Social and Preventive Factors That Explain Oral Health among Pregnant Women in the Canton of Cuenca, Ecuador.

(1) Background: pregnant women in underprivileged areas may face challenges that affect their oral health. The analysis of these issues such as toothaches or cavities, among others could be crucial for them. However, no studies have been conducted in Cuenca, Ecuador. Thus, this study aimed to create a model explaining how social factors and healthy habits impact oral health in Cuenca, Ecuador. (2) Methods: An observational study was performed using a questionnaire developed from scratch. Principal component factor analysis was performed to calculate the oral disease index based on the oral health issues reported by women during pregnancy. (3) Results: 1971 women participated in the research. In total, 88% reported at least one oral health problem, with cavities (34%) and bleeding gums (33%) as the most prevalent. The rate of preventive visits and frequent brushing were the two variables that most impacted the oral disease index. The consumption of sweets, age, and the belief that visiting the dentist harms their unborn child were also important factors. However, income, education, and ethnic background showed little to no effect. (4) Conclusions: The most beneficial determinants of oral health factors in pregnant women in Cuenca, Ecuador, are preventive dentist visits, frequent brushing, and a contained consumption of sweets. The main harmful factors are age and the misconception that dental visits can harm their unborn child. Surprisingly, income, education, and ethnic background have little effect. This study can be replicated in other countries and cultures.

The Complex Interrelationship between Diabetes Mellitus, Oral Diseases and General Health.

There is emerging evidence that several oral diseases and conditions can be associated with DM. Dental caries, hyposalivation, fungal diseases and endodontics lesions may represent potential oral complications that can be aggravated by chronic hyperglycemia. Individuals with DM have a low perception of oral diseases which can lead to clinically important oral and systemic complications. This review aims to provide data on the most common oral signs and symptoms related to DM and to explore the mechanisms that might explain associations between DM and oral diseases in order to clarify the risks posed by poor oral health in DM. Since the linkage between oral diseases and DM is part of multifactorial aspects related to chronic hyperglycemic status and several common conditions affecting the whole body, both require rigorous self-control from patients and attention from medical and dental professionals.

Morphological evaluation of dental diseases in Parion chamber tomb (OM 5) Roman people / Evaluación morfológica de enfermedades dentales en la tumba de la cámara de Parion (OM 5) del pueblo romano

SUMMARY: Most of the dental diseases occur due to tooth or jaw morphology or nutritional habits. Anatomical differences in the teeth and jaws of men and women can cause different dental diseases between the sexes. In this study, 33 skeletons obtained from the excavation of the ancient city of Parion, which are dated to the late Roman period, were examined. Dental diseases and possible causes were investigated on a total of 33 skeletons. In the evaluations, it was evaluated that some diseases were caused by the difference between the sexes, while some were classified as nutritional diseases. The rates of tooth decay are different between men and women with Parion. It has been determined that the most important reason for this is the different morphological structure of the jaws and teeth, but the nutritional differences also cause this. Other dental and jaw diseases were also evaluated in the Parion population.

RESUMEN: La mayoría de las enfermedades dentales se deben a la morfología de los dientes o la mandíbula o a los hábitos nutricionales. Las diferencias anatómicas en los dientes y las mandíbulas de hombres y mujeres pueden causar diferentes enfermedades dentales entre los sexos. En este estudio, se examinaron 33 esqueletos obtenidos de la excavación de la antigua ciudad de Parion, que datan del período romano tardío. Se investigaron las enfermedades dentales y las posibles causas en un total de 33 esqueletos. En las evaluaciones, se determinó que algunas enfermedades fueron causadas por la diferencia entre los sexos, mientras que otras fueron clasificadas como enfermedades nutricionales. Además se encontraron diferentes estimaciones de caries entre hombres y mujeres. Se analizó que la razón más importante de esto es la diferencia de la estructura morfológica de los maxilares y los dientes, sin embargo las diferencias nutricionales también es un factor que se debe considerar. Se evaluaron además, otras enfermedades dentales y de la mandíbula en la población de Parion.

Forecasting future dental health expenditures: Development of a framework using data from 32 OECD countries.

