Was It Just a Dream? Aging and Dreaming the Psychoanalytic Process.

By revisiting the last years of a long psychoanalytic treatment of a female patient, a psychoanalyst reflects on her own development as a clinician and on the changes in her experience of psychoanalytic generativity. An increasing ability to understand patient's shifts between creativity and destructiveness brings about a different understanding of the process of mourning, while the shared aging of the analytic dyad highlights the difficulty of ending an analysis that has become a way of life.

When in Rome, do as the Romans do: a case study of Odebrecht and the continuum of destructiveness / Cuando estés en Roma, haz como los romanos: un estudio de caso de Odebrecht y el continuo de destructividad / Quando em Roma, faça como os romanos: um estudo de caso da Odebrecht e o contínuo da destrutividade

Abstract This research conducts a case study on Odebrecht, a heavy construction company, to answer the question of how an individual rationalizes crime in a corrupt organization? The study is based on the concepts of a corrupt organization, the continuum of destructiveness, moral disengagement, and rationalization. We analyze four books, artifacts on Odebrecht's culture and videos on 49 executives that collaborated in the Car Wash corruption probe. The results describe the paths employees undertake in the organization by acquiring its internal set of values, beliefs, and assumptions. These paths lead to the rationalization of corruption. This case study shows that the continuum of destructiveness starts when employees encounter unethical behavior in the organization and that their rationalization mechanism changes with time in the corrupt culture. At any point, executives can quit or blow the whistle; however, with time, it becomes more challenging to exercise either of the options. By applying and refining the continuum, this research provides an understanding of how moral disengagement and rationalization to help employees to progress in the continuum in a corrupt culture.

Resumen Esta investigación realiza un estudio de caso de la empresa de construcción pesada Odebrecht para responder a la pregunta: ¿Cómo un individuo racionaliza el crimen en una organización corrupta? Este estudio se basa en los conceptos de organización corrupta, continuo de destructividad, desvinculación moral y racionalización. Analizamos cuatro libros que son artefactos de la cultura Odebrecht y videos de 49 ejecutivos que colaboraron en la investigación "Lava Jato". Los resultados describen los caminos que toman los empleados dentro de la organización, adquiriendo sus sistemas de valores, creencias y suposiciones. Estos caminos conducen a la racionalización de la corrupción. Este estudio de caso muestra que el continuo de destructividad comienza cuando los empleados encuentran un comportamiento poco ético dentro de la organización y que los mecanismos de racionalización cambian con el tiempo dentro de la cultura corrupta. Los ejecutivos pueden renunciar o denunciar en cualquier momento, sin embargo, con el tiempo se vuelve difícil ejercer cualquiera de estas opciones. Al aplicar y refinar el continuo, esta investigación proporciona una idea de cómo la desconexión moral y la racionalización alientan a los empleados a ascender en el continuo.

Resumo Esta pesquisa conduz um estudo de caso de uma empresa de construção pesada Odebrecht para responder à questão: Como um indivíduo racionaliza o crime em uma organização corrupta? Este estudo é baseado nos conceitos de organização corrupta, contínuo da destrutividade, desengajamento moral e racionalização. Nós analisamos quatro livros que são artefatos da cultura da Odebrecht e vídeos de 49 executivos que colaboraram na investigação da Lava Jato. Os resultados descrevem os caminhos que os funcionários trilham dentro da organização, adquirindo seus sistemas de valores, crenças e pressupostos. Estes caminhos levam a racionalização da corrupção. Este estudo de caso mostra que o contínuo da destrutividade começa quando empregados encontram comportamentos antiéticos dentro da organização e que os mecanismos de racionalização se modificam com o tempo dentro da cultura corrupta. A qualquer momento executivos podem pedir demissão ou denunciar; no entanto, com o tempo se torna difícil exercer qualquer uma dessas opções. Ao aplicar e refinar o contínuo, esta pesquisa prove um entendimento sobre como desengajamento moral e racionalização incentivam funcionários a seguir adiante no contínuo.

