Sleep disorders, anxiety and obesity associated with untreated dental caries in children eight to ten years of age.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of sleep disorders, obesity and anxiety associated with cavitated carious lesions in children aged 8 to 10 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Northeast of Brazil. The sample was comprised of 793 schoolchildren randomly selected from public and private schools. Calibrated examiners (Kappa >0.80) performed the clinical examination of dental caries using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System and applied the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale and the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children questionnaires. The anthropometric variables evaluated were weight and height. Negative binomial regressions (α ≤ 0.05) were performed. A Directed Acyclic Graph was prepared using DAGitty software (version 3.0), to select the co-variables for the statistical fits. RESULTS: The prevalence of tooth decay was 52.8%. The mean number of tooth surfaces with cavitated caries was 2.2(2.8), 58.9% of the schoolchildren had some type of sleep disorder, while 20.2% were anxious and 29.1% were obese. Sleep disturbance (RR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.05-1.83), general anxiety (RR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.32-2.21), obesity (RR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.17-1.86) were associated with dental caries in the final model. CONCLUSION: The presence of carious lesions was higher in children with sleep disorders, anxiety, obesity, and those who experienced dry mouth.

Aspergillus ochraceus biocontrol by Hanseniaspora opuntiae in vitro and on coffee fruits.

Aspergillus ochraceus is an ochratoxin-producing fungus which contaminates coffee. In this study the antifungal effect of the yeast Hanseniaspora opuntiae on three Aspergillus ochraceus strains (IOC 4417, IOC 4462, Ao 14) was evaluated in vitro and on coffee fruits. H. opuntiae (106 and 107 cells mL-1) reduced in vitro fungal growth from 82% to 87%, when co-cultivated with A. ochraceus. The yeast cell free supernatant (CFS) inhibited conidial germination from 76.5% to 92.5%, and hyphal growth from 54% to 78%. The yeast (107 and 109 cells mL-1) applied on coffee fruits delayed fruit decay by A. ochraceus (IOC 4417 and Ao 14) until the 9th day, and was significantly different (p < 0.05) from the controls. Furthermore, the ultrastructure of the yeast-fungus interaction on the coffee fruit surface showed yeast attachment to A. ochraceus hyphae, and morphological alterations in fungal structures, with hyphal abnormalities, such as tortuous hyphae with irregular, non-uniform surface compared to the control without yeast. H. opuntiae showed efficacy as biocontrol agent and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the antifungal activity of H. opuntiae against A. ochraceus on coffee fruits Nevertheless, application of H. opuntiae to the crop in the field requires further studies.

Microbiological water quality assessment of sewage discharge through Barra da Tijuca (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) submarine outfall.

Submarine outfalls have been employed to convey urban effluents to their fate in the open ocean due to their dilution capacity and organic matter decay. This work analysed Escherichia coli concentrations in the Barra da Tijuca (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) submarine outfall plume, considering an hourly variable bacterial die-off due to environmental parameters associated with dynamic changes, vertical plume position, and thickness in response to hydrodynamic conditions. The adopted modelling procedure included coupling a near-field mixing zone model, NRFIELD, with the far-field Lagrangian transport and water quality model of the SisBaHiA® ( http://www.sisbahia.coppe.ufrj.br ). The coupling methodology simulated E. coli concentrations considering simultaneous variations in temperature, salinity, solar radiation, and hydrodynamic conditions. The results showed substantial variability in E. coli concentrations in the marine environment due to variable environmental conditions, regulating solar radiation levels over the submerged plume.

Quantifying Decay Due to Wet Atmospheric Deposition on Basalt.

The study of building materials is important for a better conservation of built heritage. Worldwide, volcanic stones (including basalt, andesite and dacite) are among the least studied building materials. In this research, the decay of a red basalt due to wet atmospheric deposition was studied. Red basalt was exposed to artificial rain solutions, prepared from rain samples collected weekly from 2014-2019. In this research, the decay of stone-built heritage was indirectly studied emulating wet atmospheric accelerated weathering under three different volume weighted mean (VWM) compositions: global, acid and no-acid categories. Lixiviates were analyzed to better understand the deterioration mechanisms taking place inside the material. Decay was quantified as mass difference, water absorption capacity (WAC) and open porosity (OP) changes. Results show that the methodology used is suitable to research the decay of built heritage. The studied basalt is indeed prone to decay by wet atmospheric deposition. The main decay mechanisms are the washing of insoluble compounds, dissolution of minerals, salt crystallization and cation exchange. WAC and OP showed promising results of their appropriateness as monitoring variables of decay in situ. Acid conditions produce the most severe decay, but Ph effect is not as important as precipitation volume. Non-linear equations relating volume of precipitation with mass difference in red basalt are presented.

