Effectiveness of a pharmacist-led, community group-based education programme in enhancing diabetes management: A multicentre randomised control trial.

Aims: This study presents a protocol for the Pharmacy Integrated Community Care (PICC) program, meticulously designed to enhance Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and augment knowledge about diabetes mellitus (DM) among individuals diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in the Sarawak State of Malaysia. Methods: From 1 May to December 31, 2023, a prospective, multicenter, parallel-design randomised controlled trial will be conducted with two groups, each consisting of 47 participants. The intervention group will receive a structured, four-session group-based program guided by experienced pharmacists, focusing on medication adherence and diabetes management. The control group will follow the standard Diabetes Mellitus Adherence Clinic program. The primary outcomes of this study encompass enhancements in knowledge regarding diabetes medication management and adherence, followed by subsequent changes in HbA1c levels. Conclusions: The successful implementation of the PICC program holds promise for enhancing health outcomes in the T2DM population, potentially leading to more effective diabetes management initiatives and better health practices in the community. Trial registration clinicaltrialsgov identifier: NCT05106231.

How Outpatient Diabetes Education Programs Can Support Local Hospitals to Reduce Emergency Department Visits for Adults With Diabetes.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim in this study was to assess the level of collaboration between a hospital-based outpatient diabetes education program (DEP) and emergency departments (EDs) for reducing number of ED revisits and hospital admissions by implementing intervention strategies to promote education services and streamlining referral and appointment intake processes. METHODS: Patients (≥18 years of age) with an ED visit for hyper- or hypoglycemia were analyzed in 2 cohorts based on their intervention exposure. We conducted a single-cohort analysis of the exposed cohort (exposure to the intervention strategies) and compared 2-year outcomes with those of the unexposed cohort. Primary outcomes were hyper- or hypoglycemia-related ED revisit and hospitalization rates. Process outcomes included DEP referrals and DEP attendance. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in ED revisits and hospital admissions between the exposed and unexposed cohorts. However, patients were more likely to be referred to a DEP by ED physicians (odds ratio [OR], 1.76; p=0.02) and to attend a DEP appointment (OR, 1.96; p<0.01) after intervention exposure. DEP attendees from both cohorts became less likely to revisit an ED (exposed: OR, 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23 to 0.71; unexposed: OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.15 to 1.15) at 12-month follow up; however, this reduction was sustained only among the exposed cohort (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.81) and not the unexposed cohort (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.60 to 2.91) at 24 months (p=0.04 when comparing the 2 cohorts). CONCLUSIONS: Collaboration between outpatient DEPs with local EDs could effectively reduce diabetes-related ED revisits by increasing diabetes program utilization.

Time in range and HbA1C after 6 months with a multidisciplinary program for children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus, real world data from Mexico City.

BACKGROUND: Multidisciplinary interventions may be useful for children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus (DM), especially in areas where new blood glucose monitoring and control technologies are difficult to access. METHODS: PAANDA, a care program for adolescents and children with diabetes, was implemented in patients aged 0 to 18 years and 11 months. The effect of the intervention was determined by self-blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C ) levels at start and after 6 months. RESULTS: A total of 121 patients with DM were evaluated, mean age of 14.27 years (SD: 4.60 years). Blood glucose measurements in range (70-120 mg/dL pre-prandial or 70-180 mg/dL post-prandial) increased by 20.67% before breakfast, 8.14% after breakfast (both P-value <.001), 5.02% before lunch (P-value = .02), 8.66% after lunch (P-value <.001), 11.50% before dinner (P-value <.001), 11.87% after dinner (P-value <.001), and 8.00% at dawn (P-value = .001). This change was accompanied by fewer values in the hyperglycemic category (-19.49% before breakfast, -7.73% after breakfast, both P-value <.001) and hypoglycemia (-1.18%). HbA1C levels decreased significantly 1.8% (P-value = .018). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed an increase in glycemic control associated with each month after the intervention time in the PAANDA program (P-value <.001 for all the time points evaluated) and a significant decrease in glycemic variability. CONCLUSIONS: The multidisciplinary PAANDA intervention had a beneficial effect on glycemic control, with an improved time in range in a population of children and adolescents with DM.

Intervention Strategies for Prevention of Comorbid Depression Among Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Scoping Review.

