Anti-adhesive effect of naturally obtained dicalcium phosphate dihydrate nanoparticles in the rat uterine wound model.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to compare the anti-adhesive effects of contractubex and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) particles in rats treated with the uterine horn adhesion model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Newly adult, 60 Wistar albino rats were used as experimental animals. The modified rat uterine horn adhesion model was used to induce intra-abdominal adhesion. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1 were studied for biochemical and immunohistochemical examination. RESULTS: TNF-α decreased in each group, while it decreased more in G2 and G3 than in G1. IL-1ß decreased in each group, while it decreased the most in G3. TGF-ß1 and VEGF localization was less in the G2 compared to G1, the least TGF-ß1 and VEGF immunolocalization was detected in the G3 and G4. For both antibodies, the least localization among all groups belonged to G3. From day 7 to day 21, the highest TGF-ß1 immunolocalization was observed in G1, lesser localization in G2 and lowest in G3. CONCLUSION: DCPD nanoparticles show promise as a clinical antiadhesive agent and should be further evaluated in experimental animal models and human trials.

OBJETIVO: En este estudio, nuestro objetivo fue comparar los efectos antiadhesivos de las partículas de contractubex (CTX) y fosfato dicálcico dihidratado (DCPD) en ratas tratadas con el modelo de adhesión del cuerno uterino. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Como animales de experimentación se utilizaron 60 ratas Wistar albinas, recién adultas. Se usó el modelo de adhesión del cuerno uterino de rata modificado para inducir la adhesión intraabdominal. Se estudiaron TNF-α, IL-1, VEGF y TGF-ß1 para examen bioquímico e inmunohistoquímico. RESULTADOS: el TNF-α disminuyó en cada grupo, mientras que disminuyó más en G2 y G3 que en G1. IL-1ß disminuyó en cada grupo, mientras que disminuyó más en G3. La localización de TGF-ß1 y VEGF fue menor en G2 en comparación con G1, la menor inmunolocalización de TGF-ß1 y VEGF se detectó en G3 y G4. Para ambos anticuerpos, la localización mínima entre todos los grupos pertenecía a G3. Desde el día 7 hasta el día 21, la mayor inmunolocalización de TGF-ß1 se observó en G1, menor localización en G2 y menor en G3. CONCLUSIÓN: las nanopartículas de DCPD se muestran prometedoras como agentes antiadhesivos clínicos y deben evaluarse más en modelos animales experimentales y ensayos en humanos.

Preparation of Co-Processed Excipients for Controlled-Release of Drugs Assembled with Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Direct Compression Materials.

The purpose of the study was to develop a novel, directly compressible, co-processed excipient capable of providing a controlled-release drug system for the pharmaceutical industry. A co-processed powder was formed by adsorption of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as a controlled-release film onto a functional excipient, in this case, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DPD), for direct compression (Di-Tab®). The co-processed excipient has advantages: easy to implement; solvent-free; industrial scaling-up; good rheological and compressibility properties; and the capability to form an inert platform. Six different batches of Di-Tab®:SLN weight ratios were prepared (4:0.6, 3:0.6, 2:0.6, 1:0.6, 0.5:0.6, and 0.25:0.6). BCS class III ranitidine hydrochloride was selected as a drug model to evaluate the mixture's controlled-release capabilities. The co-processed excipients were characterized in terms of powder rheology and dissolution rate. The best Di-Tab®:SLN ratio proved to be 2:0.6, as it showed high functionality with good flow and compressibility properties (Carr Index = 16 ± 1, Hausner Index = 1.19 ± 0.04). This ratio could control release for up to 8 h, so it fits the ideal profile calculated based on biopharmaceutical data. The compressed systems obtained using this powder mixture behave as a matrix platform in which Fickian diffusion governs the release. The Higuchi model can explain their behavior.