Characterizing the Solar Activity Using the Visibility Graph Method.

In this paper, the Sun and its behavior are studied by means of complex networks. The complex network was built using the Visibility Graph algorithm. This method maps time series into graphs in which every element of the time series is considered as a node and a visibility criterion is defined in order to connect them. Using this method, we construct complex networks for magnetic field and sunspots time series encompassing four solar cycles, and various measures such as degree, clustering coefficient, mean path length, betweenness centrality, eigenvector centrality and decay exponents were calculated. In order to study the system in several time scales, we perform both a global, where the network contains information on the four solar cycles, and a local analysis, involving moving windows. Some metrics correlate with solar activity, while others do not. Interestingly, those metric which seem to respond to varying levels of solar activity in the global analysis, also do in the moving windows analysis. Our results suggest that complex networks can provide a useful way to follow solar activity, and reveal new features on solar cycles.

Archaeal and Bacterial Diversity and Distribution Patterns in Mediterranean-Climate Vernal Pools of Mexico and the Western USA.

Biogeographic patterns in microorganisms are poorly understood, despite the importance of microbial communities for a range of ecosystem processes. Our knowledge of microbial ecology and biogeography is particularly deficient in rare and threatened ecosystems. We tested for three ecological patterns in microbial community composition within ephemeral wetlands-vernal pools-located across Baja California (Mexico) and California (USA): (1) habitat filtering; (2) a latitudinal diversity gradient; and (3) distance decay in community composition. Paired water and soil samples were collected along a latitudinal transect of vernal pools, and bacterial and archaeal communities were characterized using 16S rDNA sequencing. We identified two main microbial communities, with one community present in the soil matrix that included archaeal and bacterial soil taxa, and another community present in the overlying water that was dominated by common freshwater bacterial taxa. Aquatic microbial communities were more diverse in the north, and displayed a significant but inverted latitudinal diversity pattern. Aquatic communities also exhibited a significant distance-decay pattern, with geographic proximity, and precipitation explaining part of the community variation. Collectively these results indicate greater sensitivity to spatial and environmental variation in vernal pool aquatic microbial communities than in soil microbial communities. We conclude that vernal pool aquatic microbial communities can display distribution patterns similar to those exhibited by larger organisms, but differ in some key aspects, such as the latitudinal gradient in diversity.

Improving postharvest life, quality and bioactive compounds of strawberry fruits using spermine and spermidine / Melhorando as condições de vida pós-colheita, qualidade e compostos bioativos de frutos de morango usando espermina e espermidina

Abstract Small fruits such as strawberries, are a good source of natural antioxidants. In recent decades, many efforts have been made to increase the shelf life of strawberries and maintain its nutritional value in post-harvest conditions. In the present study, the effects of spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) (0, 1.0 and 1.5 mM) on the post-harvest life and quality of strawberry fruits during the 3rd, 6th, and 12th days of storage, were investigated. Applications of Spm and Spd decreased the rate of weight loss, fruit decay, soluble solids content, fruit juice pH and taste index during the storage period in compared to the control. However, titratable acids and vitamin C contents, tissue stiffness, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity increased in compared to the control. These growth regulators prevented the aging and loss of bioactive compounds of the fruit by increasing the antioxidant activity and preventing the destruction of the fruit tissue. Among the studied treatments, applications of 1.5 mM of Spm and Spd were the most effective treatments to enhance the storage life and quality characters of strawberry fruits.

