, de modo geral, os estudos abordam o trabalho da educadora de creche a partir de áreas como fonoaudiologia, fisioterapia e Psicologia da criança, relacionando-o com aspectos físicos do trabalho ou com o desenvolvimento infantil. Poucos fazem relação entre as características do trabalho e a saúde mental do trabalhador. Além disso, os estudos contemplam apenas os contextos das regiões Sul e Sudeste do país.

This research aims at a systematic review of the Brazilian production over the relationship between the organization of the educator's work in the daycare center and mental health. Research in the databases Lilacs, PEPsic and Periódicos Capes was realized through the indexes "work and daycare center", "work and educator", and "organization and daycare center". Articles published in the last ten years in the Brazilian context, and with an open and complete access in the researched databases, were included. Such articles were analyzed as of the categories "author", "objective", "location", "participants", "instruments" and "results". It was concluded, generally, that the studies make an approach to the educator's work in a daycare center in areas such as speech therapy, physiotherapy and infant psychology, in connection with some physical aspects of work or infant development. Few studies make a relationship between the characteristics of work and the worker's mental health. Furthermore, the studies comprehended only the contexts of the Southern and Southeastern regions of the country.

Este trabajo corresponde a una revisión sistemática de la producción brasileña sobre la relación entre la organización del trabajo de la educadora en la guardería y la salud mental. Fueron realizadas investigaciones en las bases de datos Lilacs, PEPsic y Periódicos Capes, a través de los indexadores "trabajo y guardería", "trabajo y educadora" y "organización y guardería". Fueron incluidos los trabajos publicados en los últimos diez años, en el contexto brasileño y de acceso abierto y completo en las bases de datos investigadas. Los artículos fueron analizados a partir de las categorías "autor", "objetivo", "local", "participantes", "instrumentos" y "resultados". Se constató que, de modo general, los estudios abordan el trabajo de la educadora de guardería a partir de áreas como fonoaudiología, fisioterapia y psicología del niño, relacionándolo con aspectos físicos del trabajo o con el desarrollo infantil. Pocos hacen relación entre las características del trabajo y la salud mental del trabajador. Además, los estudios contemplan apenas los contextos de las regiones Sur y Sureste del país.

Enteropathogensddetected in a daycare center, sutheastern Brazil: bacteria, viirus, and parasite research / Enteropatógenos detectados em crianças de creche no Sudeste do Brasil: pesquisa de bactérias, vírus e parasitos

Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and etiological profile of enteropathogens in children from a daycare center. Methods: From October 2010 to February 2011 stool samples from 100 children enrolled in a government daycare center in the municipality of São José do Rio Preto, in the state of São Paulo, were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 246 bacteria were isolated in 99% of the fecal samples; 129 were in the diarrheal group and 117 in the non-diarrheal group. Seventy-three strains of Escherichia coli were isolated, 19 of Enterobacter, one of Alcaligenes and one of Proteus. There were 14 cases of mixed colonization with Enterobacter and E. coli. Norovirus and Astrovirus were detected in children with clinical signs suggestive of diarrhea. These viruses were detected exclusively among children residing in urban areas. All fecal samples were negative for the presence of the rotavirus species A and C. The presence of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana and hookworm was observed. A significant association was found between food consumption outside home and daycare center and the presence of intestinal parasites. Conclusions: For children of this daycare center, intestinal infection due to pathogens does not seem to have contributed to the occurrence of diarrhea or other intestinal symptoms. The observed differences may be due to the wide diversity of geographical, social and economic characteristics and the climate of Brazil, all of which have been reported as critical factors in the modulation of the frequency of different enteropathogens.

Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência e o perfil etiológico de enteropatógenos em crianças de uma creche. Métodos: No período de outubro de 2010 a fevereiro de 2011 foram coletadas e analisadas amostras de fezes de 100 crianças matriculadas em creche do governo no município de São José do Rio Preto, Estado de São Paulo. Resultados: Um total de 246 bactérias foram isoladas em 99% das amostras de fezes; 129 eram diarreicas e 117 não-diarreicas. Foram isoladas setenta e três cepas de Escherichia coli, 19 de Enterobacter, uma de Alcaligenes e uma de Proteus. Foram detectados 14 casos de colonização mista com Enterobacter e de E. coli. Norovírus e Astrovirus foram detectados em crianças com sinais clínicos sugestivos de diarréia. Estes vírus foram detectados exclusivamente entre as crianças residentes em áreas urbanas. Todas as amostras fecais foram negativas para a presença das espécies de rotavírus A e C. Foi observada a presença de Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana e ancilostomídeos. Foi encontrada associação significativa entre o consumo de alimentos fora do centro da casa e creche e a presença de parasitos intestinais. Conclusões: Para as crianças desta creche, a infecção intestinal por patógenos não parece ter contribuido para a ocorrência de diarreia ou outros sintomas intestinais. As diferenças observadas podem ser atribuídas à grande diversidade de características geográficas, sociais e econômicas e o clima do Brasil, as quais tem sido relatadas como fatores críticos para a modulação da frequência de diferentes enteropatógenos.

O TRABALHO DA EDUCADORA NA CRECHE: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA / The educator’s work in a daycare center: a systematic Review / El trabajo de la educadora en la guardería: una revisión sistemática

Este trabalho corresponde a uma revisão sistemática da produção brasileira sobre a relação entre a organização do trabalho da educadora na creche e a saúde mental. Foram realizadas pesquisas nas bases de dados Lilacs, PEPsic e Periódicos Capes, através dos indexadores “trabalho e creche”, “trabalho e educadora” e “organização e creche”. Foram incluídos os trabalhos publicados nos últimos dez anos, no contexto brasileiro e de acesso aberto e completo nas bases de dados pesquisadas. Os artigos foram analisados a partir das categorias “autor”, “objetivo”, “local”, “participantes”, “instrumentos” e “resultados”. Constatou-se que, de modo geral, os estudos abordam o trabalho da educadora de creche a partir de áreas como fonoaudiologia, fisioterapia e Psicologia da criança, relacionando-o com aspectos físicos do trabalho ou com o desenvolvimento infantil. Poucos fazem relação entre as características do trabalho e a saúde mental do trabalhador. Além disso, os estudos contemplam apenas os contextos das regiões Sul e Sudeste do país.(AU)

This research aims at a systematic review of the Brazilian production over the relationship between the organization of the educator’s work in the daycare center and mental health. Research in the databases Lilacs, PEPsic and Periódicos Capes was realized through the indexes “work and daycare center”, “work and educator”, and “organization and daycare center”. Articles published in the last ten years in the Brazilian context, and with an open and complete access in the researched databases, were included. Such articles were analyzed as of the categories “author”, “objective”, “location”, “participants”, “instruments” and “results”. It was concluded, generally, that the studies make an approach to the educator’s work in a daycare center in areas such as speech therapy, physiotherapy and infant psychology, in connection with some physical aspects of work or infant development. Few studies make a relationship between the characteristics of work and the worker’s mental health. Furthermore, the studies comprehended only the contexts of the Southern and Southeastern regions of the country.(AU)

Este trabajo corresponde a una revisión sistemática de la producción brasileña sobre la relación entre la organización del trabajo de la educadora en la guardería y la salud mental. Fueron realizadas investigaciones en las bases de datos Lilacs, PEPsic y Periódicos Capes, a través de los indexadores “trabajo y guardería”, “trabajo y educadora” y “organización y guardería”. Fueron incluidos los trabajos publicados en los últimos diez años, en el contexto brasileño y de acceso abierto y completo en las bases de datos investigadas. Los artículos fueron analizados a partir de las categorías “autor”, “objetivo”, “local”, “participantes”, “instrumentos” y “resultados”. Se constató que, de modo general, los estudios abordan el trabajo de la educadora de guardería a partir de áreas como fonoaudiología, fisioterapia y psicología del niño, relacionándolo con aspectos físicos del trabajo o con el desarrollo infantil. Pocos hacen relación entre las características del trabajo y la salud mental del trabajador. Además, los estudios contemplan apenas los contextos de las regiones Sur y Sureste del país.(AU)