Digestibility, Determination of Metabolizable Energy and Bone Mineralization of Broilers Fed with Nutritionally Valued Phytase

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using exoenzyme phytase in broiler's diets on digestibility of nutrients, feed energy and tibia bone mineralization. A completely randomized design was used, with the following treatments: sorghum with dicalcium phosphate (SDP), corn with dicalcium phosphate (CDP), sorghum with meat and bone meal (SMBM), sorghum with valued phytase (SVP) and sorghum with phytase without valued (SPWV). For digestibility analysis, eighty 15 day old broilers were used, a total of 1400 male Hubbard Flex chickens, which were submitted to total excreta collection to obtain the percentages of food digestibility, crude protein, ether extract, apparent metabolizable energy, calcium and phosphorus while for tibias mineralization. Six birds per treatment were used, where determination of mineral matter, calcium and phosphorus were performed. Metabolizable energy (ME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) of the feed were also calculated. Data were subjected to variation analysis and the average compared by 5% Tukey test. There was no difference between treatments for the digestibility at 15-20 day old as well as for the feed energy values, but the diets with phytase had higher phosphorous percentage values for tibia bone mineralization, demonstrating that exogenous phytase enzyme is able to hydrolyze phytate origininated from plant and release the phosphorus for assimilation by animals, acting as a substitute for phosphorus plant sources.

Digestibility, Determination of Metabolizable Energy and Bone Mineralization of Broilers Fed with Nutritionally Valued Phytase

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using exoenzyme phytase in broiler's diets on digestibility of nutrients, feed energy and tibia bone mineralization. A completely randomized design was used, with the following treatments: sorghum with dicalcium phosphate (SDP), corn with dicalcium phosphate (CDP), sorghum with meat and bone meal (SMBM), sorghum with valued phytase (SVP) and sorghum with phytase without valued (SPWV). For digestibility analysis, eighty 15 day old broilers were used, a total of 1400 male Hubbard Flex chickens, which were submitted to total excreta collection to obtain the percentages of food digestibility, crude protein, ether extract, apparent metabolizable energy, calcium and phosphorus while for tibias mineralization. Six birds per treatment were used, where determination of mineral matter, calcium and phosphorus were performed. Metabolizable energy (ME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) of the feed were also calculated. Data were subjected to variation analysis and the average compared by 5% Tukey test. There was no difference between treatments for the digestibility at 15-20 day old as well as for the feed energy values, but the diets with phytase had higher phosphorous percentage values for tibia bone mineralization, demonstrating that exogenous phytase enzyme is able to hydrolyze phytate origininated from plant and release the phosphorus for assimilation by animals, acting as a substitute for phosphorus plant sources.(AU)

The effect of calcium and available phosphorus levels on performance, egg quality and bone characteristics of Japanese quails at end of the egg-production phase

Calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (avP) requirements for egg production are different between the beginning and the end of the egg-production cycle. The objective of this study was to estimate the Ca and avP requirements of Japanese quails at end of the production phase. In total, 256 Japanese quails with 48 weeks of age were randomly distributed in 2 x 2 factorial arrangement consisting of two Ca levels (29 and 38 g/kg) and two avP levels (1.5 and 3.0 g/kg), totaling four treatments with eight replicates of eight hens each. The variables evaluated were feed intake (FI); egg production (EP); marketable egg production (MEP); egg weight (EW); egg mass (EM); feed conversion ratio per egg mass (FCRM); feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs (FCRD); livability (L); yolk weight (YW), albumen weight (AW), eggshell weight (SW); yolk percentage (YP), albumen percentage (AP), eggshell percentage (SP), specific egg weight (SEW); bone calcium percentage (BCa), bone phosphorus percentage (BP), bone ash weight (Bash) and bone ash percentage (PBash). There was no interaction between Ca and avP levels for any of the evaluated parameters, except for SEW. Quail performance was not influenced by the treatments, except for MEP. Bone characteristics were not influenced by the tested dietary Ca and avP levels. However, SW and SP increased and AP decreased as dietary Ca level increased. The dietary supplementation of 38 g Ca/kg and 3.0 g avP/kg may increase marketable egg production and the egg quality of Japanese quails at end of the production cycle.

The effect of calcium and available phosphorus levels on performance, egg quality and bone characteristics of Japanese quails at end of the egg-production phase

Calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (avP) requirements for egg production are different between the beginning and the end of the egg-production cycle. The objective of this study was to estimate the Ca and avP requirements of Japanese quails at end of the production phase. In total, 256 Japanese quails with 48 weeks of age were randomly distributed in 2 x 2 factorial arrangement consisting of two Ca levels (29 and 38 g/kg) and two avP levels (1.5 and 3.0 g/kg), totaling four treatments with eight replicates of eight hens each. The variables evaluated were feed intake (FI); egg production (EP); marketable egg production (MEP); egg weight (EW); egg mass (EM); feed conversion ratio per egg mass (FCRM); feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs (FCRD); livability (L); yolk weight (YW), albumen weight (AW), eggshell weight (SW); yolk percentage (YP), albumen percentage (AP), eggshell percentage (SP), specific egg weight (SEW); bone calcium percentage (BCa), bone phosphorus percentage (BP), bone ash weight (Bash) and bone ash percentage (PBash). There was no interaction between Ca and avP levels for any of the evaluated parameters, except for SEW. Quail performance was not influenced by the treatments, except for MEP. Bone characteristics were not influenced by the tested dietary Ca and avP levels. However, SW and SP increased and AP decreased as dietary Ca level increased. The dietary supplementation of 38 g Ca/kg and 3.0 g avP/kg may increase marketable egg production and the egg quality of Japanese quails at end of the production cycle.(AU)

40K, 226Ra AND 228Ra SERIES IN BOVINE AND POULTRY FEED AND IN DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE (DCP) SAMPLES BY GAMMA-RAY SPECTROMETRY

The aim of this study is to determine the amounts of radionuclides' activity present in samples of feed for young and adult chicken and feed for dairy and beef cattle, as well as in dicalcium phosphate (DCP) (CaHPO4), used as a nutritional supplement for animal feed. Radioactivity in these samples is due to the presence of the 238U and 232Th radioactive series, as well as their daughter. In addition, as it is for environmental samples, the activity of 40K should be an important source of radioactivity in all analyzed samples. Gamma rays were measured using a standard spectroscopy system, with a high-resolution HPGe detector. Measured activities in feed samples ranged from 0.23 to 1.51 Bq.kg-1, 0.67 to 4.21 Bq.kg-1, 0.29 to 1.63 Bq.kg-1 and 236 to 402 Bq.kg-1 for 226Ra, 228 Ra, 228 Th and 40K, respectively. Measured activities in DCP samples were 46.6 Bq.kg-1, 83 Bq.kg-1, 4.20 Bq.kg-1 and 16.61 Bq.kg-1 for 40 K, 226 Ra, 228 Ra and 228 Th, respectively. Although 40K activity has reached hundreds of Becquerel in feed samples, it should not represent a risk to human health, not even to animals, since potassium is an essential mineral to living organisms.

Desempenho ponderal de bovinos Nelore suplementados com fontes alternativas de fósforo / Weight gain of Nelore cattle supplemented with different phosphorus sources

O desempenho produtivo e a possível interferência do flúor sobre a saúde dos animais foram investigados em bovinos Nelore suplementados, por 866 dias, com distintas fontes alternativas de fósforo com diferentes relações fósforo:fluor (P:F). Os tratamentos experimentais foram: Controle negativo (CONTNEG, sem qualquer suplementação com P), fosfato bicálcico (FB 120:1, FB 30:1 e FB 10:1), fosfato monobicálcico (FMBC 60:1), superfosfato triplo (SFT 30:1) e fosfato de rocha de Cajati (FR 10:1). Foram utilizados 49 novilhos, desmamados aos oito meses de idade, castrados e com 230 kg de peso médio, distribuídos em sete piquetes com água e mistura mineral formulada sem P. A dieta padrão foi feita com bagaço de cana (0,03% de P) como volumoso e um concentrado contendo 0,239 % de P oferecido na base de 1% do peso dos animais para permitir um ganho de peso aproximado de 0,50 kg/dia. Até o dia 134, não houve diferença estatística entre os diversos lotes, inclusive para o tratamento CONTNEG, que não recebeu fósforo suplementar na dieta e ganhou 71,6 kg de peso ou 0,633 kg/dia. Após 866 dias de confinamento (2,37 anos), os animais suplementados com o fosfato bicálcico padrão (120:1) ganharam menos peso que os suplementados com as fontes FMCB 60:1, FB 30:1 e SFT 30:1. Até um ano de suplementação fosfórica com fosfato bicálcico padrão (120:1) artificialmente fluoretado com NaF ou com o fosfato de rocha não se detectou danos à saúde ou ao ganho de peso dos animais. As análises de fósforo nos ossos mostraram diferença estatística apenas entre o tratamento CONTNEG e os que tinham fosfato bicálcico. As concentrações de flúor nos ossos se mostraram intimamente associadas à quantidade de flúor disponível nas fontes utilizadas. Conforme a proporção P:F na dieta foi diminuindo, características relacionadas à fluorose dentária ficaram mais evidentes, sendo que os animais que receberam fontes com relação 10:1, apresentaram, ao final do experimento, dentes incisivos permanentes mal formados, quebradiços e com manchas esbranquiçadas.