RESUMO Frutas pequenas como morangos são uma boa fonte de antioxidantes naturais. Nas últimas décadas, muitos esforços têm sido feitos para aumentar sua vida útil e manter seu valor nutricional em condições de pós-colheita. No presente estudo, foram investigados os efeitos da espermina (Spm) e espermidina (Spd) (0, 1,0 e 1,5 mm) pós-colheita e na qualidade dos frutos de morango durante o 3º, 6º e 12º dias de armazenamento. Aplicações de Spm e Spd diminuíram a taxa de perda de peso, podridão dos frutos, teor de sólidos solúveis, pH do suco de frutas e índice de sabor durante o período de armazenamento em comparação com o controle. No entanto, os teores de ácidos tituláveis e vitamina C, rigidez tecidual, compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante aumentaram em relação ao controle. Esses reguladores de crescimento preveniram o envelhecimento e a perda de compostos bioativos da fruta, aumentando a atividade antioxidante e evitando a destruição do tecido da fruta. Entre os tratamentos estudados, as aplicações de 1,5 mm de Spm e Spd foram os tratamentos mais eficazes para aumentar a vida de armazenamento e as características de qualidade dos frutos de morango.

Molecular basis of the different effects of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide on the maximum upstroke velocity and half-decay time of the cardiac action potential in guinea pig papillary muscle

Procainamide (PA) and its in vivo metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), display some pharmacological differences. Although it is agreed that PA is a class IA antiarrhythmic, it has been reported that NAPA is a pure class III antiarrhythmic that affects only the repolarizing phase of the cardiac action potential. This last concept, observed exclusively in dogs, gained wide acceptance, appearing in classic pharmacology textbooks. However, evidence in species such as mice and rats indicates that NAPA can affect cardiac Na+ channels, which is unexpected for a pure class III antiarrhythmic drug. To further clarify this issue, the effects of PA (used as a reference drug) and NAPA on the maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax) and half-decay time (HDT) of the cardiac action potential were examined in the isolated right papillaris magnus of the guinea pig heart. Both PA and NAPA affected Vmax at lower concentrations than required to affect HDT, and NAPA had weaker effects on both variables. Thus, NAPA displayed typical class IA antiarrhythmic behavior. Therefore, the concept that NAPA is a pure class III antiarrhythmic drug is more species-dependent than previously envisioned. In addition, we demonstrated that the differential pharmacology of PA and NAPA is explainable, in molecular terms, by steric hindrance of the effects of NAPA and the greater number of potent aromatic-aromatic and cation π interactions with Na+ or K+ cardiac channels for PA.

Alumina as an Antifungal Agent for Pinus elliottii Wood.

This work deals with the durability of a Pinus elliotti wood impregnated with alumina (Al2O3) particles. The samples were impregnated at three different Al2O3 weight fractions (c.a. 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%) and were then exposed to two wood-rot fungi, namely white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) and brown-rot fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum). Thermal and chemical characteristics were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses. The wood which incorporated 0.3 wt% of Al2O3 presented a weight loss 91.5% smaller than the untreated wood after being exposed to the white-rot fungus. On the other hand, the highest effectiveness against the brown-rot fungus was reached by the wood treated with 5 wt% of Al2O3, which presented a mass loss 91.6% smaller than that of the untreated pine wood. The Al2O3-treated woods presented higher antifungal resistances than the untreated ones in a way that: the higher the Al2O3 content, the higher the thermal stability. In general, the impregnation of the Al2O3 particles seems to be a promising treatment for wood protection against both studied wood-rot fungi. Additionally, both FT-IR and TG results were valuable tools to ascertain chemical changes ascribed to fungal decay.

Impacto de la caries y trauma dental en la calidad de vida de preescolares en instituciones educativas urbanas y urbano marginales, Arequipa / Impact of dental caries and traumatic injuries on the quality of life of preschool children in urban and marginal urban educational institutions, Arequipa