Revision sistemática de las aplicaciones de la escala CS-DS Chronic Self Destructiveness Scale, 1985-2019 / Systematic review of the applications of CS-DS Chronic Self Destructiveness Scale, 1985-2019

Resumen Introducción: La escala CS-DS (Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale) fue disenada y validada en 1985 y a la fecha no se conocen sus aplicaciones en estúdios investigativos. Objetivo: Analizar los usos de la escala CS-DS mediante una revision sistemática de la literatura y comparar los puntajes de autodestructividad indirecta en diferentes grupos poblacionales en el periodo 1985-2019. Materiales y métodos: Revision sistemática en cinco bases datos multidisciplinarias con tres estrategias de búsqueda siguiendo las recomendaciones de Cochrane, las fases de la guía PRISMA y los criterios de la guía MOOSE. La selección de los estudios y la extracción de las variables se realizo por dos investigadores garantizando exhaustividad y reproducibilidad. Se evaluó la calidad metodológica y se realizó metanálisis de medidas indirectas por tipo de población estudiada, metanálisis de efectos aleatorios para diferencia de medias según el sexo y metarregresión por dimensiones de la escala. Resultados: Se incluyeron 23 estudios con 6382 individuos. La menor autodestructividad se halló en población sana y con psoriasis, la mayor en drogadicción, seguido de intento suicida, delincuencia, ansiedad o depresión y esquizofrenia. En población sana e intento suicida no se hallaron diferencias según el sexo. Conclusión: La escala CS-DS ha sido aplicada básicamente en Estados Unidosy Polonia, en diferentes poblaciones de personas sanasy enfermas. CSDS demuestra capacidad discriminante para perfilar la autodestructividad en diferentes poblaciones, principalmente con afectaciones mentales.

Abstract Background: The CS-DS (Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale) was designed and validated in 1985 and, to date, its applications in research studies are unknown. Objective: To analyze the uses of the CS-DS scale through a systematic review, and to compare scores of indirect self-destructive behaviors in different population groups, in the period of 1985-2019. Methods: Systematic review in five multidisciplinary databases, with three search strategies following Cochrane recommendations, the phases of the PRISMA guide, and the MOOSE guide criteria. The selection of the studies and the extraction of the variableswere carried out by two researchers, guaranteeing reproducibility. The methodological quality was evaluated, and meta-analysis of indirect measures was performed by type of population, random effects meta-analysis for difference of means according to sex, and meta-regression by scale dimensions. Results: 23 studies, with 6,382 individuals, were included. The lowest self-destructiveness was found in a healthy population and psoriasis, the highest in drug addiction, followed by suicide attempts, delinquency, anxiety or depression, and schizophrenia. In healthy population and suicide attempt, no differences were found according to sex. Conclusion: The CS-DS scale has been applied basically in the United States and Poland, in different populations of healthy and sick people. CS-DS demonstrates discriminating ability to profile self-destructiveness in different populations, mainly with mental disorders.

Indirect Self-Destructiveness in Hidradenitis Suppurativa Patients.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, debilitating skin condition that negatively affects patients' quality of life. Indirect self-destructiveness refers to activities extended over time, such as addictions, risky behaviors, neglects, resignation, helplessness. These can be an additional factor impeding the achievement of positive clinical effects in the treatment of HS patients, therefore the objective of the study was to assess the indirect self-destructive behaviors in patients suffering from HS. The study group involved 100 adult HS patients with 59 males and 41 females. Indirect self-destructiveness was investigated with the Polish version of the Kelley's Indirect Self-Destructiveness Scale (CS-DS). The study revealed that the average total score of indirect self-destructiveness in HS population was 130.16 ± 21.3 (median 128 points). The CS-DS scores were significantly higher in smoking patents (p = 0.006). The most expressed class of indirect self-destructiveness was A5 (Helplessness and Passivity). The indicated results pointed out a strong domination of passive forms of indirect self-destructiveness over its active forms. Due to related low self-esteem, social isolation and exclusion, HS patients are more prone to behave in a self-destructive manner, which may lead to poor health maintenance in a form of leaving appointments and non-adherence.