Weight gain and possible interference of fluoride on animal health was investigated in Nellore cattle supplemented during 866 days with alternative sources of phosphorus with different phosphorus:fluor (P:F) ratios. The five treatments were: (1) Negative control (NC, without any supplemental P), (2) dicalcium phosphate (DCP 120:1, DCP 30:1 and DCP 10:1), (3) monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP 60:1), (4) triple superphosphate (TSF 30:1), and (5) cajati rock phosphate (RP 10:1). We used 49 oxen weaned with 8 months of age and an average weight of 230 kg, distributed into seven paddocks with water and mineral mixture formulated without P. A standard diet consisting of sugar cane bagasse (0.03% P) as roughage and a concentrate containing 0.239% P was provided on 1% of live weight to allow a weight gain of about 0.50 kg/day. Until day 134, there was no statistical difference between the various groups, including the treatment NC which received no supplemental phosphorus in the diet and gained weight of 71.6 kg or 0.633 kg/day. After 866 days of confinement (2.37 years), the oxen supplemented with dicalcium phosphate standard (120:1) gained less weight than those supplemented with sources MDCP 60:1, DCP 30:1 and TSF 30:1. Up to one year of supplementation with dicalcium phosphate artificially fluoridated with NaF or with rock phosphate did not result in damage to health or in weight gain of the animals. Analyses of phosphorus in bones showed statistical difference between treatments, and group NC that did not receive any supplemental P showed the lowest values. The concentration of fluoride in bones proved to be closely related to the amount of fluoride available in the sources used. As the ratio P:F in the diet decreased, characteristic signs related to dental fluorosis became more evident, and the animals that received P supplies with 10:1 ratio showed at the end of the experiment permanent malformed incisor teeth, brittle and whitish stained.

Desempenho ponderal de bovinos Nelore suplementados com fontes alternativas de fósforo / Weight gain of Nelore cattle supplemented with different phosphorus sources

O desempenho produtivo e a possível interferência do flúor sobre a saúde dos animais foram investigados em bovinos Nelore suplementados, por 866 dias, com distintas fontes alternativas de fósforo com diferentes relações fósforo:fluor (P:F). Os tratamentos experimentais foram: Controle negativo (CONTNEG, sem qualquer suplementação com P), fosfato bicálcico (FB 120:1, FB 30:1 e FB 10:1), fosfato monobicálcico (FMBC 60:1), superfosfato triplo (SFT 30:1) e fosfato de rocha de Cajati (FR 10:1). Foram utilizados 49 novilhos, desmamados aos oito meses de idade, castrados e com 230 kg de peso médio, distribuídos em sete piquetes com água e mistura mineral formulada sem P. A dieta padrão foi feita com bagaço de cana (0,03% de P) como volumoso e um concentrado contendo 0,239 % de P oferecido na base de 1% do peso dos animais para permitir um ganho de peso aproximado de 0,50 kg/dia. Até o dia 134, não houve diferença estatística entre os diversos lotes, inclusive para o tratamento CONTNEG, que não recebeu fósforo suplementar na dieta e ganhou 71,6 kg de peso ou 0,633 kg/dia. Após 866 dias de confinamento (2,37 anos), os animais suplementados com o fosfato bicálcico padrão (120:1) ganharam menos peso que os suplementados com as fontes FMCB 60:1, FB 30:1 e SFT 30:1. Até um ano de suplementação fosfórica com fosfato bicálcico padrão (120:1) artificialmente fluoretado com NaF ou com o fosfato de rocha não se detectou danos à saúde ou ao ganho de peso dos animais. As análises de fósforo nos ossos mostraram diferença estatística apenas entre o tratamento CONTNEG e os que tinham fosfato bicálcico. As concentrações de flúor nos ossos se mostraram intimamente associadas à quantidade de flúor disponível nas fontes utilizadas. Conforme a proporção P:F na dieta foi diminuindo, características relacionadas à fluorose dentária ficaram mais evidentes, sendo que os animais que receberam fontes com relação 10:1, apresentaram, ao final do experimento, dentes incisivos permanentes mal formados, quebradiços e com manchas esbranquiçadas.(AU)