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D)-related depression has a significant impact on quality of life and leads to greater morbidity and mortality. Current educational and treatment programs for T2D rarely include a specific depression-prevention component, focusing largely on remediating depressive symptoms that have reached clinical levels. Objective: Given the vast field of research on the association between T2D and depression, and the unknown status of prevention efforts for the latter, the goal of this scoping review was to conduct a synopsis of intervention strategies specifically targeting the prevention of depression among adults with T2D. Eligibility Criteria: (1) participants aged 18 and over with T2D; (2) experimental and quasi-experimental designs (3) intervention strategies seeking to prevent the onset or worsening of (non-clinical) depressive symptoms; (4) a valid measure of depressive symptoms; (5) full-text articles available in English or French. Sources of Evidence: Databases including Medline, PubMed, and SCOPUS were searched between 2000 and 2018 resulting in 4,219 potential articles. Charting Methods: This review was conducted in-line with the current methodological framework for scoping reviews. Titles, abstract and full text articles were screened independently and in duplicate. A narrative analysis was conducted to synthesize study characteristics and the nature of intervention strategies and components. Results: Twelve studies were identified with the primary aim of preventing the incidence of depressive symptoms or improving non-clinical depression levels. Individual and group-based approaches included educational interventions incorporating diabetes self-management, problem-solving, and resilience-focused approaches, emotion-targeted techniques as well as alternative interventions. Self-monitoring, home practices, and motivational interviewing were common elements. Conclusions: This review lays the groundwork for future studies seeking to develop, validate, and improve prevention strategies targeting the diabetes-depression comorbidity. More studies over longer periods and with larger samples are needed to capture the effects of prevention efforts.

Significant effect of group education in patients with diabetes type 1.

OBJECTIVE: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) constitutes a real challenge in everyday practice for both physicians and patients. Due to the complexity of the disease and its unpredictable nature, structured education and training programs are nowadays implemented that ensure active patient involvement and self-care behaviors to achieve adequate glycemic control, prevent diabetic complications, and improve the quality of life of patients. These programs provide patients with the necessary knowledge and skills to self-monitor and self-manage the disease and its associated metabolic conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a structured 12-month education program that motivated patients to follow a healthy Mediterranean diet and exercise regularly as well as to adjust carbohydrate intake and insulin dose according to their needs. DESIGN: The education group (EG) was comprised of 62 patients (45 males) with type 1 DM, mean age 36 ± 4.2 years and BMI 24.2 ± 3.1 kg/m2. An age- and BMI-matched control group (CG, n = 25, mean age 41 ± 6.4 years, BMI 25.7 ± 4.2 kg/m2) was composed of patients referred but not enrolled in the project. RESULTS: At the end of this program, HbA1C levels were significantly decreased (8.5 ± 2.1% vs. 7.08 ± 0.79%, p < 0.0001) as was also the incidence of hypoglycemic episodes (p < 0.05). Regarding daily glucose fluctuations, significant improvement (p < 0.05) was observed, as reflected in low, high, and daily median glucose values. On the other hand, the above parameters remained stable in the CG. CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly support the need for long-lasting structured education group courses for adult diabetic patients keen to change their habits in order to achieve self-management of the disease.

Clinical outcomes of a diabetes education program for patients with diabetes mellitus in the Micronesian community in Hawaii.

OBJECTIVE: Hawaii has diverse population made up of a cultural mix of different races. Due to different cultural and social influences and language barrier, many of the under-served population who migrated to Hawaii and having diabetes mellitus may be susceptible to long-term complications due to uncontrolled hyperglycemia and medication nonadherence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a diabetes education program on the clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus in the Micronesian community of Hawaii. METHODS: This study included patients over age 18 years, with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The diabetes education program was customized for its weekly classes to fit to the under-served population. Data were collected on participants on the 1(st) day and then 6 months after attending the education program. Data on primary and secondary endpoints were collected and analyzed. FINDINGS: The mean glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, fasting blood glucose, and triglyceride levels of participants fell significantly from baseline after attending the diabetes education program for 6 months. No significant changes were observed in other secondary outcomes during the study time period. CONCLUSION: Based on our findings, the diabetes education program that was tailored to the Micronesian population was successful in achieving glycemic goals, enhancing medication adherence, improving clinical outcomes, and also preventing long-term complications among its participants.

Evaluación del programa de educación en diabetes en el adulto mayor / Assessment of Diabetes Education Program in the Elderly at Hermanos Cruz Polyclinic

Introducción: la Educación para la Salud es esencial en el abordaje terapéutico del diabético. No podemos introducir la dieta, el ejercicio y la medicación sin informar al paciente sobre su importancia y sin motivarlo para que adquiera protagonismo en el control de su enfermedad.Objetivo: evaluar tácticamente el programa de educación en diabetes a nivel del Consultorio Médico de la Familia.Métodos: estudio en el campo de la investigación en sistemas y servicios de salud, en el policlínico Hermanos Cruz durante el año 2012. Se utilizaron los criterios evaluativos elaborados en una investigación anterior por los autores según datos de estructura, proceso y resultado; así como indicadores y estándares.Resultados: la evaluación táctica de los componentes de estructura, proceso y resultados, resultó evaluada de no satisfactoria. Con el diseño y la aplicación de la evaluación se demostró que existen dificultades en el cumplimiento del programa de educación en diabetes en el área de salud estudiada, el nivel de satisfacción de los servicios en usuarios internos y externos es desfavorable.Conclusiones: las discrepancias detectadas entre el cumplimiento del programa de educación en diabetes y los estándares sirvieron de base para una estrategia encaminada a su perfeccionamiento(AU)