Adaptação à creche e o processo de separação-individuação: reações dos bebês e sentimentos parentais / The adjustment to daycare center and separation-individuation process: infants’ reactions and parents’ feelings / Adaptación a lo jardin infantil y el proceso de separacion-individualizacion: reacciones de los bebés y sentimientos de los padres

Este estudo investigou os relatos das mães e pais sobre as reações dos bebês frente à adaptação à creche e os sentimentos e reações parentais. Participaram 13 bebês e seus genitores que ingressaram na creche durante as subfases do processo de separação-individuação: diferenciação (6º mês), exploração (12º mês) e reaproximação (20º mês). Análise de conteúdo qualitativa das entrevistas apontou que reações de recusa à alimentação e adoecimento fizeram-se particularmente presentes entre os bebês que estavam nas subfases de diferenciação e exploração. Sentimentos de insegurança predominaram no relato dos genitores cujos bebês estavam na subfase de exploração, quando alguns não conseguiram se adaptar à creche. Na subfase de reaproximação, apesar das reações iniciais da criança e de sentimentos de insegurança parentais, os bebês apresentaram boa adaptação. Destaca-se a importância da presença parental no período de adaptação, contribuindo para que a creche torne-se uma referência para o bebê possibilitando a continuidade do processo de separação-individuação.

The present research investigated the reports of mothers and fathers about the babies’ reactions during the daycare adjustment and also the parents’ feelings and reactions at this moment. Thirteen babies and their parents who entered a daycare center during the differentiation (6th month), practicing (12th month) and rapprochement (20th month) sub-phases of the Separation-Individuation Process, took part in the study. Content analysis revealed that the feed refuse and illness were babies’ reactions in the differentiation and practicing sub-phases. Insecurity feelings were more frequent in the parents whose babies were in the practicing sub-phases, when some did not adjust to the daycare. In the rapprochement sub-phase the babies showed good adjustment despite babies’ initial reactions and some parents’ feelings of insecurity. The study highlights that the parents’ presence in the adjustment period makes the daycare center a landmark for the baby that permits the continuity of the separation-individuation process.

Este estudio investigó los informes de las madres y padres sobre las reacciones de los bebés en la adaptación al jardín infantil y los sentimientos y reacciones parentales en este momento. Participaron 13 niños y sus padres que entraron en el jardín infantil durante las subfases del proceso de separación-individualización: diferenciación (6º mes), exploración (12º mes) y reaproximación (20º mes). El análisis de contenido cualitativo de las entrevistas mostró que reacciones negativas a los alimentos y las enfermedades estaban especialmente presentes entre niños que se encontraban en las subfases de diferenciación y exploración. Sentimientos de inseguridad fueron más frecuentes en los padres cuyos bebés estaban en la subfase de exploración, cuando algunos no han sabido adaptarse a lo jardín infantil. En la subfase de reaproximación, a pesar de las reacciones iniciales del niño y sentimientos de inseguridad de los padres, los bebés mostraron una buena adaptación. El estudio resalta la importancia de la presencia parental durante la adaptación, contribuyendo para que el jardín infantil se convierta en una referencia para el niño permitiendo la continuidad del proceso de separación-individualización.