Weight gain and possible interference of fluoride on animal health was investigated in Nellore cattle supplemented during 866 days with alternative sources of phosphorus with different phosphorus:fluor (P:F) ratios. The five treatments were: (1) Negative control (NC, without any supplemental P), (2) dicalcium phosphate (DCP 120:1, DCP 30:1 and DCP 10:1), (3) monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP 60:1), (4) triple superphosphate (TSF 30:1), and (5) cajati rock phosphate (RP 10:1). We used 49 oxen weaned with 8 months of age and an average weight of 230 kg, distributed into seven paddocks with water and mineral mixture formulated without P. A standard diet consisting of sugar cane bagasse (0.03% P) as roughage and a concentrate containing 0.239% P was provided on 1% of live weight to allow a weight gain of about 0.50 kg/day. Until day 134, there was no statistical difference between the various groups, including the treatment NC which received no supplemental phosphorus in the diet and gained weight of 71.6 kg or 0.633 kg/day. After 866 days of confinement (2.37 years), the oxen supplemented with dicalcium phosphate standard (120:1) gained less weight than those supplemented with sources MDCP 60:1, DCP 30:1 and TSF 30:1. Up to one year of supplementation with dicalcium phosphate artificially fluoridated with NaF or with rock phosphate did not result in damage to health or in weight gain of the animals. Analyses of phosphorus in bones showed statistical difference between treatments, and group NC that did not receive any supplemental P showed the lowest values. The concentration of fluoride in bones proved to be closely related to the amount of fluoride available in the sources used. As the ratio P:F in the diet decreased, characteristic signs related to dental fluorosis became more evident, and the animals that received P supplies with 10:1 ratio showed at the end of the experiment permanent malformed incisor teeth, brittle and whitish stained.(AU)

Fumaric acid and calcium and phosphorus chelate in the diet of weaned piglets / Ácido fumárico e quelato de cálcio e fósforo na ração de leitões desmamados

Two experiments (E) were carried out with the objective of evaluating the effects of fumaric acid and carbo-amino-fosfo-quelato of calcium diets of weaned pigs on performance (E1) and intestinal morphology (E2). A total of 96 and 32 pigs with initial mean weights of 5,66 kg ± 0,44kg and 5,34 ± 0,45kg , in E1 and in E2, were used respectively. Randomized block designs were used in both experiments, with a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement in E1 and a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement in E2. No interaction between acidifier, source of calcium and phosphorus were found for the variables studied in the two experiments. No treatment effects were found on daily feed intake in evaluating periods. Feed conversion from 0 to 17 days was better (P 0.05) when inorganic sources of Ca and P were fed; however, no difference was observed in other periods. The averages of villus height (AV), crypt depth (PC), AV: PC relationship and mucous membrane of the duodenum and of the jejunum didnt differ among treatments. Considering the total nursery period, no benefit was found in using an acidifier, however the carbo-amino-fosfo-quelato of calcium studied may replace the inorganic sources in the diets of piglets, with no damage to performance and to intestinal morphology.

Foram realizados dois experimentos com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do ácido fumárico e de diferentes fontes de cálcio contendo fósforo, adicionados nas dietas de leitões desmamados, sobre o desempenho (E1) e morfometria intestinal (E2). Utilizaram-se 96 e 32 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, com pesos médios de 5,66 ± 0,44kg e 5,34 ± 0,45kg, no E1 e E2, respectivamente. Os delineamentos experimentais foram em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (níveis de ácido fumárico x fontes de cálcio e fósforo) no E1 e 2 x 2 x 2 (níveis de ácido fumárico x fontes de cálcio e fósforo x épocas de abate) no E2. Não foram encontradas diferenças (P>0,05) no consumo diário de ração nos períodos avaliados. A conversão alimentar foi melhor (P 0,05) no período de 0-17 dias, com fontes inorgânicas de Ca e P, entretanto, nos outros períodos não foram verificadas diferenças. As médias de altura de vilosidade (AV), profundidade de cripta (PC), e espessura de mucosa do duodeno e do jejuno, não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Não houve vantagem do uso de acidificante nas rações, contudo, a fonte orgânica de Ca contendo P estudada pode substituir as fontes inorgânicas nas rações de leitões, sem prejuízo no desempenho e na morfometria do intestino delgado.