Suicídio: uma dificuldade na psicanálise / Suicide: a difficulty in psychoanalysis / Suicidio: una dificultad en el psicoanálisis / Suicide: une difficulté en psychanalyse

Na ideação e no ato suicida estão presentes características psíquicas, como as angústias primitivas, as fantasias simbióticas e a destrutividade, elementos cujas compreensões teóricas e manejos clínicos encontram-se entre os principais interesses dos psicanalistas. Logo, chama a atenção o fato de o suicídio ser um tema pouco abordado nos debates psicanalíticos. A partir de três histórias de suicídio ditas como exemplares, são desenvolvidas algumas reflexões que buscam compreender a origem da dificuldade entre os psicanalistas sobre essa questão. Partindo do suicídio impactante de Primo Levi, são apresentadas duas situações clínicas que levam à discussão dos temores contratransferenciais que envolvem os psicanalistas. Em relação ao suicídio de Viktor Tausk, aborda-se uma possível rejeição dos psicanalistas pioneiros para lidar com os graves problemas psíquicos de um dos seus membros. A morte de Freud é discutida sobre o vértice de uma controvérsia, a de ter havido ou não um suicídio assistido e suas repercussões emocionais e éticas até a atualidade.

Both the ideation and suicidal act show psychic characteristics such as primitive anguish, symbiotic fantasies and destructiveness, elements whose theoretical understandings and clinical management are among the main interests of psychoanalysts. Therefore, it is noteworthy that suicide is a topic little addressed in psychoanalytic debates. From three stories of suicide told as exemplary, some reflections are developed that seek to understand the origin of the difficulty among psychoanalysts on this issue. From Primo Levi's impacting suicide, two clinical situations are presented that lead to the discussion of countertransference fears involving psychoanalysts. Viktor Tausk's suicide addresses a possible rejection by pioneer psychoanalysts to deal with the serious psychic problems of one of its members. Freud's death is discussed about the apex of a controversy as to whether or not there has been an assisted suicide and its emotional and ethical repercussions to date.

En la ideación y el acto suicida hay características psíquicas como angustia primitiva, fantasías simbióticas y destructividad, elementos cuya comprensión teórica y manejo clínico se encuentran entre los principales intereses de los psicoanalistas. Por lo tanto, es notable que el suicidio sea un tema poco abordado en los debates psicoanalíticos. A partir de tres historias de suicidio contadas como ejemplares, se desarrollan algunas reflexiones que buscan comprender el origen de la dificultad entre los psicoanalistas sobre este tema. Desde el suicidio impactante de Primo Levi, se presentan dos situaciones clínicas que conducen a la discusión de los temores de contratransferencia que involucran a los psicoanalistas. El suicidio de Viktor Tausk aborda un posible rechazo de los psicoanalistas pioneros para hacer frente a los graves problemas psíquicos de uno de sus miembros. La muerte de Freud se discute sobre la cúspide de una controversia sobre si ha habido o no un suicidio asistido y sus repercusiones emocionales y éticas hasta la fecha.

L'idéation et l'acte suicidaire sont des caractéristiques psychiques telles que l'angoisse primitive, les fantasmes symbiotiques et la destructivité, des éléments dont la compréhension théorique et la gestion clinique comptent parmi les principaux intérêts des psychanalystes. Par conséquent, il est à noter que le suicide est un sujet peu abordé dans les débats psychanalytiques. Sur trois histoires de suicide dites exemplaires, quelques réflexions ont été développées pour tenter de comprendre l'origine de la difficulté des psychanalystes sur ce sujet. L'impact du suicide chez Primo Levi présente deux situations cliniques qui conduisent à la discussion sur les craintes de contre-transfert impliquant des psychanalystes. Le suicide de Viktor Tausk répond à un éventuel rejet des psychanalystes pionniers face aux graves problèmes psychiques d'un de ses membres. La mort de Freud fait l'objet d'une discussion sur le point culminant d'une controverse sur la question de savoir s'il y a eu ou non un suicide assisté et ses répercussions émotionnelles et éthiques à ce jour.

Ficção, confissão e captura na estilística perversa: agressividade e destrutividade no Saint Genet de J.-P. Sartre / Fiction, confession, and capture in perverse stylistics: aggression and destructivity in Sartre's Saint-Genet / Ficción, confesión y captura en la estilística perversa: agresividad y destructividad en el Saint-Genet de J.-P. Sartre / Fiction, confession et capture dans un style pervers: agressivité et destructivité chez le Saint-Genet de J.-P. Sartre

O autor detém-se numa particularidade da escrita de Jean Genet, conforme a perspectiva crítica orientada por Sartre em sua abordagem psicanalítico-existencial da biografia do autor em cotejo com a obra literária que ele produziu, para distinguir em seu texto o que é de natureza agressiva, destrutiva ou odiosa, indicando os tempos, usos e destinos de cada impulso/afeto, na medida em que são instrumentalizados literariamente a fim de que o romancista aceda ao seu propósito maior: o de enredar o leitor na teia de seus enunciados pervertizantes e desdi-ferenciadores, que vão compor o artificio a que o autor do presente estudo propõe denominar dispositivo estilístico de captura.