RESUMEN Objetivos: Determinar el impacto de caries y trauma dental en la calidad de vida de preescolares y sus familias. Material y Métodos : Estudio observacional, transversal en 150 preescolares de 3 a 5 años de ambos géneros de escuelas privadas urbanas y públicas urbano marginales. Los padres firmaron el consentimiento, respondieron la ficha socioeconómica y el cuestionario ECOHIS (Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale) según la percepción de Calidad de Vida Relacionada a la Salud Bucal(CVRSB) de sus hijos. Tres examinadoras fueron calibradas y se midió la concordancia intra e inter-examinador resultando Kappa 0,9. Los criterios establecidos por la OMS se aplicaron durante el examen clínico de caries y trauma dental. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS y hojas de cálculo. Se relacionó caries dental y CVRSB (p<0,005 Anova), traumatismo dental y CVRSB (p<0,05 U de Mann Whitney). Resultados : Los dominios con impacto negativo en ECOHIS fueron síntomas orales (20%) y angustia de los padres (44,7%). En la sección impacto en el niño del ECOHIS, las escuelas públicas rurales presentaron un promedio alto de experiencia (14) y progresión (1,47) de caries. Mientras que en la sección impacto en la familia las escuelas privadas urbanas fueron más afectadas por el dominio traumatismos dentales (66,7%). Conclusiones : La caries dental generó un impacto negativo en los niños, familias y CVRSB de preescolares de escuelas públicas rurales. Los traumatismos dentales sólo afectaron a las familias en escuelas privadas urbanas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the impact of caries and dental trauma on the quality of life of pre-school children and their families. Material and Methods : Observational, cross-sectional study in 150 pre-school children from 3 to 5 years old of both genders of urban and marginal urban educational institutions. The parents signed the consent and answered the socio-economic file and the ECOHIS questionnaire (Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale) according to the perception of oral health related Quality of Life (QoL) of their children. Three examiners were calibrated, intra and inter-examiner agreement was measured, the result was Kappa 0.9. The criteria established by the WHO were applied during the clinical examination of caries and dental trauma. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS statistical package and spreadsheets. Dental caries was related to HRQOL (p <0.005 Anova), and dental trauma to HRQOL (p <0.05 U of Mann Whitney). Results : The domains with negative impact on ECOHIS were oral symptoms (20%) and parental distress (44.7%). The impact on the child section of the ECOHIS rural public schools presented a high average experience (14) and progression (1.47) of caries. While the impact on the family section, urban private schools were affect by dental trauma (66.7%). Conclusions : Caries generated a negative impact on children, families and HRQoL of pre-school children from rural public schools. Dental trauma only affected families in urban private schools.

Relación de la condición bucal y el desarrollo psicomotor en niños de 6 y 7 años / Relationship between oral condition and psychomotor development in children aged 6 and 7 years

Introducción: La salud oral es un problema actual en la sociedad, las medidas preventivas como técnicas de cepillado deben de ser acorde a la destreza motriz. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre las condiciones bucales y el desarrollo psicomotor en los niños de 6 y 7 años. Métodos: La muestra estuvo conformada por 30 niños en el rango de edad de 6 y 7 años, que acuden al colegio "Manuel Bonilla" (Lima, Perú). Estuvo dividida por 2 grupos, a los cuales se les enseñó dos técnicas de cepillado: técnica de Bass modificada y técnica de Fones. Se obtuvieron valores de condiciones bucales, según los niveles de índice gingival, índice de higiene y el nivel de severidad. Por otro lado, se adquirieron los niveles de psicomotricidad, evaluados mediante el test de Bruininks-Oseretsky. El análisis de los datos estadísticos se ejecutó con el programa SPSS y R. Resultados: Un grupo de 29 niños se incorporaron en la muestra y fueron analizados un total de 631 dientes. Los resultados demostraron una asociación positiva con un solo rango (índice de sangrado gingival) de condiciones bucales y aspectos psicomotores de niños entre 6 y 7 años. Adicionalmente, se encontró una asociación positiva entre la técnica de cepillado Bass Modifica y condiciones bucales óptimas. Conclusiones: Los resultados actuales sugieren una asociación marginal entre las variables estudiadas, que puede ser potencialmente más significativa con una ampliación sobre el número de muestra. A medida que el ser humano va desarrollando nuevas habilidades motoras, debería de tener un mejor dominio sobre las necesidades básicas de salud como la ponderación de una buena higiene bucal. Por lo tanto, es necesario recomendar técnicas de cepillado de acuerdo al nivel de desarrollo psicomotor del niño(AU)