El bajo consumo de alimentos ricos en hierro y potenciadores de su absorción se asocia con anemia en preescolares cubanos de las provincias orientales: 2005-2011 / Low consumption of iron-containing foods and enhancer of iron absorption are associated with anemia in preschool children of the eastern provinces of Cuba: 2005-2011

Anemia in children less than five years of age is the main nutritional problem in Cuba. The aim of this study was to assess the intake of iron-rich foods (IRF) and of enhancers of iron absorption (EIA) in children living in the five eastern provinces of Cuba and its association with anemia in 2005, 2008 and 2011. A food frequency questionnaire of 6 months and hemoglobin determination were used. Intake increased in red meat and poultry (44.2% to 60.4%), eggs (38.7% to 58.6%) and vegetables (47.6% to 56.2%); decreased in fruit (73.2% to 55.8%) and legumes (87.7% to 57.7%). The prevalence of anemia in children 6 to 11 months old showed a decrease (62.1% to 44.3%). A reduction in the prevalence of anemia in infants 12-23 months old was found in 2008 compared with 2005 and reversed slightly in 2011, a similar finding was observed in children 2-5 years old. There was a consistent association of anemia with low intake of eggs, vegetables and fruits, but and not with low intake of legumes. Children who attended daycare center ate more iron-rich foods and enhancers of iron absorption than those who did not. The group of children younger than 24 months old remains the most vulnerable group for anemia.

La anemia en niños menores de 5 años constituye el principal problema nutricional en Cuba. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el consumo de alimentos ricos en hierro y potenciadores de su absorción en niños residentes en las cinco provincias orientales de Cuba y la asociación con la anemia en los años 2005, 2008 y 2011. La evaluación se realizó mediante una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos en el período de 6 meses anterior a la fecha del estudio y determinación de hemoglobina mediante HemoCue. El consumo frecuente entre 2005 a 2011 incrementó en cárnicos (44.2% a 60.4%), huevos (38.7% a 58.6%) y vegetales (47.6% a 56.2%); con un descenso en frutas (73.2% a 55.8%) y leguminosas (87.7% a 57.7%). La prevalencia de anemia disminuyó en niños de 6 a 11 meses de 2005 a 2011 (62.1% a 44.3%). Se observó disminución de la anemia en el grupo de 12 a 23 meses en 2008 que revierte ligeramente el 2011, de manera similar ocurrió en el grupo de 24 a 59 meses. Se encontró asociación de la anemia con el bajo consumo de huevo, vegetales y frutas; no con el consumo de leguminosas. Los niños que asisten a guardería consumían alimentos ricos en hierro y potenciadores de su absorción con mayor frecuencia que los que no asistían, por lo que la asistencia a guardería constituye un factor protector para la anemia en esta población. El grupo de niños menores de 24 meses se mantiene como el grupo de mayor vulnerabilidad para la anemia.

Processos interativos de bebês em creche / Interactive processes among babies at a daycare center

O artigo trata de estudo sobre interações de bebês com pares, que buscou apreender aspectos qualitativos desses processos relacionais, considerando particularidades dos bebês. No estudo, utilizaram-se videogravações e entrevistas, do projeto "Processos de Adaptação de Bebês a Creche", que acompanhou 21 bebês (4-13 meses) em creche. Os dados foram coletados e analisados pela perspectiva da Rede de Significações. Selecionaram-se, então, cinco episódios, a partir de três sujeitos-focais e seus pares. Análise indica ocorrência de interação, em que se destacam o papel do olhar, relações triádicas (mesmo em bebês menores de nove meses), a abreviação de recursos comunicativos e a empatia. Ainda, apesar da ausência de linguagem verbal, verificou-se ocorrência de significação. Algumas implicações teórico-práticas são apontadas.

The paper presents a study regarding babies' interactive processes with peers, which aimed to apprehend some of their qualitative aspects, considering babies' peculiarities. An empirical work was conducted with video recording scenes and interviews, regarding the "Babies' Adaptation to a Daycare Center" project, which followed up 21 babies (4-13 months) at a daycare center. Data analysis was based on the Network of Meanings perspective. Five episodes are here presented regarding three focal subjects and their peers. Analysis indicates the occurrence of interactions; among them it can be highlighted the role of the glance, presence of triadic relations (even among babies younger than nine months old), abbreviation of communicative resources and empathy. Moreover, despite verbal language absence at this age, it was verified meaning processes. Some practical-theoretical implications are pointed out as well.