Fumaric acid and calcium and phosphorus chelate in the diet of weaned piglets / Ácido fumárico e quelato de cálcio e fósforo na ração de leitões desmamados

Two experiments (E) were carried out with the objective of evaluating the effects of fumaric acid and carbo-amino-fosfo-quelato of calcium diets of weaned pigs on performance (E1) and intestinal morphology (E2). A total of 96 and 32 pigs with initial mean weights of 5,66 kg ± 0,44kg and 5,34 ± 0,45kg , in E1 and in E2, were used respectively. Randomized block designs were used in both experiments, with a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement in E1 and a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement in E2. No interaction between acidifier, source of calcium and phosphorus were found for the variables studied in the two experiments. No treatment effects were found on daily feed intake in evaluating periods. Feed conversion from 0 to 17 days was better (P 0.05) when inorganic sources of Ca and P were fed; however, no difference was observed in other periods. The averages of villus height (AV), crypt depth (PC), AV: PC relationship and mucous membrane of the duodenum and of the jejunum didnt differ among treatments. Considering the total nursery period, no benefit was found in using an acidifier, however the carbo-amino-fosfo-quelato of calcium studied may replace the inorganic sources in the diets of piglets, with no damage to performance and to intestinal morphology.

Foram realizados dois experimentos com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do ácido fumárico e de diferentes fontes de cálcio contendo fósforo, adicionados nas dietas de leitões desmamados, sobre o desempenho (E1) e morfometria intestinal (E2). Utilizaram-se 96 e 32 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, com pesos médios de 5,66 ± 0,44kg e 5,34 ± 0,45kg, no E1 e E2, respectivamente. Os delineamentos experimentais foram em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (níveis de ácido fumárico x fontes de cálcio e fósforo) no E1 e 2 x 2 x 2 (níveis de ácido fumárico x fontes de cálcio e fósforo x épocas de abate) no E2. Não foram encontradas diferenças (P>0,05) no consumo diário de ração nos períodos avaliados. A conversão alimentar foi melhor (P 0,05) no período de 0-17 dias, com fontes inorgânicas de Ca e P, entretanto, nos outros períodos não foram verificadas diferenças. As médias de altura de vilosidade (AV), profundidade de cripta (PC), e espessura de mucosa do duodeno e do jejuno, não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Não houve vantagem do uso de acidificante nas rações, contudo, a fonte orgânica de Ca contendo P estudada pode substituir as fontes inorgânicas nas rações de leitões, sem prejuízo no desempenho e na morfometria do intestino delgado.

Powder properties of binary mixtures of chloroquine phosphate with lactose and dicalcium phosphate / Propriedades do pó de misturas binárias de fosfato de cloroquina com fosfato bicálcico e lactose

A study was conducted on the packing and cohesive properties of chloroquine phosphate in binary mixtures with lactose and dicalcium phosphate powders. The maximum volume reduction due to packing as expressed by the Kawakita constant, a, and the angle of internal flow, θ, were the assessment parameters. The individual powders were characterized for their particle size and shape using an optical microscope. Binary mixtures of various proportions of chloroquine phosphate with lactose and dicalcium phosphate powders were prepared. The bulk and tapped densities, angles of repose and internal flow, as well as compressibility index of the materials were determined using appropriate parameters. The calculated and determined values of maximum volume reduction for the binary mixtures were found to differ significantly (P< 0.05), with the Kawakita plot being more reliable in determining the packing properties. Diluent type was found to influence the flow properties of the mixtures, with dicalcium phosphate giving predictable results while mixtures containing lactose were anomalous with respect to flow. The characterization of the packing and cohesive properties of the binary mixtures of chloroquine with lactose and dicalcium phosphate would be useful in the production of powders, tablets, capsules and other drug delivery systems containing these powders with desirable and predictable flow properties.

