Typical and Atypical Development of Visual Expertise for Print as Indexed by the Visual Word N1 (N170w): A Systematic Review.

The visual word N1 (N170w) is an early brain ERP component that has been found to be a neurophysiological marker for print expertise, which is a prelexical requirement associated with reading development. To date, no other review has assimilated existing research on reading difficulties and atypical development of processes reflected in the N170w response. Hence, this systematic review synthesized results and evaluated neurophysiological and experimental procedures across different studies about visual print expertise in reading development. Literature databases were examined for relevant studies from 1995 to 2020 investigating the N170w response in individuals with or without reading disorders. To capture the development of the N170w related to reading, results were compared between three different age groups: pre-literate children, school-aged children, and young adults. The majority of available N170w studies (N = 69) investigated adults (n = 31) followed by children (school-aged: n = 21; pre-literate: n = 4) and adolescents (n = 1) while some studies investigated a combination of these age groups (n = 12). Most studies were conducted with German-speaking populations (n = 17), followed by English (n = 15) and Chinese (n = 14) speaking participants. The N170w was primarily investigated using a combination of words, pseudowords, and symbols (n = 20) and mostly used repetition-detection (n = 16) or lexical-decision tasks (n = 16). Different studies posed huge variability in selecting electrode sites for analysis; however, most focused on P7, P8, and O1 sites of the international 10-20 system. Most of the studies in adults have found a more negative N170w in controls than poor readers, whereas in children, the results have been mixed. In typical readers, N170w ranged from having a bilateral distribution to a left-hemispheric dominance throughout development, whereas in young, poor readers, the response was mainly right-lateralized and then remained in a bilateral distribution. Moreover, the N170w latency has varied according to age group, with adults having an earlier onset yet with shorter latency than school-aged and pre-literate children. This systematic review provides a comprehensive picture of the development of print expertise as indexed by the N170w across age groups and reading abilities and discusses theoretical and methodological differences and challenges in the field, aiming to guide future research. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021228444.

Influência do processamento fonológico no mau desempenho escolar: revisão sistemática de literatura / Influence of phonological processing on poor school performance: systematic literature review

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar revisão sistemática de produções científicas que abordaram o tema processamento fonológico quanto à influência no mau desempenho escolar, bem como sua interferência no desenvolvimento de leitura e escrita. Estratégia de pesquisa: Foram pesquisados, em bases de dados eletrônicos, artigos publicados até agosto de 2017. Após elaboração da pergunta norteadora do estudo: "Qual a influência do processamento fonológico no mau desempenho escolar e sua relação no desenvolvimento de leitura e escrita?", foram realizados levantamento e seleção dos relatos utilizando descritores, reunidos em uma única equação de busca, de acordo com três eixos temáticos: processamento fonológico, aprendizagem e mau desempenho escolar. Critérios de seleção: Foram incluídas pesquisas originais com avaliação de no mínimo duas habilidades do processamento fonológico. Foram excluídos os artigos que não apresentavam relação entre as habilidades do processamento fonológico e desempenho escolar. Análise dos dados: Foi realizada a leitura dos títulos e resumos por duas profissionais fonoaudiólogas, separadamente. Os resultados foram comparados e as divergências encontradas, decididas por uma terceira pesquisadora fonoaudióloga, também responsável pelo estudo. Os artigos incluídos foram lidos na íntegra e realizada a extração de dados para análise da metodologia e dos principais resultados. Resultados: Foram selecionados 982 estudos potencialmente relevantes. Após a utilização das matrizes de evidência, 38 produções científicas foram incluídas para análise detalhada. Conclusão: O estudo das produções científicas revelou que a alteração em habilidades do processamento fonológico apresentou relação com o mau desempenho escolar e, associada à fase de escolarização, houve influência direta nas competências de leitura e escrita.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To carry out a systematic review of scientific productions that dealt with the topic of phonological processing in relation to the influence of poor academic performance, as well as its interference in the development of reading and writing. Research strategy: Articles published until August 2017 were searched in electronic databases. After elaborating the guiding question of the study: "What is the influence of phonological processing on poor school performance and its relation in the development of reading and writing?", we collected and selected the reports using descriptors, gathered in a single search equation, according to three thematic axes: phonological processing, learning and poor school performance. Selection criteria: Original researches with an evaluation of at least two phonological processing skills were included. Articles that had no relationship between phonological processing skills and school performance were excluded. Data analysis: The titles and abstracts were read by two speech-language pathologists, separately. The results were compared and the divergences found decided by a third researcher speech therapist, also responsible for the study. The articles included were read in full and data extraction was performed to analyze the methodology and the main results. Results: 982 potentially relevant studies were selected. After using the evidence matrices, 38 scientific productions were included for detailed analysis. Conclusion: The study of scientific productions revealed that the alteration in phonological processing skills presented a relation with poor academic performance and, together with the schooling phase, directly influenced reading and writing skills.

The Clinical Characteristics of Chinese Children with Reading Disorder / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective: Evaluation the clinical characteristics of Chinese reading disorder children.Methods:Use WSIC-CR, PRS and the questionnaire for parents on children's reading and writing abilities to investigate and evaluate 17 Chinese children with SRD (specific reading disorder) and 32 normal children.Results:The VIQ、FIQ、VC、M/C of Chinese SRD children scored in WISC-CR were lower than normal children(98.3?13.5/111.7?13.7,97.1?14.5/110.2?14.3,40.4?9.2/47.6?7.7,25.9?6.3/32.0?7.3,OR=0.88~0.94,P