The author of this article considers a particular aspect of Jean Genet's writing, as investigated critically by Sartre in his analysis of Genet's psychoanalytical- existential biography and literary work. In this article, what is aggressive, destructive, and odious in Genet's writing is distinguished, indicating the times, usages, and destinies of each impulse/affection, which are literarily instrumentalized. It is considered that the novelist accedes to these instruments in order to further his greater purpose: to entangle the reader in a web of perverting and dedifferentiating statements, which compose what the author of this article proposes to call a "stylistic device of capture."

El autor se detiene en una particularidad de la escritura de Jean Genet, acorde con la perspectiva crítica orientada por Sartre en su enfoque psicoanalítico - existencial de la biografía del autor en cotejo con la obra literaria que él produjo, para distinguir en su texto lo que es de naturaleza agresiva, destructiva u odiosa, señalando los tiempos, usos y destinos de cada impulso/afecto, en la medida en que son instrumentalizados literariamente para que el novelista alcance su propósito mayor: el de enredar a su lector en la red de enunciados pervertizantes y desdiferenciadores, que componen lo que el autor propone denominar "dispositivo estilístico de captura".

L'auteur se penche sur une particularité de l'écriture de Jean Genet, selon la perspective critique adoptée par Sartre dans son approche psychanalytique-existentielle de la biographie de l'auteur en comparaison avec l'oeuvre littéraire qu'il a produite, afin de distinguer dans son texte ce qui est de nature agressive, destructive ou haineuse, indiquant les époques, les utilisations et les destinations de chaque impulsion / affection, dans la mesure où elles sont instrumentalisées littérairement pour que le romancier puisse accéder à son but majeur: prendre son lecteur dans le réseau des énoncés pervertisseurs et différenciateurs qui composent ce que l'auteur propose d'appeler "dispositif stylistique de capture".

O ódio em análise / The hate in analysis / El odio en análisis / La haine en analyse

Neste artigo, temos o objetivo de pensar sobre a presença do ódio do analista e do analisando em uma análise. Para tanto: 1) apresentamos algumas considerações de analistas sobre o ódio; 2) indicamos as principais postulações de Freud sobre este afeto; 3) abordamos as contribuições de Winnicott sobre a precedência do ódio da mãe/analista em relação ao ódio do bebê/analisando; e, 4) para ilustrarmos a presença ódio na situação analítica, apresentamos o fragmento de um caso. O ódio pode se manifestar de uma maneira mais relacionada à ambivalência e à frustração, bem como pode ser uma manifestação de um estado narcísico. Destacamos a necessidade de o analista avaliar a natureza e qualidade de seu ódio e do ódio de seu analisando, levando em conta que esses ódios podem ser expressões de diferentes dimensões psíquicas.

In this paper the authors aim to think about presence of analyst hate and analysand hate in analysis. In order to do so, 1) we present some considerations to this matter; 2) we indicate the main Freud's postulate about this affect; 3) we approach Winnicott's contributions about hate of mother/analyst precedence related to hate of baby/analysand; and 4) to illustrate hate presence in the analytic situation it is been used fragment of a case. Hate manifestations can be aimed to more related to ambivalence and frustration, as well as its can be narcisical state. Highlighting the analyst necessity to evaluate the nature and quality of its own hate and the hate of his analysand, considering that these hates can be expressions of different psychic dimensions.

En este artículo, tenemos el objetivo de pensar sobre la presencia del odio del analista y del analizando en un análisis. Para ello: 1) presentamos algunas consideraciones de analistas sobre el odio; 2) indicamos las principales postulaciones de Freud sobre este afecto; 3) abordamos las contribuciones de Winnicott sobre la precedencia del odio de la madre/analista en relación al odio del bebé/analizando; y 4) para ilustrar la presencia del odio en la situación analítica, presentamos el fragmento de un caso. El odio puede manifestarse de una manera más relacionada a la ambivalencia y a la frustración, así como puede ser una manifestación de un estado narcísico. Destacamos la necesidad del analista de evaluar la naturaleza y calidad de su odio y el odio de su analizando, considerando que estos odios pueden ser expresiones de diferentes dimensiones psíquicas.