OBJECTIVE: To (1) develop a framework for forecasting future dental expenditures, using currently available information, and (2) identify relevant research and data gaps such that dental expenditure predictions can continuously be improved in the future. METHODS: Our analyses focused on 32 OECD countries. Dependent on the number of predictors, we employed dynamic univariate and multivariate modelling approaches with various model specifications. For univariate modelling, an auto-regressive (AR) dynamic model was employed to incorporate historical trends in dental expenditures. Multivariate modelling took account of historical trends, as well as of relationships between dental expenditures, dental morbidity, economic growth in terms of gross domestic product and demographic changes. RESULTS: Estimates of dental expenditures varied substantially across different model specifications. Models relying on dental morbidity as one of the predictors performed worst regardless of their specification. Using the best-fitted model specification, that is the univariate second-order autoregression [AR(2)], the forecasted dental expenditures across 32 OECD countries amounted to US$316bn (95% forecasted interval, FI: 258-387) in 2020, US$434bn (95%FI: 354-532) in 2030 and US$594bn (95%FI: 485-728) in 2040. Per capita spending in 2040 was forecasted to be highest in Germany (US$889, 95%FI: 726-1090) and lowest in Mexico (US$52, 95%FI: 42-64). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates the feasibility and challenges in predicting dental expenditures and can serve as a basis for improvement towards more sustainable and resilient health policy and resource planning. Within the limitations of available data sources, our findings suggest that dental expenditures in OECD countries could increase substantially over the next two decades and vary considerably across countries. For more accurate estimation and a better understanding of determinants of dental expenditures, more comprehensive data on dental spending and dental morbidity are urgently needed.

Survey of dental diseases in Crioulo breed horses reared in an extensive farming system / Levantamento de afecções dentárias em equinos da raça Crioula mantidos em sistema de criação extensivo

The present study aimed to identify and quantify dental diseases in Crioulo horses reared exclusively under extensive farming conditions. In total, 254 Crioulo horses were evaluated, that were reared exclusively in native pastures with predominantly Eragrostis plana (Annoni grass). The animals were divided into three groups according to age: three to five years (G1), six to 12 years (G2), and 13 to 26 years (G3). In total, 46.1% of the animals in G1, 63.8% in G2, and 82.3% in G3 had two or more incisor disorders; 37.5% in G1, 52.5% in G2 and 45.5% in G3 had two or more disease findings in the canines; and 28.9% in G1, 35.4% in G2, and 64.7% in G3 had four or more disease findings in the second, third, and fourth premolars and molars. However, dental calculus was observed in 90.5% of G2 animals, whereas in G3, the occurrence rate of excessive enamel points and calculus was 82.4%. Although all of the horses studied were reared in an extensive farming system, dental changes were very common in the Crioulo breed reared under these management conditions.(AU)

O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar e quantificar as afecções odontológicas de equinos da raça Crioula criados exclusivamente em regime extensivo. No total, foram avaliados 254 cavalos Crioulos, criados em pastagens nativas com predominância de Eragrostis plana (capim-annoni). Os animais foram divididos em três grupos, de acordo com a idade: de três a cinco anos (G1), seis a 12 anos (G2 ) e 13 a 26 anos (G3). No total, 46,1% dos animais do G1, 63,8% do G2 e 82,3% do G3 apresentaram dois ou mais transtornos incisivos; 37,5% do G1, 52,5% do G2 e 45,5% do G3 tiveram duas ou mais alterações nos caninos; 28,9% do G1, 35,4% do G2 e 64,7% do G3 mostraram quatro ou mais distúrbios no segundo, terceiro e quarto pré-molares e molares. Contudo, cálculo dentário foi observado em 90,5% dos animais do G2, enquanto no G3, a taxa de ocorrência de pontas excessivas de esmalte dentário e cálculo foi de 82,4%. Concluiu-se que, apesar de todos os equinos estudados serem mantidos em sistema extensivo, as afecções dentárias mostraram-se muito comuns na raça Crioula sob estas condições de manejo.(AU)