Introduction: Oral health is a current problem in society; preventive measures such as brushing techniques must be according to motor skills. Objective: Evaluate the relationship between oral conditions and psychomotor development in children aged 6 and 7 years. Methods: The sample consisted of 30 children in the age range of 6 and 7 years, who attend "Manuel Bonilla" school (Lima, Peru). It was divided by 2 groups, which were taught two brushing techniques: Bass-modified technique and Fones technique. There were obtained values of oral conditions, according to the levels of gingival index, hygiene index and the level of severity. On the other hand, the levels of psychomotricity were acquired, evaluated by the Bruininks-Oseretsky test. The analysis of the statistical data was executed with the SPSS and R program. Results: A group of 29 children were incorporated into the sample and a total of 631 teeth were analyzed. The results demonstrated a positive association with a single range (gingival bleeding index) of oral conditions and psychomotor aspects of children between 6 and 7 years. Additionally, a positive association was found between the Bass Modifica brushing technique and optimal oral conditions. Conclusions: The current results suggest a marginal association between the variables studied, which may be potentially more significant with an increase in the sample number. As humans develop new motor skills, they should have a better command of basic health needs such as weighing good oral hygiene. Therefore, it is necessary to recommend brushing techniques according to the level of psychomotor development of the child(AU)

Presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in aquatic environments: A mini-review.

The introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into water bodies via sewage raises public health concerns. For the assessment of public health risks, it is necessary to know the presence and persistence of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in water and wastewater. The present mini-review documents the occurrence and decay rates of viable infectious SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2 RNA in different water matrices including wastewater, river water, groundwater, tap water, and seawater. Persistence of viable SARS-CoV-2 is mainly temperature dependent. A rapid inactivation of infectious SARS-CoV-2 is found in river water, sea water, and wastewater compared to tap water. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was found to be considerably more stable than infectious SARS-CoV-2, indicating that the environmental detection of RNA alone does not prove risk of infection. Persistence assays need to consider physicochemical and biological water composition as well as the effect of detergents, enzymes, and filtering particulate matter.

Fmr1 exon 14 skipping in late embryonic development of the rat forebrain.

BACKGROUND: Fragile X syndrome, the major cause of inherited intellectual disability among men, is due to deficiency of the synaptic functional regulator FMR1 protein (FMRP), encoded by the FMRP translational regulator 1 (FMR1) gene. FMR1 alternative splicing produces distinct transcripts that may consequently impact FMRP functional roles. In transcripts without exon 14 the translational reading frame is shifted. For deepening current knowledge of the differential expression of Fmr1 exon 14 along the rat nervous system development, we conducted a descriptive study employing quantitative RT-PCR and BLAST of RNA-Seq datasets. RESULTS: We observed in the rat forebrain progressive decline of total Fmr1 mRNA from E11 to P112 albeit an elevation on P3; and exon-14 skipping in E17-E20 with downregulation of the resulting mRNA. We tested if the reduced detection of messages without exon 14 could be explained by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) vulnerability, but knocking down UPF1, a major component of this pathway, did not increase their quantities. Conversely, it significantly decreased FMR1 mRNA having exon 13 joined with either exon 14 or exon 15 site A. CONCLUSIONS: The forebrain in the third embryonic week of the rat development is a period with significant skipping of Fmr1 exon 14. This alternative splicing event chronologically precedes a reduction of total Fmr1 mRNA, suggesting that it may be part of combinatorial mechanisms downregulating the gene's expression in the late embryonic period. The decay of FMR1 mRNA without exon 14 should be mediated by a pathway different from NMD. Finally, we provide evidence of FMR1 mRNA stabilization by UPF1, likely depending on FMRP.

Urgencias estomatológicas durante la pandemia de la COVID-19. Policlínico 2 de Manzanillo / Stomatological emergencies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Polyclinic 2 of Manzanillo / Emergências estomatológicas durante a pandemia COVID-19. Policlínica 2 de Manzanillo