L'objectif de cet article est de réfléchir à la présence de la haine de l'analyste et de l'analysant dans une analyse. Pour ce faire: 1) nous présentons des commentaires d'analystes sur la haine; 2) nous indiquons les principales formulations de Freud sur cet affect; 3) nous abordons les contributions de Winnicott sur la préséance de la haine de la mère/analyste par rapport à la haine du bébé/analysant; et 4) afin d'illustrer la présence de la haine dans la situation analytique, nous présentons le fragment d'un cas. La haine peut se manifester d'une façon plus liée à l'ambivalence et à la frustration, ainsi que peut être une manifestation d'un état narcissique. Il faut que l'analyste évalue la nature et la qualité de sa haine et la haine de son analysant, étant donné que ces haines peuvent être des expressions de différentes dimensions psychiques.

Gender Differentiation of Indirect Self-Destructiveness in Drug Addicted Individuals (Indirect Self-Destructiveness in Addicted Women and Men).

The use of psychoactive substances is considered to be a typical self-destructive behaviour with addiction itself regarded as one of the self-destructiveness forms. The aim of this work was to explore the gender differentiation of the indirect self-destructiveness syndrome (and its particular categories) in drug addicted individuals treated in drug addiction treatment centres. 172 drug addicted individuals (116 men and 56 women, M age = 23,5), ranged from 19 to 28 years, was recruited. In order to examine indirect self-destructiveness and its manifestations, the Polish version of the "Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale" by Kelley (CS-DS) was administered. The statistical processing of scores used the Mann-Whitney U significance test. Women treated for drug addiction achieved significantly higher scores on indirect self-destructiveness: general score (p = 0.001), subscales of Transgression and Risk (p = 0.001), Personal and Social Neglects (p = 0.02), and Lack of Planfulness (p < 0.001). They scored lower on Poor Health Maintenance (p < 0.002) and Helplessness (p < 0.001). There is a need for specific, gender-adjusted manners of intervention and treatment in addicted women. Optimistically, after an addiction treatment, women cope and feel better psychologically and socially. They also care more about their health.

Do frio ao tórrido: escutas de silêncio e fúria / From cold to hot: listening to silence and fury / Du froid au torride: écouter le silence et la fureur / De lo frío a lo tórrido: escuchas de silencio y de furia

O presente artigo constitui o relato do atendimento clínico, por Fátima Flórido, de um paciente com queixas de vazio e apatia, sendo que, no decorrer do processo, configurou-se uma transferência negativa sob a forma de ataques raivosos. A partir de leituras sobre as escutas em psicanálise e as modalidades de adoecimento psíquico e do exame de sua contratransferência; a autora propôs uma reflexão sobre o manejo clínico necessário, a violência apresentada e a alternância entre estados de silêncio e fúria.

This paper reports the clinical treatment of a patient suffering from symptoms of emptiness and apathy. During his treatment, a negative transference came up in the form of anger and accesses of fury. Based on references from the field of psychoanalysis and the modalities of psychic illnesses, as well as by analyzing an occurred countertransference, the author proposes a reflection on how to clinically deal with such cases, on the encountered violence and on the alternation between states of silence and fury.

Cet article rapporte le cas clinique d'un patient qui présente des symptômes de vide intérieur et d'apathie et qui, au cours du processus, a manifesté un transfert négatif sous forme d'attaques de colère. À partir de références sur l'écoute en psychanalyse et des modalités de la maladie psychique, ainsi que d'une analyse de son propre contre-transfert, l'auteur propose une réflexion sur la façon nécessaire de gérer la pratique clinique, sur la violence qui s'est présentée et sur l'alternance entre les états de silence et de fureur.