Processos interativos de bebês em creche / Interactive processes among babies at a daycare center

O artigo trata de estudo sobre interações de bebês com pares, que buscou apreender aspectos qualitativos desses processos relacionais, considerando particularidades dos bebês. No estudo, utilizaram-se videogravações e entrevistas, do projeto "Processos de Adaptação de Bebês a Creche", que acompanhou 21 bebês (4-13 meses) em creche. Os dados foram coletados e analisados pela perspectiva da Rede de Significações. Selecionaram-se, então, cinco episódios, a partir de três sujeitos-focais e seus pares. Análise indica ocorrência de interação, em que se destacam o papel do olhar, relações triádicas (mesmo em bebês menores de nove meses), a abreviação de recursos comunicativos e a empatia. Ainda, apesar da ausência de linguagem verbal, verificou-se ocorrência de significação. Algumas implicações teórico-práticas são apontadas.(AU)

The paper presents a study regarding babies' interactive processes with peers, which aimed to apprehend some of their qualitative aspects, considering babies' peculiarities. An empirical work was conducted with video recording scenes and interviews, regarding the "Babies' Adaptation to a Daycare Center" project, which followed up 21 babies (4-13 months) at a daycare center. Data analysis was based on the Network of Meanings perspective. Five episodes are here presented regarding three focal subjects and their peers. Analysis indicates the occurrence of interactions; among them it can be highlighted the role of the glance, presence of triadic relations (even among babies younger than nine months old), abbreviation of communicative resources and empathy. Moreover, despite verbal language absence at this age, it was verified meaning processes. Some practical-theoretical implications are pointed out as well.(AU)

Presença de Cryptosporidium spp em crianças com diarréia aguda em uma creche pública de Recife, Estado de Pernambuco / Presence of Cryptosporidium spp in children with acute diarrhea in a public daycare center in Recife, State of Pernambuco

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a freqüência de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp em amostras fecais de crianças, de 1 a 14 anos, de uma creche pública localizada em uma comunidade carente da cidade do Recife, Pernambuco. A pesquisa foi realizada no período de 28 de junho de 2006 a 3 de abril de 2007, e envolveu 182 crianças. Das amostras analisadas 59 (32,4 por cento) foram positivas quanto à presença de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp, e a faixa etária mais acometida foi a de 3 a 5 anos de idade (54,2 por cento). A alta freqüência de amostras positivas para Cryptosporidium spp obtidas neste estudo comprovam que creches são ambientes propícios a essa ocorrência devido ao contato direto entre criança-criança, crianças e funcionários. A maior via de infecção por Cryptosporidium spp é a transmissão interpessoal, que é bem ilustrada em creches. A imaturidade, deficiências do sistema imune e hábitos higiênicos inadequados são fatores que também contribuem para esse tipo de infecção.

The objective of the present study was to analyze the frequency of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp in fecal samples from children aged one to fourteen years at a public daycare center located in a needy community in the city of Recife, Pernambuco. The investigation was carried out between June 28, 2006, and April 3, 2007, and involved 182 children. Among the samples analyzed, 59 (32.4 percent) were positive regarding the presence of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp, and the age group most affected was between three and five years (54.2 percent). The high frequency of samples positive for Cryptosporidium spp obtained in this study confirms that daycare centers are an environment that favors such occurrences, because of the direct contact between children or between children and staff. The most important infection route for Cryptosporidium spp is person-to-person transmission, which is well illustrated in daycare centers. Immaturity, deficiencies of the immune system and inadequate hygiene habits are factors that also contribute towards this type of infection.