RESUMEN La caries dental y sus complicaciones, las afecciones del periodonto y los procesos infecciosos post-extracción constituyen las causas más comunes por lo que los pacientes asisten a los servicios de urgencia estomatológica. Estudiar su incidencia y los recursos que demandan sus tratamientos es necesario para organizar los servicios estomatológicos. Identificar las urgencias estomatológicas de acuerdo a las causas que lo originan en el Policlínico 2 de Manzanillo entre abril y septiembre de 2020, durante la situación epidemiológica causada por la COVID-19, ha sido el objetivo de nuestro trabajo. Utilizamos el método de estudio descriptivo transversal en pacientes que acudieron por urgencia a los servicios estomatológicos del policlínico 2 de Manzanillo entre los meses abril a septiembre del 2020. El universo estuvo constituido por 709 pacientes. El mes de mayor afluencia de urgencias estomatológicas fue mayo con 254 pacientes, predominando entre ellos el sexo femenino con 51,9%, mientras que la caries dental y sus complicaciones fue la causa por la que más acudieron los pacientes, con un 82,5%. De las enfermedades pulpares fue la hiperemia pulparla que predominó con 361 pacientes para un 61,7%, y de las enfermedades periapicales fue el absceso alveolar con102 casos, para un 17,4%. Durante la COVID-19 los servicios estomatológicos mantuvieron su vitalidad a través de las consultas de urgencias estomatológicas, la caries dental y las afecciones del periodonto fueron las enfermedades de mayor incidencia, siendo la hiperemiapulpar la que predomino dentro de la patología pulpar y el absceso alveolar agudo dentro de la periapical.

ABSTRACT Tooth decay and its complications, periodontal conditions and post-extraction infectious processes are the most common causes so patients attend stomatological emergency services. Studying their incidence and the resources demanded by their treatments is necessary to organize stomatological services. Identifying the stomatological emergencies according to the causes that originate it in the Polyclinic 2 of Manzanillo between April and September 2020, during the epidemiological situation caused by COVID-19, has been the objective of our work. We used the cross-sectional descriptive study method in patients who went to the stomatological services of polyclinic 2 in Manzanillo for emergencies between April and September 2020. The universe consisted of 709 patients. The month of greatest influx of stomatological emergencies was May with 254 patients, predominating among them the female sex with 51.9%, while dental caries and its complications was the cause for which more patients attended, with 82.5%. Of the pulp diseases, pulp hyperemia predominated with 361 patients for 61.7%, and of the periapical diseases it was the alveolar abscess with 102 cases, for 17.4%. During COVID-19, stomatological services maintained their vitality through stomatological emergency consultations, dental caries and periodontal conditions were the diseases with the highest incidence, with pulp hyperemia being the one that predominated within the pulp pathology and acute alveolar abscess within the periapical.

RESUMO A cárie dentária e suas complicações, condições periodontais e processos infecciosos pós-extração são as causas mais comuns para que os pacientes frequentem serviços de emergência estomatológicas. Estudar sua incidência e os recursos exigidos por seus tratamentos é necessário para a organização de serviços estomatológicos. Identificar as emergências estomatológicas de acordo com as causas que a originam na Policlínica 2 de Manzanillo entre abril e setembro de 2020, durante a situação epidemiológica causada pelo COVID-19, tem sido o objetivo do nosso trabalho. Utilizou-se o método de estudo transversal descritivo em pacientes que foram aos serviços estomatológicos da policlínica 2 em Manzanillo para emergências entre abril e setembro de 2020.O universo era composto por 709 pacientes. O mês de maior fluxo de emergências estomatológicas foi maio com 254 pacientes, predominando entre eles o sexo feminino com 51,9%, en quanto a cárie dentária e suas complicações foi a causa para a qual mais pacientes compareceram, com 82,5%. Das doenças da polpa, a hiperemia da polpa predominou com 361 pacientes para 61,7%, e das doenças periapical foi o abscesso alveolar com 102 casos, para 17,4%. Durante o COVID-19, os serviços estomatológicos mantiveram sua vitalidade por meio de consultas de emergência estomática, cárie dentária e condições periodontais foram as doenças com maior incidência, sendo a hiperemia da polpa aquela que predominou dentro da patologia da polpa e abscesso alveolar agudo dentro do periapical.

Space Weathering: Processing Velocities in Organic Materials as a Function of Electron Beam Energies-Solar Electron Erosion Rate Application.