Survey of dental diseases in Crioulo breed horses reared in an extensive farming system / Levantamento de afecções dentárias em equinos da raça Crioula mantidos em sistema de criação extensivo

The present study aimed to identify and quantify dental diseases in Crioulo horses reared exclusively under extensive farming conditions. In total, 254 Crioulo horses were evaluated, that were reared exclusively in native pastures with predominantly Eragrostis plana (Annoni grass). The animals were divided into three groups according to age: three to five years (G1), six to 12 years (G2), and 13 to 26 years (G3). In total, 46.1% of the animals in G1, 63.8% in G2, and 82.3% in G3 had two or more incisor disorders; 37.5% in G1, 52.5% in G2 and 45.5% in G3 had two or more disease findings in the canines; and 28.9% in G1, 35.4% in G2, and 64.7% in G3 had four or more disease findings in the second, third, and fourth premolars and molars. However, dental calculus was observed in 90.5% of G2 animals, whereas in G3, the occurrence rate of excessive enamel points and calculus was 82.4%. Although all of the horses studied were reared in an extensive farming system, dental changes were very common in the Crioulo breed reared under these management conditions.(AU)

O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar e quantificar as afecções odontológicas de equinos da raça Crioula criados exclusivamente em regime extensivo. No total, foram avaliados 254 cavalos Crioulos, criados em pastagens nativas com predominância de Eragrostis plana (capim-annoni). Os animais foram divididos em três grupos, de acordo com a idade: de três a cinco anos (G1), seis a 12 anos (G2 ) e 13 a 26 anos (G3). No total, 46,1% dos animais do G1, 63,8% do G2 e 82,3% do G3 apresentaram dois ou mais transtornos incisivos; 37,5% do G1, 52,5% do G2 e 45,5% do G3 tiveram duas ou mais alterações nos caninos; 28,9% do G1, 35,4% do G2 e 64,7% do G3 mostraram quatro ou mais distúrbios no segundo, terceiro e quarto pré-molares e molares. Contudo, cálculo dentário foi observado em 90,5% dos animais do G2, enquanto no G3, a taxa de ocorrência de pontas excessivas de esmalte dentário e cálculo foi de 82,4%. Concluiu-se que, apesar de todos os equinos estudados serem mantidos em sistema extensivo, as afecções dentárias mostraram-se muito comuns na raça Crioula sob estas condições de manejo.(AU)

Novel dental phenotype in non-syndromic Pierre Robin Sequence: A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate dental phenotypes in individuals with non-syndromic Pierre Robin Sequence (ns-PRS) and compare the prevalence of these phenotypes with subjects with non-syndromic cleft palate (ns-CP) and a control group with subjects without any craniofacial anomalies. METHODS: A total of 760 panoramic radiographs of 330 individuals (110 with ns-PRS; 110 with ns-CP and 110 without any malformations) were digitized and evaluated regarding the diagnosis of taurodontism, tooth agenesis, root dilaceration and tooth transposition. Chi-square test was applied to compare the occurrence of dental phenotypes between groups. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Total prevalence of dental phenotypes was 94.5% of ns-PRS; 54.5% of ns-CP and 59.1% of the control group subjects with a statistically significant difference for the ns-PRS when compared to the other two groups. Two dental phenotypes, taurodontism and dental agenesis were identified with statistically significant higher prevalences in subjects with ns-PRS when compared with the ns-CP group and the control group (p < 0.001). Taurodontism was the most prevalent dental phenotype, with 92.73% in the ns-PRS group, 40.91% for ns-CP and 44.55% in the control group. Tooth agenesis had a prevalence of 22.7% for ns-PRS, 4.5% for ns-CP and no case in the control group. For the prevalence of root dilaceration and tooth transposition, no statistically significant differences were observed between the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the high frequency of taurodontism in individuals with ns-PRS, we suggested that this novel phenotype would be important in the phenotypic screening of ns-PRS and could be considered as a phenotype associated with ns-PRS.