Classic and molecular study of Giardia duodenalis in children from a daycare center in the region of Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil / Estudo clássico e molecular de Giardia duodenalis em crianças atendidas em uma creche na região de Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brasil

Epidemiological studies on giardiasis by using molecular techniques such as RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) may give information on factors related to the transmission of Giardia duodenalis. The aim of this work was to assess the epidemiology of G. duodenalis in 101 children attended at a daycare center in Presidente Bernardes, SP, Brazil. After parasitological examinations in feces samples, 15 children presented cysts of G. duodenalis. Their respective parents, brothers and pets, besides the daycare center workers, also had their feces submitted to parasitological analysis. Seven mothers and nine brothers also presented G. duodenalis cysts, while fathers, daycare workers and pets (dogs) did not presented the parasite. Besides the 15 cases with G. duodenalis, other 23 children presented other enteroparasites (Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura). Samples of G. duodenalis cysts from children and their relatives were submitted to molecular typing by RAPD after genomic DNA extraction and amplification of a fragment of the 18S rDNA region by PCR. After examining 31 isolates of G. duodenalis (children and their respective mothers and brothers), it was concluded that the parasite transmission occurred in children, probably during daily cohabitation at the daycare center, but not at home among their relatives or pets.

Estudos epidemiológicos sobre giardíase por técnicas moleculares como a RAPD (Amplificação aleatória do DNA polimórfico) podem contribuir para o entendimento de fatores relacionados à transmissão de Giardia duodenalis. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a epidemiologia de G. duodenalis em 101 crianças atendidas em uma creche em Presidente Bernardes, SP, Brasil. Após exames parasitológicos em amostras de fezes, 15 crianças apresentaram cistos de G. duodenalis. Seus respectivos pais, irmãos e animais domésticos, além dos funcionários da creche, foram submetidos a exames parasitológicos de fezes. Destes, sete mães e nove irmãos apresentaram G. duodenalis, enquanto os pais, funcionários da creche e animais de estimação (cães) não apresentaram o parasita. Além dos 15 casos com G. duodenalis, outras 23 crianças apresentaram outros enteroparasitas (Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides e Trichuris trichiura). As amostras contendo cistos de G. duodenalis das crianças e de seus parentes foram submetidas à análise molecular por RAPD após extração do DNA genômico e amplificação de um fragmento de uma região do rDNA 18S por PCR. Entre os 31 isolados de G. duodenalis (crianças e suas respectivas mães e irmãos), concluiu-se que a transmissão dos parasitas ocorreu entre as crianças, provavelmente durante seu convívio na creche, mas não foi decorrente do convívio familiar ou animais de estimação.

A cognição social e a construção da relação educador-bebê na creche / Social cognition and the construction of infant-caregiver affective relationship

A abordagem da Rede de Significações (RedSig) toma a relação social como uma construção dialógica que é mediada por diversas pessoas e que envolve diversos contextos sociais e conteúdos da matriz sócio-histórica - tais como os valores sociais, constituintes da cognição social. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo apontar a presença de valores sociais no processo de construção da relação afetiva educador-bebê. Duas educadoras, quatro bebês (04-09 meses de idade) e suas mães participaram do estudo. Foram realizadas 60 entrevistas com as educadoras e as mães, ao longo dos três primeiros meses de inserção dos bebês em uma creche. Observou-se nas falas a presença de valores sociais sobre cuidados infantis, a relação afetiva mãe-bebê, o papel da educadora e alimentação de bebês. Viu-se ainda que outras pessoas fizeram parte do processo de construção da relação através de suas vozes, presentes no discurso das mães e educadoras. © Ciências & Cognição 2006; Vol. 07: 42-48.(AU)

The Network of Meanings (RedSig) takes social relationship in a dialogical perspective. It is a construction which is mediated by people, environment and contents of socio-historical matrix - such as the social values that integrates the social cognition. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the presence of social values in the process of construction of infant-caregiver affective relationship. The participants were two caregivers and four mothers with their babies four to nine months old. A total of 60 interviews were carried out with the adults along the first three months of the babies' attendance at a day-care centre. Some reports were constructed upon discourses which carried on social values about child care, infant-mother affective relationship, the social role of caregiver and babies feeding. Other people partake in the process through the discourse of mothers and caregivers. © Ciências & Cognição 2006; Vol. 07: 42-48.(AU)