Samples of α-glycine (α-GLY; 230-350 nm) were irradiated in laboratory as a function of electron beam energies (0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 keV) at room temperature (293-295 K). The evolution of α-glycine irradiation process was monitored in real time by infrared spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared - FTIR), through specific spectral bands: 2610, 2124, 1410, and 1333 cm-1. A phenomenological model is proposed to describe the column density decay when thick organic samples are processed by ionizing beams. The α-glycine radiolysis has exhibited transient and stationary modes in such thickness films. The first stage is mainly described by one exponential decay, whereas the latter foremost decays linearly; compaction processes have been neglected; glycine dissociation and sputtering processes are assumed to be responsible for the damage caused by the electron beam impact through the solid film. The second (stationary) stage is due to equilibrium between a partially shielded bulk radiolysis and sputtering of protective layers. The decay rates are measured for the transient and stationary modes and allow determining the processing velocity of the samples as a function of the electron beam energy. Finally, the model is applied to space weathering to find out the typical sputtering rate of organic compounds on the surface of astrophysical analogs with no protection layers attacked by solar wind (SW) electrons at ≈1 AU. Although the velocity of processing materials in SW has natural competing effects, such as regolith overturn by impacts of micro- and macrometeorites and downslope motion of material that is unstable due to changes in the geopotential of the airless bodies (e.g., asteroid 101955 Bennu), these competing processes are not included in the simulations presented here.

Respiratory syncytial virus: viral load, viral decay, and disease progression in children with bronchiolitis.

Acute viral bronchiolitis is the major cause of hospital admissions in children under 2 years of age, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can be responsible for up to 80% of these infections. We aimed to describe RSV dynamics among hospitalized children with bronchiolitis. Upper respiratory samples of 101 hospitalized patients were collected and submitted to RSV detection by a quantitative real-time RT-PCR to assess viral load (Log10 RNA copies/mL). Seventy-two patients were positive for RSV infection, of which 38 (52.7%) could be followed up until RSV was no longer detected. The first RSV RT-qPCR was carried out on average on the 5th day of symptom onset. Thirty-six patients (94.7%) were still shedding RSV after 7 days, and 9 (23.6%) after 14 days of symptoms onset. Only 2 patients (5.2%) were still shedding RSV after 21 days. Only 7 of the followed patients (18.9%) were submitted to intubation. There was no difference between the viral load of the first collected sample and the viral persistence of patients with comorbidities, who needed intensive care unit and who needed intubation. These data could help understand RSV dynamics and future studies and treatments to come.

Natural Pectin-Based Edible Composite Coatings with Antifungal Properties to Control Green Mold and Reduce Losses of 'Valencia' Oranges.

Novel pectin-based, antifungal, edible coatings (ECs) were formulated by the addition of natural extracts or essential oils (EOs), and their ability to control green mold (GM), caused by Penicillium digitatum, and preserve postharvest quality of 'Valencia' oranges was evaluated. Satureja montana, Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CN), Commiphora myrrha (MY) EOs, eugenol (EU), geraniol (GE), vanillin, and propolis extract were selected as the most effective antifungal agents against P. digitatum in in vitro assays. Pectin-beeswax edible coatings amended with these antifungals were applied to artificially inoculated oranges to evaluate GM control. ECs containing GE (2 g/kg), EU (4 and 8 g/kg), and MY EO (15 g/kg) reduced disease incidence by up to 58% after 8 days of incubation at 20 °C, while CN (8 g/kg) effectively reduced disease severity. Moreover, ECs formulated with EU (8 g/kg) and GE (2 g/kg) were the most effective on artificially inoculated cold-stored oranges, with GM incidence reductions of 56 and 48% after 4 weeks at 5 °C. Furthermore, ECs containing EU and MY reduced weight loss and maintained sensory and physicochemical quality after 8 weeks at 5 °C followed by 7 days at 20 °C. Overall, ECs with EU were the most promising and could be a good natural, safe, and eco-friendly commercial treatment for preserving orange postharvest quality.

Isolation and characterization of wood-decomposing basidiomycetes from the Andean Forest in Boyacá, Colombia.

This study explores the biotechnological potential of lignocellulolytic fungi collected in an oak forest. Fungal collections were obtained from natural reserves located in Boyacá-Colombia, ranging from 2700 to 3000 m.a.s.l. Twenty-three strains were isolated on malt agar, molecular characterization was performed, and ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymatic activities were screened. Several white-rot fungi of biotechnological importance were identified as follows: Trametes sp., Trametes versicolor, Trametes villosa, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Bjerkandera adjusta, Lentinula boryana, Panus conchatus, Antrodia neotropica, Brunneoporus malicola, Laetiporus gilbertsonii, Stereum sp., Ganoderma sp., and Dichomitus sp. The strains T. versicolor 0554 and 0583, T. villosa 0562, and B. adusta 0556 showed the highest response in the qualitative enzymatic assays. These strains were used to determine their ability to decolorate the dyes aniline blue and Congo red, and it was found that T. villosa 0562 reached a level of decolorization close to 90% after 48 h of submerged culture. The fungal strains obtained here could offer alternatives to develop a process to accomplish sustainable development objectives.