The impact of MUC5B gene on dental caries.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the impact of MUC5B polymorphisms on dental caries. METHODS: A case-control study was performed with patients recruited at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná. These individuals were aged 12 years old or more. Dental caries was diagnosed using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System, and the effects of socioeconomic, dietary, and hygiene factors on dental caries were investigated. Furthermore, buccal cells were collected, and their DNA was extracted and amplified using PCR. Uni-, bi-, and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Two hundred patients were recruited, 100 were assigned to the case group and 100 to the control group. In the bivariate analysis, the following variables showed significant results: ethnicity (p = .008), biofilm (p < .001), and gingivitis (p < .001). The MUC5B gene affected dental caries with the markers rs2735733 (p < .001), rs2249073 (p < .001), and rs2857476 (p < .001). In the multivariate analysis, the biofilm variable remained significant (p = .026), as did the following markers from the MUC5B gene: rs2735733 (p = .019), rs2249073 (p < .025), and rs2857476 (p < .005). CONCLUSION: Genetic variations in the MUC5B gene can influence dental caries.

Principales enfermedades bucodentales en embarazadas / Main dental diseases found in pregnant women

Introducción: el embarazo constituye un proceso natural que provoca una serie de cambios fisiológicos, patológicos y psicológicos que las convierten en pacientes especiales que demandan cuidados exclusivos. Objetivo: determinar las principales enfermedades bucodentales que afectan a las embarazadas del Policlínico Pedro Díaz Coello. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal de enero de 2014 a enero de 2015 en el Policlínico Pedro Díaz Coello de Holguín a un total de 395 embarazadas que acudieron a la consulta en el período de estudio. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, nivel educacional, área de residencia, clasificación epidemiológica, factores de riesgo y principales enfermedades bucales. Resultados: predominó como área de residencia la zona rural, el grupo de edad de 25 a 29 años, el nivel educacional preuniversitario con 53,9%, 35,2% y 53,7% respectivamente. El mayor número de las pacientes se encontraban enfermas (grupo III) con el 52,9%. El factor de riesgo que más incidió fue la higiene bucal deficiente representado por el 94,2%. La caries dental se identificó como la enfermedad que más afectó a las gestantes con el 47,8%. Conclusiones: la realización de trabajos educativos dirigidos a mejorar el estado de salud bucal en este grupo priorizado constituye una necesidad del momento actual. La caries dental es la afección más frecuente en las gestantes y el factor de riesgo la higiene bucal deficiente.

Introduction: pregnancy constitutes a natural process in a woman´s life; this stage is accompanied by a series of physiologic, pathologic and psychological changes that make them a kind of patients who demand exclusive cares. Objective: to determine the main dental diseases that affect pregnant woman at Pedro Díaz Coello polyclinic. Method: a cross-sectional study was carried out in the period from January 2014 to January 2015 at Pedro Díaz Coello polyclinic. The universe and sample coincided with 395 women, those who were attended in the consultation during the period of this study. The variables analyzed were: age, educational level, habitat area, epidemiologic classification, risk factors and main dental disease. Result: the rural zone as a residential area, the age group from 25 to 29 years old and the pre-university educational level prevailed, with 53.9%, 35.2% and 53.7% respectively. The highest concentration of patients were sick (group III) with a 52.9%. On the other hand, the risk factor that affected the community the most was an inadequate buccal hygiene representing 94.2%. Dental caries was the disease that affected the pregnant women the most with 47.8%. Conclusions: the development of educational works directed to improve the state of dental health of this prioritized group constitutes a current necessity. Dental caries was the disease that affected the pregnant women the most, as well as, the inadequate buccal hygiene as risk factor.

Knowledge, attitude, practice towards primary prevention of dental diseases among oral health professionals in India

Aim: To assess knowledge, attitude, practice towards primary prevention of dental diseases among oral health professionals. Material and Methods: It is cross-sectional questionnaire study. The study was conducted among dental professionals running private dental clinics. . Among these 141 clinics, 202 dentists had given their informed consent to be included in the study. Results: Knowledge of dental health professionals towards primary health care was significantly (p=0.04*) below average among all age groups. Attitude of study participants towards primary health care shows that most of study participants in all age groups had significantly (p=0.00***) good attitude towards primary health care. Females study participants 36 (45%) practice primary prevention technique significantly (p=0.00***) more than the male study participants. Conclusions: It is concluded that knowledge among dental professionals regarding primary health care was low. Attitude towards primary prevention among the oral health professionals was positive. Dentist included in present study, practice techniques of primary preventive technique less frequently.