Este artículo constituye la historia de la consulta clínica de un paciente con quejas de vacío y apatía, siendo que, en el transcurso del proceso, se configuró una transferencia negativa en forma de ataques violentos y furiosos. A partir de lecturas sobre escuchas, en el psicoanálisis, y sobre las modalidades de la enfermedad psíquica y el examen de su contratransferencia, el autor propuso una reflexión sobre la gestión clínica necesaria, la violencia presentada y la alternancia entre estados de silencio y furia.

Der vorliegende Artikel stellt den Fall eines Patienten dar, der an Symptomen von Sinnlosigkeit und Apathie leidet, wobei sich im Verlauf des Behandlungsversuchs eine negative Übertragung in Form von Wutanfällen manifestierte. Anhand der Fachliteratur über das Zuhören in der Psychoanalyse und über die verschiedenen Modalitäten psychischer Erkrankungen, sowie der Analyse ihrer eigenen Gegenübertragung, stellt die Autorin abschließend Betrachtungen an über den notwendigen Umgang mit solchen Situationen in der klinischen Praxis, der manifestierten Gewalt und den Wechselzuständen zwischen Stille und Wut.

Indirect Self-Destructiveness in Women who Experience Domestic Violence.

Lives of people experiencing domestic or/and intimate partner violence abound in many unpleasant events and physical and psychological suffering, which affects their psychosocial functioning. The aim of this study was to explore indirect self-destructiveness as a generalised behavioural tendency and its manifestations in women experiencing domestic violence. The "Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale" (CS-DS) was used to study two groups of women: 52 women aged 30-65 years (mean age: 40.15) using assistance of the Crisis Intervention Centre due to experienced domestic violence (V group) and 150 well-matched women not experiencing domestic violence (NV group). Women suffering domestic violence (V) obtained significantly higher scores than women not experiencing domestic violence (NV) for both the general index and a majority of CS-DS subscales; it was only for the A1 (Transgression and Risk) subscale that they achieved somewhat lower scores. Correlation coefficients between particular CS-DS subscales in the V group were higher than in the NV group; there were also certain differences in coefficients between the groups. Subscale factor analysis results were different too: only one factor was isolated in the V group while two were distinguished in the NV group. It can be inferred from the results that the intensity of indirect self-destructiveness as a generalised behavioural tendency as well as of most its categories was higher in women experiencing domestic violence. Tendencies and categories of indirectly self-destructive behaviours in women suffering domestic violence were more closely connected with one another, and the internal coherence of indirect self-destructiveness in those women might also be higher.

Indirect self-destructiveness in individuals with schizophrenia

Objective: To explore the indirect self-destructiveness syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Two hundred individuals with paranoid schizophrenia (117 men and 83 women, mean age 37.15 years), all in remission, were examined using the Polish version of the Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale. Two hundred well-matched healthy individuals served as a control group. Results: The intensity of indirect self-destructiveness was greater in the schizophrenia group than in controls. The intensity of each manifestation was as follows (in decreasing order): helplessness and passiveness in the face of difficulties (A5), personal and social neglects (A3), lack of planfulness (A4), poor health maintenance (A2), transgression and risk (A1). Conclusion: Patients with schizophrenia displayed more behaviors that were indirectly self-destructive than healthy controls; they scored better than healthy controls only on caring for their own health. The patients showed the lowest intensity of behaviors connected with the active form of indirect self-destructiveness, and the highest intensity of behaviors connected with the passive form. These findings may enable delivery of more effective forms of pharmacological and psychosocial help to patients with schizophrenia.

Women, Femininity, Indirect and Direct Self-Destructiveness. A Review.

The aim of this work was to review results of research into direct and indirect self-destructiveness in women. Studied projects covered two populations: individuals who attempted suicide and individuals who did not attempt suicide. The Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale and Bem Sex Role Inventory were used. Intensity of indirect self-destructiveness is lower in women. A probable explanation of the gender paradox in suicides may be the hypothesis that suicides attempted by men more often end in death as men display stronger indirect self-destructiveness. Masculinity and male sex are factors that predispose to indirect self-destructiveness, while femininity and female sex are factors protecting against it. Gender schema opposite to biological sex is significant to intensity of indirect self-destructiveness.

Analysis of Indium Tin Oxide Film Using Argon Fluroide (ArF) Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence of Ablated Plumes.