Realizou-se estudo das propriedades de empacotamento e de coesão do fosfato de cloroquina em misturas binárias com lactose e fosfato dicálcico em pó. O volume máximo de redução devido ao empacotamento, segundo expresso pela constante de Kawakita, a, e o ângulo de fluxo interno, θ, foram os parâmetros de avaliação. Os pós individuais foram caracterizados por seu tamanho e forma de partículas, utilizando microscópio óptico. Prepararam-se misturas binárias de várias proporções de fosfato de cloroquine e lactose e fosfato dicálcico em pó. As densidades de bulk and tapped, os ângulos de repouso e de fluxo interno e o índice de compressibilidade dos materiais foram determinados utilizando-se parâmetros apropriados. Os valores calculados e determinados do volume máximo de redução para as misturas binárias mostraram-se significativamente diferentes (P< 0,05), sendo o traçado de Kawakita mais confiável na determinação das propriedades de empacotamento. O tipo de diluente influenciou as propriedades de fluxo das misturas com fosfato dicálcico, dando resultados previsíveis, enquanto as misturas contendo lactose mostraram-se anômalas com relação ao fluxo. A caracterização das propriedades de empacotamento e de coesão das misturas binárias de cloroquina com lactose e fosfato dicálcico seria útil na produção de pós, comprimidos, cápsulas e outros sistemas de liberação de fármacos contendo esses pós com propriedade de fluxo desejada e previsível.

Uso de Fosfato Bicálcico Granulado Sobre o Desempenho e Mineralização Óssea de Frangos de Corte

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effects of particle size of dicalcium phosphate (fine or granulated) and of the levels of total phosphorus on the performance of broilers and levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium of the bones. Three hundred one-day chicks, males, Cobb strain, were used in an experimental design involving six treatments in a factorial arrangement 2x3 (2 particles size of dicalcium phosphate and 3 phosphorus levels of 0,5%, 0,6% e 0,7%). It was concluded that the addition of granulated dicalcium phosphate resulted in a better performance. The level of 0,5% total phosphorus depressed body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion and level 0,6% showed better performance. Total bone ash and bone calcium were not affected by treatments, however, better bone phosphorus was found when the broilers received the diet with 0,7% total phosphorus. Particle size did not influence the content of ash, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium levels of the bone.

O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar os efeitos do tamanho da partícula do fosfato bicálcico (fina ou granulada) e dos níveis de fósforo total sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte e sobre os teores de cálcio, fósforo e magnésio dos ossos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x2 com 3 níveis de fósforo total (0,5%; 0,6% e 0,7%) e duas granulometrias de fosfato bicálcico (fina e granulada). Foram utilizados 300 pintos de corte com um dia de idade, machos, da linhagem Cobb, alojados em baterias metálicas em 6 tratamentos com 5 repetições de 10 aves, totalizando 30 gaiolas dispostas em 6 baterias de 5 andares cada. Os resultados demonstraram que o uso do fosfato granulado resultou em melhor desempenho dos animais. Aves alimentadas com o nível de 0,5% de fósforo total apresentaram o pior desempenho, sendo que o nível de 0,6% proporcionou melhor desempenho das aves. As diferentes granulometrias do fosfato, não diferiram estatisticamente quanto a percentagem de matéria mineral, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio nos ossos.

Uso de Fosfato Bicálcico Granulado Sobre o Desempenho e Mineralização Óssea de Frangos de Corte

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effects of particle size of dicalcium phosphate (fine or granulated) and of the levels of total phosphorus on the performance of broilers and levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium of the bones. Three hundred one-day chicks, males, Cobb strain, were used in an experimental design involving six treatments in a factorial arrangement 2x3 (2 particles size of dicalcium phosphate and 3 phosphorus levels of 0,5%, 0,6% e 0,7%). It was concluded that the addition of granulated dicalcium phosphate resulted in a better performance. The level of 0,5% total phosphorus depressed body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion and level 0,6% showed better performance. Total bone ash and bone calcium were not affected by treatments, however, better bone phosphorus was found when the broilers received the diet with 0,7% total phosphorus. Particle size did not influence the content of ash, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium levels of the bone.

O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar os efeitos do tamanho da partícula do fosfato bicálcico (fina ou granulada) e dos níveis de fósforo total sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte e sobre os teores de cálcio, fósforo e magnésio dos ossos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x2 com 3 níveis de fósforo total (0,5%; 0,6% e 0,7%) e duas granulometrias de fosfato bicálcico (fina e granulada). Foram utilizados 300 pintos de corte com um dia de idade, machos, da linhagem Cobb, alojados em baterias metálicas em 6 tratamentos com 5 repetições de 10 aves, totalizando 30 gaiolas dispostas em 6 baterias de 5 andares cada. Os resultados demonstraram que o uso do fosfato granulado resultou em melhor desempenho dos animais. Aves alimentadas com o nível de 0,5% de fósforo total apresentaram o pior desempenho, sendo que o nível de 0,6% proporcionou melhor desempenho das aves. As diferentes granulometrias do fosfato, não diferiram estatisticamente quanto a percentagem de matéria mineral, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio nos ossos.