Radiografia intraoral de toda a boca / Full mouth X-ray / boca

Doenças da cavidade oral são frequentes e quando deixadas sem tratamento estão associadas a desconforto e dor podendo contribuir para outras doenças, locais e sistêmicas. Uma vez que a maior parte do dente está abaixo da linha da gengiva e nem todas afecções envolvendo a raiz e os tecidos de suporte do dente fiquem evidentes à inspeção visual ou até mesmo ao exame clínico da cavidade oral, se a radiografia intraoral de toda a boca não for usada na rotina de todos pacientes odontológicos muitas afecções podem não ser diagnosticadas e seus portadores em muitos casos permanecerão com desconforto e dor, mesmo tendo passado por um tratamento odontológico. O presente artigo tem por objetivo relatar casos clínicos que refletem situações do cotidiano da prática da odontologia veterinária onde a realização da radiografia intraoral de toda a boca foi determinante na identificação e avaliação de afecções com importância clínica para os pacientes, e alertar os que militam nesta área que quando escolhem não realizar a radiografia intraoral de toda a boca assumem o risco de deixar para trás afecções que causam dor e desconforto para os pacientes.

Dental diseases are very common and when left untreated are associated with discomfort and pain contributing to local and systemic diseases. The bulk of the tooth, i.e. root and most of the periodontium, can only be visualized by means of radiographs. Consequently, some pathologies will remain undiscovered if clinical examination does not involve full-mouth radiographs and the patients will stay with painful conditions, despite having undergone dental treatment. The main goal of this paper is to report cases of the daily practice of veterinary dentistry where the full-mouth x-ray was crucial in identifying and evaluating disorders clinically important for patients, and to warn veterinarians that when they choose not to perform full-mouth radiographs, they leave behind painful pathology.

Las enfermedades dentales y cuando no se tratan están asociadas con malestar y dolor que contribuy en a enfermedades locales y sistémicas. La raíz y la mayor parte del periodonto, sólo pueden ser evaluados por medio de radiografías dentales. En consecuencia, un importante porcentaje de patología dental y periodontal permanecerá sin ser diagnosticado si el examen clínico no se complementa con un estudio radiográfico intraoral completo y el paciente quedará en condiciones dolorosas, a pesar de haber sido sometidos a un tratamiento dental. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es reportar los casos de la práctica diaria de la odontología veterinaria, donde la radiografía intraoral completa fue crucial en la identificación de afecciones clínicamente importantes para los pacientes, y para advertir a los veterinarios que cuando no se elige realizar la radiografía intraoral completa, es probable que deje na tras una afección dolorosa.

Radiografia intraoral de toda a boca / Full mouth X-ray / boca

Doenças da cavidade oral são frequentes e quando deixadas sem tratamento estão associadas a desconforto e dor podendo contribuir para outras doenças, locais e sistêmicas. Uma vez que a maior parte do dente está abaixo da linha da gengiva e nem todas afecções envolvendo a raiz e os tecidos de suporte do dente fiquem evidentes à inspeção visual ou até mesmo ao exame clínico da cavidade oral, se a radiografia intraoral de toda a boca não for usada na rotina de todos pacientes odontológicos muitas afecções podem não ser diagnosticadas e seus portadores em muitos casos permanecerão com desconforto e dor, mesmo tendo passado por um tratamento odontológico. O presente artigo tem por objetivo relatar casos clínicos que refletem situações do cotidiano da prática da odontologia veterinária onde a realização da radiografia intraoral de toda a boca foi determinante na identificação e avaliação de afecções com importância clínica para os pacientes, e alertar os que militam nesta área que quando escolhem não realizar a radiografia intraoral de toda a boca assumem o risco de deixar para trás afecções que causam dor e desconforto para os pacientes.(AU)