A two-pulse laser-excited atomic fluorescence (LEAF) technique at 193 nm wavelength was applied to the analysis of indium tin oxide (ITO) layer on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. Fluorescence emissions from analytes were induced from plumes generated by first laser pulse. Using this approach, non-selective LEAF can be accomplished for simultaneous multi-element analysis and it overcomes the handicap of strict requirement for laser excitation wavelength. In this study, experimental conditions including laser fluences, times for gating and time delay between pulses were optimized to reveal high sensitivity with minimal sample destruction and penetration. With weak laser fluences of 100 and 125 mJ/cm2 for 355 and 193 nm pulses, detection limits were estimated to be 0.10% and 0.43% for Sn and In, respectively. In addition, the relation between fluorescence emissions and number of laser shots was investigated; reproducible results were obtained for Sn and In. It shows the feasibility of depth profiling by this technique. Morphologies of samples were characterized at various laser fluences and number of shots to examine the accurate penetration. Images of craters were also investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate the imperceptible destructiveness of film after laser shot. With such weak laser fluences and minimal destructiveness, this LEAF technique is suitable for thin-film analysis.

[Deadlock in a crisis unit, from helplessness to containment]. / Impasse en unité de crise, du désarroi à la contenance.

The case of a young woman hospitalised in a psychiatric unit illustrates the deadlock which invades institutional life and presents possible solutions for overcoming it. This deadlock is in fact two-fold: that of the patient and that of the team caring for her. The patient's suffering is echoed by that of the caregivers, whose attempts to re-establish a bond, to give meaning to the procedures carried out, are lost in the meanders of an instability which has been reinforced over time by the pleasure of repetition.

The attraction of evil and the destruction of meaning.

Does the concept of evil deserve special formulation in the realm of psychoanalytic thought? In agreement with authors such as Meltzer (1992) and De Masi (2003) and through selected moments from a boy's long analysis, I will propose a definition of evil as a state of mind, characterized by disregard for the human quality of the object and the destruction of meaning and meaningfulness of life in and for others. Evil drains, perverts and strips symbols of intentions and goals, leaving them empty of emotional significance. In my patient, the state of mind that he called evil exerted a seductive appeal and was accompanied by a sadistic excitement that he elevated into a state of sexualized well-being, which progressively perverted and destroyed emotional meaning, contributing to his confusion and desperation. Confronting this pathological configuration and describing the situation that I felt existed within his mind and between us, and rearticulating emotional meaning where it had been perverted, cannibalized or left empty, was the principal - and at times only - clinical instrument available to lead him out of his descent into nothingness.

Gender Differentiation of Relationships Between Manifestations of Indirect Self-Destructiveness and Dimensions of Emotional Intelligence.

The aim of this study has been to explore the gender differentiation of relationships between individual manifestations of indirect self-destructiveness and particular dimensions of emotional intelligence. A population of 260 individuals (130 women and 130 men) aged 20-30 (mean age of 24.5) was studied by using the Polish version of the Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale (CS-DS) and INTE, i.e. the Polish version of the Assessing Emotions Scale (AES). Manifestations of indirect self-destructiveness showed significant correlations with INTE variables, and those correlations were mainly negative. Relationships between specific dimensions of emotional intelligence and specific manifestations of self-destructiveness differed between women and men. One of the most important differences was the relationship between transgression and ability to recognize emotions. The knowledge of the differentiation of the above relationships may allow to orient prophylactic and therapeutic actions, and adjust them to the specific gender.

Indirect Self-Destructiveness and Emotional Intelligence.

While emotional intelligence may have a favourable influence on the life and psychological and social functioning of the individual, indirect self-destructiveness exerts a rather negative influence. The aim of this study has been to explore possible relations between indirect self-destructiveness and emotional intelligence. A population of 260 individuals (130 females and 130 males) aged 20-30 (mean age of 24.5) was studied by using the Polish version of the chronic self-destructiveness scale and INTE, i.e., the Polish version of the assessing emotions scale. Indirect self-destructiveness has significant correlations with all variables of INTE (overall score, factor I, factor II), and these correlations are negative. The intensity of indirect self-destructiveness differentiates significantly the height of the emotional intelligence and vice versa: the height of the emotional intelligence differentiates significantly the intensity of indirect self-destructiveness. Indirect self-destructiveness has negative correlations with emotional intelligence as well as its components: the ability to recognize emotions and the ability to utilize emotions. The height of emotional intelligence differentiates the intensity of indirect self-destructiveness, and vice versa: the intensity of indirect self-destructiveness differentiates the height of emotional intelligence. It seems advisable to use emotional intelligence in the prophylactic and therapeutic work with persons with various types of disorders, especially with the syndrome of indirect self-destructiveness.