A comparison of sources of phosphorus for swine at different ages. I. Gestation and Lactation / Comparação de fontes de fósforo para suínos em diferentes idades. I. Gestação e lactação

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dicalcium phosphate, Tapira phosphate and monocalcium phophate for sows during gestation and lactation. The data were collected during four parities. The study involved sixty crossbred Landrace x Large White gilts with 135.6kg average weight and 8.3 months old. The experiment was a completely randomized block design with three treatments and ten replications. The experimental unity was represented by two gilts in both gestation and lactation periods. The statistical model included the effects oftreatments, blocks, cycles, animals and the treatment x cycles interaction. The basal diets were formulated to contain either 12%crude protein in gestation and 13% in lactation. Except for weight gains during gestation, productive performance traits were iqually (P> 0.05) effected by the different phosphorus sources. The Tapira phosphate and monocalcium phosphate appear adequate for sows in gestation and lactation, for all criteria measured, when compared with dicalcium phosphate.

Com o objetivo de comparar os efeitos do fosfato bicálcico, fosfato Tapira e fosfato monocálcico para marrãs durante a gestação e lactação, por 04 ciclos reprodutivos, foi conduzido um experimento no Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Suínos e Aves (CNPSA da EMBRAPA, em Concórdia, SC, envolvendo 60 animais Landrace x Large White, com peso médio inicial de 135,60 kg e 8,3 meses de idade, O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com 03 tratamentos e l0 blocos,onde a unidade experimental foi representada por duas celas, contendo uma marrã em cada, durante 04 ciclos reprodutivos. No modelo estatístico consideraram-se os efeitos de tratamento, blocos, ciclos e interações tratamento x ciclos. As rações, baseadas em milho e farelo de soja, continham 12% de proteína bruta (PB) na gestação e 13%na lactação. No período de gestação, os animais receberam 2,0 kg de ração/dia/porca, em duas refeições, e na lactação, à vontade, a partir da1ªsemana após a parição. À exceção do ganho de peso durante a gestação, o desempenho produtivo foi semelhante (P> 0,05) entre as três fontes de fósforo (bicálcico, monocálcico e Tapira) avaliadas.

A comparison of sources of phosphorus for swine at different ages. I. Gestation and Lactation / Comparação de fontes de fósforo para suínos em diferentes idades. I. Gestação e lactação

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dicalcium phosphate, Tapira phosphate and monocalcium phophate for sows during gestation and lactation. The data were collected during four parities. The study involved sixty crossbred Landrace x Large White gilts with 135.6kg average weight and 8.3 months old. The experiment was a completely randomized block design with three treatments and ten replications. The experimental unity was represented by two gilts in both gestation and lactation periods. The statistical model included the effects oftreatments, blocks, cycles, animals and the treatment x cycles interaction. The basal diets were formulated to contain either 12%crude protein in gestation and 13% in lactation. Except for weight gains during gestation, productive performance traits were iqually (P> 0.05) effected by the different phosphorus sources. The Tapira phosphate and monocalcium phosphate appear adequate for sows in gestation and lactation, for all criteria measured, when compared with dicalcium phosphate.

Com o objetivo de comparar os efeitos do fosfato bicálcico, fosfato Tapira e fosfato monocálcico para marrãs durante a gestação e lactação, por 04 ciclos reprodutivos, foi conduzido um experimento no Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Suínos e Aves (CNPSA da EMBRAPA, em Concórdia, SC, envolvendo 60 animais Landrace x Large White, com peso médio inicial de 135,60 kg e 8,3 meses de idade, O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com 03 tratamentos e l0 blocos,onde a unidade experimental foi representada por duas celas, contendo uma marrã em cada, durante 04 ciclos reprodutivos. No modelo estatístico consideraram-se os efeitos de tratamento, blocos, ciclos e interações tratamento x ciclos. As rações, baseadas em milho e farelo de soja, continham 12% de proteína bruta (PB) na gestação e 13%na lactação. No período de gestação, os animais receberam 2,0 kg de ração/dia/porca, em duas refeições, e na lactação, à vontade, a partir da1ªsemana após a parição. À exceção do ganho de peso durante a gestação, o desempenho produtivo foi semelhante (P> 0,05) entre as três fontes de fósforo (bicálcico, monocálcico e Tapira) avaliadas.