Dental diseases are very common and when left untreated are associated with discomfort and pain contributing to local and systemic diseases. The bulk of the tooth, i.e. root and most of the periodontium, can only be visualized by means of radiographs. Consequently, some pathologies will remain undiscovered if clinical examination does not involve full-mouth radiographs and the patients will stay with painful conditions, despite having undergone dental treatment. The main goal of this paper is to report cases of the daily practice of veterinary dentistry where the full-mouth x-ray was crucial in identifying and evaluating disorders clinically important for patients, and to warn veterinarians that when they choose not to perform full-mouth radiographs, they leave behind painful pathology.(AU)

Las enfermedades dentales y cuando no se tratan están asociadas con malestar y dolor que contribuy en a enfermedades locales y sistémicas. La raíz y la mayor parte del periodonto, sólo pueden ser evaluados por medio de radiografías dentales. En consecuencia, un importante porcentaje de patología dental y periodontal permanecerá sin ser diagnosticado si el examen clínico no se complementa con un estudio radiográfico intraoral completo y el paciente quedará en condiciones dolorosas, a pesar de haber sido sometidos a un tratamiento dental. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es reportar los casos de la práctica diaria de la odontología veterinaria, donde la radiografía intraoral completa fue crucial en la identificación de afecciones clínicamente importantes para los pacientes, y para advertir a los veterinarios que cuando no se elige realizar la radiografía intraoral completa, es probable que deje na tras una afección dolorosa.(AU)

Conocimientos sobre factores de riesgo de salud bucal en adultos mayores de círculos de abuelos / Knowledge on risk factors of bucal health in older adults from grandparents circle

Introducción: los adultos mayores son propensos a padecer enfermedades bucales, siendo importante el conocimiento de los factores de riesgo para evitar la aparición o el agravamiento de estas. Objetivo: identificar los conocimientos de las principales enfermedades bucales y factores de riesgo asociados a estas en los adultos mayores. Material y métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva. El universo quedó constituido por 101 personas, pertenecientes a los 5 círculos de abuelos del Policlínico 19 de Abril. Las variables estudiadas son edad, sexo, nivel de escolaridad, conocimientos de las principales enfermedades bucales y factores de riesgo. Se aplicó una encuesta previo consentimiento informado a los ancianos. Resultados: el 74,5 por ciento manifiesta conocer la caries dental; 84,1 por ciento desconoce los efectos negativos del alcohol; 76.3 por ciento manifiesta la falta de conocimientos sobre la importancia de la higiene bucal y 80 por ciento desconoce que mantener la prótesis mal ajustada es factor de riesgo de cáncer bucal.Conclusiones: predomina la falta de conocimiento de las principales enfermedades bucales y factores de riesgo relacionadas con estas(AU)

Introduction: elderly people are prone to oral diseases. Knowledge of risk factors is important for preventing the beginning and further development of these diseases. Objective: identify the level of knowledge of a group of elderly people regarding main oral diseases and risk factors associated. Material and methods: a descriptive transversal study. The Universe consisted of 101 subjects from 5 homes for elderly people from 19 de Abril Community Health center. No sample was used. Variables studied were: age, gender, education and level of knowledge. Information was obtained by the main author and other collaborators previously trained. Informed consent of subjects also was previously obtained. A data base was made in excel and processed in SPSS v. 19. Percentage werer used to resume information. Results: the 74.5 percent has certain knowledge about dental caries, 84.1 percent doesn't know the negative effects of alcohol consumption,76.3 percent shows insufficient knowledge of the importance of the bucalhygiene and 80 percent has no knowledge that to keep the prothesis badly adjusted may be a risk factor of buccal cancer. Conclusions: the lack of knowledge about the principal dental diseases and main risk factors associated with them prevailed(AU)

Conocimientos sobre factores de riesgo de salud bucal en adultos mayores de círculos de abuelos / Knowledge on risk factors of bucal health in older adults from grandparents circle