Manifestations of Indirect Self-Destructiveness and Dimensions of Emotional Intelligence.

While indirect self-destructiveness exerts a rather negative influence on the life and psychological and social functioning of the individual, emotional intelligence may have a favourable effect. The aim of this study has been to explore possible relationships between manifestations of indirect self-destructiveness and dimensions of emotional intelligence. A population of 260 individuals (130 females and 130 males) aged 20-30 (mean age of 24.5) was studied by using the Polish version of the Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale and INTE, i.e., the Polish version of the Assessing Emotions Scale. Manifestations of indirect self-destructiveness show many significant correlations with variables of the INTE, and those correlations are negative. Generally, it can be said that low emotional intelligence is associated with poor psychosocial and social functioning, which, in turn, is associated with indirect self-destructiveness and its manifestations. It seems advisable to use emotional intelligence in the prophylactic and therapeutic work with individuals suffering from various types of disorders, especially the syndrome of indirect self-destructiveness.

Psychopathological Predictors of Indirect Self-Destructiveness in Patients with Schizophrenia.

Behaviours causing harm to the individual are generally called self-destructive behaviours. For some time now, direct/acute self-destructiveness has been distinguished from indirect/chronic self-destructiveness. Indirectly self-destructive behaviours occur not only in healthy people (examined in most of the studies) but also in mentally ill individuals, which has not been researched. The aim of this study has been to explore psychopathological (clinical) predictors of indirect self-destructiveness in patients with schizophrenia. Research was conducted among 200 patients suffering from paranoid schizophrenia (Sc) (according to ICD-10); average age: 37.15 (27-58) years. To assess indirect self-destructiveness, the Polish version of the "Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale" was applied, whereas, to examine psychopathological characteristics, the Polish version of the "Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2" was used. The correlation-regression procedure was followed. There were many statistically significant correlations, among which the strongest association occurred between indirect self-destructiveness and Sc and paranoia (Pa) scales (0.522 and 0.435 respectively). Significant predictors were found to be schizophrenia (Sc; R: 0.545; ß: 0.412), lack of ego mastery, conative (Sc2b; R: 0.633; ß: 0.632), and persecutory ideas (Pa1; R: 0.506; ß: 0.335). schizophrenic disorders were a predictor explaining the indirect self-destructiveness syndrome in the patients. That aspect of psycho(patho)logical functioning, i.e. indirect self-destructiveness, which is strongly associated with schizophrenic and paranoid symptoms/disorders, should be considered in therapeutic work as well.

Differentiation of indirect self-destructiveness due to sex (gender) in individuals after suicide attempts.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the sex (gender) differentiation of indirect self-destructiveness as a generalised behavioural tendency and its manifestations in individuals who attempted suicides. METHODS: 147 individuals (114 females and 33 males) after suicide attempts were studied; the reference group consisted of 558 individuals (399 females and 159 males). Indirect self-destructiveness was examined by means of the Polish version of the Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale (CS-DS) including Transgression and Risk (A1), Poor Health Maintenance (A2), Personal and Social Neglects (A3), Lack of Planfulness (A4) and Helplessness, Passiveness in the Face of Problems/Difficulties (A5). RESULTS: Sex (gender) and suicide attempt significantly differentiate scores of the subjects on all indices/scales of indirect self-destructiveness. Scores of individuals after suicide attempts are considerably higher on almost all scales. In that group, significant differences between females and males occurred on the A2-Poor Health Maintenance, A3-Personal and Social Neglects, A4-Lack of Planfulness and A5-Helplessness scales. It was only on the A2-Poor Health Maintenance scale that females achieved higher scores. CONCLUSIONS: The intensity of indirect self-destructiveness in females who attempted suicides achieved the level observed in males who attempted suicides. Poor health maintenance was also more intense in them than in the group of males. Males after suicide attempts displayed the lowest poor health maintenance. Results of this study may have preventive and therapeutic implications.