Relación entre índice CPO-D y limitación al sonreír en escolares de la Parroquia «El vecino», en Cuenca, Ecuador / Relationship between the CPO-D index and limitation when smiling in schoolchildren from «El Vecino¼ Parish in Cuenca, Ecuador

RESUMEN Introducción: Las afecciones bucales informadas con mayor prevalencia a nivel mundial son: la caries dental, las periodontopatías y las maloclusiones, en ese orden, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). La caries dental es considerada como una enfermedad multifactorial, dinámica y crónica, en la cual intervienen factores extrínsecos que pueden estar asociados a la enfermedad. Objetivo: Relacionar el índice de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados y la limitación al sonreír en escolares de 12 años de la Parroquia «El vecino» en la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador, en el año 2016. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, relacional y retrospectivo. La muestra estuvo conformada por 279 fichas registradas en la base de datos del Departamento de Investigación de la carrera de Odontología de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca, pertenecientes al estudio del Mapa Epidemiológico de Salud Bucal, 2016. Resultados: El 100 % de la muestra presentó alguna experiencia de caries, mientras que el 77,8 % no presentó limitación al sonreír, lo que demuestra una relación de dependencia moderada entre el índice de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados y la limitación al sonreír. Conclusiones: Se informó un nivel de gravedad del índice de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados muy alto en la cuarta parte de la muestra; la relación entre el índice de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados y la limitación al sonreír presentó una dependencia moderada entre las dos variables en ambos sexos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: dental caries, periodontal diseases and malocclusions are, in that order, the reported oral conditions with the highest prevalence worldwide according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Dental caries is considered a multifactorial, dynamic and chronic disease, in which intervene extrinsic factors that may be associated with the disease. Objective: to relate Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth Index with the limitation when smiling in 12-year-old schoolchildren from "El Vecino" Parish, in Cuenca city, Ecuador, 2016. Methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional, relational and retrospective study was carried out. The sample consisted of 279 files registered in the database of the Research Department of the Dentistry career from the Catholic University of Cuenca, belonging to the study of the Epidemiological Map of Oral Health, 2016. Results: 100% of the sample had some experience of caries, while 77.8% showed no limitation when smiling, which demonstrates a moderate dependence relationship between the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth Index and the limitation when smiling. Conclusions: a very high level of severity of the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth Index was reported in a quarter of the sample; the relationship between the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth Index and the limitation when smiling had a moderate dependence between the two variables in both genders.

Assays to Study IRE1 Activation and Signaling.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor IRE1 is a a major player of the unfolded protein response (UPR), the main pathway driving adaptation processes to restore proteostasis.  In addition, overactivation of IRE1 signaling contributes to a variety of pathologies including diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Under ER stress, IRE1 auto-transphosphorylates and oligomerizes, triggering the activation of its endoribonuclease domain located in the cytosolic region. Active IRE1 catalyzes the splicing of the mRNA encoding for the XBP1 transcription factor, in addition to degrade several RNAs through a process known as regulated IRE1-dependent decay of mRNA (RIDD). Besides its role as an UPR transducer, several posttranslational modifications and protein-protein interactions can regulate IRE1 activity and modulate its signaling in the absence of stress. Thus, investigating the function of IRE1 in physiology and disease requires the use of complementary approaches. Here, we provide detailed protocols to perform four different assays to study IRE1 activation and signaling: (i) Phos-tag gels to evaluate the phosphorylation status of IRE1, (ii) microscopy using TREX-IRE1-GFP cells to measure IRE1 oligomerization, (iii) conventional RT-PCR to assess XBP1 mRNA processing, and (iv) quantitative PCR to determine the levels of canonical UPR target genes and the degradation of several mRNAs that are target of RIDD. We propose to use these experimental strategies as "gold standards" to study IRE1 signaling.