Introducción: los adultos mayores son propensos a padecer enfermedades bucales, siendo importante el conocimiento de los factores de riesgo para evitar la aparición o el agravamiento de estas. Objetivo: identificar los conocimientos de las principales enfermedades bucales y factores de riesgo asociados a estas en los adultos mayores. Material y métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva. El universo quedó constituido por 101 personas, pertenecientes a los 5 círculos de abuelos del Policlínico 19 de Abril. Las variables estudiadas son edad, sexo, nivel de escolaridad, conocimientos de las principales enfermedades bucales y factores de riesgo. Se aplicó una encuesta previo consentimiento informado a los ancianos. Resultados: el 74,5% manifiesta conocer la caries dental; 84,1% desconoce los efectos negativos del alcohol; 76.3% manifiesta la falta de conocimientos sobre la importancia de la higiene bucal y 80% desconoce que mantener la prótesis mal ajustada es factor de riesgo de cáncer bucal. Conclusiones: predomina la falta de conocimiento de las principales enfermedades bucales y factores de riesgo relacionadas con estas.

Introduction: elderly people are prone to oral diseases. Knowledge of risk factors is important for preventing the beginning and further development of these diseases. Objective: identify the level of knowledge of a group of elderly people regarding main oral diseases and risk factors associated. Material and methods: a descriptive transversal study. The Universe consisted of 101 subjects from 5 homes for elderly people from 19 de Abril Community Health center. No sample was used. Variables studied were: age, gender, education and level of knowledge. Information was obtained by the main author and other collaborators previously trained. Informed consent of subjects also was previously obtained. A data base was made in excel and processed in SPSS v. 19. Percentage werer used to resume information. Results: the 74.5% has certain knowledge about dental caries, 84.1% doesn't know the negative effects of alcohol consumption,76.3% shows insufficient knowledge of the importance of the bucalhygiene and 80% has no knowledge that to keep the prothesis badly adjusted may be a risk factor of buccal cancer. Conclusions: the lack of knowledge about the principal dental diseases and main risk factors associated with them prevailed.

Intervención educativa sobre salud bucal en niños de la escuela primaria "Gerardo Medina" / Educative Intervention about Dental Health in Children: "Gerardo Medina" Primary School

El insuficiente nivel de conocimientos sobre salud e higiene bucal deficiente continúan siendo un problema en gran parte de la población. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar el nivel de conocimientos sobre salud e higiene bucal en los niños de la escuela primaria "Gerardo Medina" del municipio Pinar del Río, antes y después de realizada la intervención educativa, evaluando así su eficacia. Se realizó un estudio en el período comprendido desde enero a noviembre de 2007. La muestra estuvo constituida por 142 niños, 70 del sexo masculino y 72 del femenino, en edades comprendidas entre los 9 y 11 años. Se les aplicó una encuesta con el fin de determinar sus conocimientos sobre salud bucal y se determinó el IHB-S para evaluar su higiene bucal antes y después de realizada la intervención. Los estudiantes de estomatología actuaron como promotores de salud bucal. Los datos fueron procesados mediante las pruebas, t de Student, Ji cuadrado y de comparación de 2 proporciones, con niveles de confianza del 95 % y 99 %. Los resultados mostraron que antes de la intervención existían bajos niveles de conocimientos sobre salud bucal, así como deficiente higiene bucal en la mayoría de los niños, mostrando ambas variables una estrecha relación; después de la intervención se alcanzó una mejoraría significativa en los conocimientos y la higiene bucal. Se concluye con una eficacia del programa educativo participativo aplicado y de los métodos y medios de enseñanza utilizados, dado por los cambios favorables alcanzados después de realizada la intervención.

The poor level of knowledge about dental health and hygiene is still a health problem in part of the population. The aimed of this research paper was to identify the level of knowledge, children in "Gerardo Medina" Primary School, Pinar del Rio had before and after the establishment of the educative intervention and assessing its effectiveness. The study was conducted during the period of January-November 2007. The sample was comprised of 142 children, 70 male and 72 female (9-11 years old). A survey with the purpose of determining their level of knowledge about dental health was applied showing the IHB-S to assess their dental hygiene before and after the establishment of the intervention. Dentist's students carried out health promotion. Data were processed by means of Student's test, Ji square test and a 2-rate comparison test with confidence levels of 95% and 99%. Results showed that before the educative intervention students showed low levels of knowledge about dental health; as well as a deficient hygiene in the majority of the children where both variables had a close relationship; a significant improvement was observed after the intervention. Concluding that, favourable results were obtained after the intervention due to the effectiveness of the educative intervention, the participative program, the methods and the teaching aids applied.