Evaluación del programa de educación en diabetes en el adulto mayor / Assessment of Diabetes Education Program in the Elderly at Hermanos Cruz Polyclinic

Introducción: la Educación para la Salud es esencial en el abordaje terapéutico del diabético. No podemos introducir la dieta, el ejercicio y la medicación sin informar al paciente sobre su importancia y sin motivarlo para que adquiera protagonismo en el control de su enfermedad. Objetivo: evaluar tácticamente el programa de educación en diabetes a nivel del Consultorio Médico de la Familia. Métodos: estudio en el campo de la investigación en sistemas y servicios de salud, en el policlínico "Hermanos Cruz" durante el año 2012. Se utilizaron los criterios evaluativos elaborados en una investigación anterior por los autores según datos de estructura, proceso y resultado; así como indicadores y estándares. Resultados: la evaluación táctica de los componentes de estructura, proceso y resultados, resultó evaluada de no satisfactoria. Con el diseño y la aplicación de la evaluación se demostró que existen dificultades en el cumplimiento del programa de educación en diabetes en el área de salud estudiada, el nivel de satisfacción de los servicios en usuarios internos y externos es desfavorable. Conclusiones: las discrepancias detectadas entre el cumplimiento del programa de educación en diabetes y los estándares sirvieron de base para una estrategia encaminada a su perfeccionamiento(AU)

Introduction: Health Education is essential in diabetic therapeutic approach. We cannot introduce diet; exercising and medication without informing the patient of its importance, without motivatingpatient in controlling their disease. Objective: Tactically assess the diabetes education program at family doctor practice. Methods: A study in the field of research in health systems and services was conducted at HermanosCruzpolyclinic in 2012. Evaluative criteria were used by the authors. These criteria weredeveloped in previous research according to data structure, process and outcome; as well as indicators and standards. Results: The tactical evaluation of structure, process and results components proved unsatisfactory evaluated. There are difficulties in implementing the program of diabetes education in the health area studied showed by the design and implementation of this evaluation, the level of satisfaction of services in internal and external users is unfavorable. Conclusions: The discrepancies detected between program implementation and diabetes education standards were the basis for a strategy for its further development(AU)

Guía para evaluar el programa de educación en diabetes en la Atención Primaria de Salud / Guide to evaluating diabetes education Program in Primary Health Care

Introducción: la evaluación permanente de las acciones y resultados de los sistemas de salud es una de las principales expresiones de la rectoría del Estado y una de las mejores formas para alcanzar sus objetivos estratégicos. Objetivo: brindar una herramienta para la evaluación del programa de educación en diabetes a nivel de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo, que permitió la creación de una guía para expresar juicios de valor a partir de la comparación de los resultados alcanzados con estándares establecidos. Se estudiaron la disponibilidad del programa a nivel del consultorio y materiales para la educación en diabetes. Para el proceso, se diseñaron guías de observación y entrevistas con el fin de evaluar las principales actividades realizadas por el equipo de salud. Para operacionalizar criterios, indicadores y estándares se contó con la colaboración de varios expertos. Resultados: la guía propuesta constó de 32 criterios e indicadores para evaluar las diferentes dimensiones. En estructura se tuvieron en cuenta los médicos, enfermeras, licenciados en Cultura Física, psicólogos, podólogos y nutricionistas disponibles para ejecutar el programa y la capacitación de estos. Para este resultado se valoró la opinión de trabajadores y pacientes por los servicios recibidos y algunos indicadores como mortalidad, complicaciones, control glucémico adecuado, deseable o aceptable, cumplimiento del tratamiento e incorporación a los círculos de diabéticos. Conclusiones: esta guía contribuirá a evaluar la ejecución del programa de educación en diabetes en la Atención Primaria de Salud y, por tanto, a identificar las brechas entre lo deseado y lo observado, así como a orientar adecuadamente la distribución de los recursos humanos y materiales.

Introduction: ongoing evaluation of actions and outcomes of health systems is one of the main expressions of a state guidance and one of the best ways to achieve strategic objectives. Objective: provide a tool for assessing diabetes education program at Primary Health Care. Methods: a development research was conducted. It allowed the creation of a guide to express value judgments based on comparing the results obtained with established standards. Program availability at the office, and materials for education in diabetes were studied. Program availability at the medical practice office, and materials for education in diabetes were studied. For the process, observation and interview guides were designed to evaluate the main activities of the health team; in order to operationalize criteria, indicators and standards with the collaboration of several experts. Results: the proposed guide consisted of 32 criteria and indicators to assess different dimensions. In structure, available doctors, nurses, Physical Culture graduates, psychologists, podiatrists, and nutritionists were taken into account to run the program and training them. For this result, workers and patient's opinion on the services was assessed, as well as some indicators such as mortality, complications, appropriate, desirable or acceptable glycemic control, treatment compliance and incorporation into diabetics support groups. Conclusions: this guide will help assessing the implementation of diabetes education program in primary health care and, therefore, to identify gaps between what is desired and observed, as well as to properly guide the distribution of human and material resources.