El impacto de la colonización española: evidencias paleopatológicas e isotópicas de cambios en la saludoral y reducción de la diversidad en la dieta en sociedades coloniales nativas del sur occidente de Colombia / The impact of the Spanish colonization: paleopathological and isotopic evidences of changes in oral health and dietary diversity in native colonial societies from the Colombian Southwest

Las sociedades amerindias sufrieron un profundo deterioro de la salud durante el contacto Europeo y la posterior colonización de las Américas. Igualmente la diversidad en la dieta y la calidad nutricional decrecieron mientras que la violencia y las labores de trabajo se incrementaron considerablemente. Las consecuencias socioculturales de dicho contacto han sido suficientemente documentadas por la arqueología, la historia y la etnohistoria. Sin embargo las secuelas biológicas son menos claras. Este artículo evalúa el impacto biológico de la llegada de los colonizadores Europeos al norte de Sur América a través del estudio de los restos óseos de dos comunidades coloniales Nativas del Sur-occidente de Colombia. La primera proviene del yacimiento arqueológico “El Alto del Rey” (ca 1200-1600 d.C) en el Departamento del Cauca y la segunda proviene del cementerio posthispánico de “Maridías” (1615-1720 a.C) en el Departamento de Nariño. Se obtuvieron datos de diferentes tipos de enfermedades dentales, así como de estrés fisiológico y de radios de isótopos estables de carbono (12C y 13C) y nitrógeno (15N) para conocer mejor el tipo de alimentación, la diversidad dietaría y nutrición y el estado de salud oral de las comunidades nativas colombianas bajo eldominio Español. Los análisis paleopatológico-dentales muestran un notable incremento en los índices de caries, cálculo, enfermedad periodontal, perdida dental antemortem (PDA) e hipoplasias del esmalte. En concordancia el estudio isotópico reveló un abrupto incremento en el consumo de plantas ricas en carbohidratos y alta dependencia de plantas como el maíz y otros granos. Este análisis muestra que el impacto europeo fue más notable en la población de Maridías dado que estuvo expuesta a un periodo de contacto más duradero y directo que el Alto del Rey. Al mismo tiempo esta investigación sugiere un notorio y profundo cambio en la nutrición, salud y forma de vida de estas comunidades.

Native American societies suffered a profund deterioration of health under European colonization. In addition, diet diversity and nutritional quality decreased whereas workloads and violence increased considerably. Social and cultural consequences of such contact have been well documented by archaeology, history and ethno-history. However, the true biological impact is poorly understood. This paper assess the biological impact of the European arrival to northern South America through the study of human skeletal remains of two native Colonial societies from the post-contact period in the Colombian South West. The first sample came from “El Alto del Rey” (ca 1200-1600 a.C), at Cauca Department, and the second from “Maridías” (1615-1720 a.C), at Nariño Department. Data from several types of dental diseases were obtained as well as physiological stress indicators and stable isotopes ratios of carbon (12C y 13C) and nitrogen (15N). These data were used to try to determine food intake, dietary diversity, nutrition, and the state of oral health of the Colombian native communities under Spanish control. Dental paleopathological analyses showed a high increase in the rates of caries, dental calculus, periodontal disease, antemortem tooth loose (AMTL) and enamel hypoplasias In agreement with these results, the isotope analysis reveals an abrupt increase in the plants rich in carbohydrates consumption and high dependency on plants such as corn and other grains. Changes were more considerable in Maridías than in El Alto del Rey, since the former was exposed to a longer and more direct colonial contact. In addition, this study suggests deep changes in diet, health and way of life of these communities. The bioarchaeological analysis of human skeletal remains represents an important source for a better understanding of the dynamics of the biocultural change resulting from colonization in Colombia.