HPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics authentication of Taxus × media six tissues.

INTRODUCTION: Taxus media (Taxus × media Rehder) is renowned for its high paclitaxel content, serving as a major source for industrial paclitaxel production. In addition to paclitaxel, T. media contains a diverse range of metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which have been shown to possess antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. However, these compounds have not been thoroughly studied as key metabolites in T. media. OBJECTIVE: The untargeted metabolomics analysis of six T. media tissues provides new insights into the development and utilization of T. media metabolites. METHOD: The extracts from six tissues of T. media were analyzed and subjected to analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and chemometric techniques. RESULTS: Using a reliable HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS method, we identified 312 compounds in six T. media tissues, including 214 previously unreported in T. media. To identify characteristic compounds across different tissues, 34 metabolites were further screened. KEGG metabolic pathway analysis revealed that these compounds primarily occur in the metabolic pathways of terpene glycosides, flavans, and O-methylated flavonoids. CONCLUSION: This study initially utilized an HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach to assess the metabolites in different tissues of T. media, providing a basis for their utilization and management.

Class III Peroxidases in the Peach (Prunus persica): Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Analysis.

Class III peroxidases are plant-specific and play a key role in the response to biotic and abiotic stresses, as well as in plant growth and development. In this study, we investigated 60 POD genes from Prunus persica based on genomic and transcriptomic data available in NCBI and analysed the expression of individual genes with qPCR. Peroxidase genes were clustered into five subgroups using the phylogenetic analysis. Their exon-intron structure and conserved motifs were analysed. Analysis of the transcriptomic data showed that the expression of PpPOD genes varied significantly in different tissues, at different developmental stages and under different stress treatments. All genes were divided into low- and high-expressed genes, and the most highly expressed genes were identified for individual tissues (PpPOD12 and PpPOD42 in flower buds and PpPOD73, PpPOD12, PpPOD42, and PpPOD31 in fruits). The relationship between cold tolerance and the level of peroxidase expression was revealed. These studies were carried out for the first time in the peach and confirmed that chilling tolerance may be related to the specificity of antioxidant complex gene expression.

Metabolomics Analysis of Different Tissues of Lonicera japonica Thunb. Based on Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry.

Lonicera japonica Thunb. (LJT) has been widely used as medicines or food additives in Asian countries for thousands of years. The flower buds are often medicinally used, and the other tissues are ignored. However, flowers, leaves and stems have also been reported to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In the current study, un-targeted metabolomics analysis was performed to investigate the metabolic difference among different tissues (flowers, flower buds, stems and leaves) of LJT based on liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. A total of 171 metabolites were identified, including 28 flavonoids, 35 phenolic acids, 43 iridoids, 9 amino acids, 6 nucleotides, 16 fatty acids, 22 lipids and 12 others. Four new secondary metabolites were discovered. Some flavonoids and iridoids were not detected in leaves and stems. Principal component analysis showed significant differences among four different tissues. Some 27, 81, 113 differential metabolites were found between flowers/flower buds, leaves/flower buds, stems/flower buds, respectively. Primary metabolites showed a higher content in the flowers and flower buds. For the flavonoids, flavones were mainly accumulated in the leaves, flavonols were mainly accumulated in the flower buds, and acylated flavonol glucosides were mainly accumulated in the flowers. Most phenolic acids showed a higher content in the flowers or flower buds, while phenolic acid-glucosides showed significantly higher content in the flower buds. The most abundant iridoids in the LJT also showed a higher content in the flowers and flower buds. These results can provide new insights into the understanding of the metabolites changes in different tissues, and lay a theoretical foundation for the comprehensive utilization of LJT.

In vivo microelectrode monitoring of real-time hydrogen concentration in different tissues of rats after inhaling hydrogen gas.

Medical effects of hydrogen have been reported in many studies. Due to difficulties in measuring hydrogen concentration in vivo after intake and high explosive risks of hydrogen, studies about dose-response relationships and tissue concentrations of hydrogen are few. Here, for the first time, we monitored real-time hydrogen concentrations in different tissues in rats including brain, liver, spleen, kidney, thigh muscle, inguinal white adipose tissue, and gonadal white adipose tissue after inhaling different concentrations of hydrogen (4%, 42%, and 67%) using an electrochemical sensor. Hydrogen concentrations in the same tissue showed a dose-dependent response. The equilibrium concentration values were highest in the brain and lowest in the thigh muscle. The saturation and desaturation curves changed more slowly in the thigh muscle and white adipose tissues than in other tissues. These results provide fundamental information for the selection of hydrogen dose applications in basic research and clinical trials. The experiments were approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2020-1028) on March 18, 2020.

Synergistic effect of the responses of different tissues against African swine fever virus.

African swine fever is an acute, haemorrhagic fever and contagious disease of pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), which has a great impact on the pig farming industry and related international trade. Understanding the response processes of various tissues in pigs after ASFV infection may help to address current major concerns, such as the exploration of key genes for vaccine development, the cooperative mechanism of the host response and the possibility of establishing active herd immunity. ASFV is able to infect core tissues and is associated with acute death. RNA and protein samples were obtained and verified from five tissues, including the lung, spleen, liver, kidney and lymph nodes. Multiple duplicate samples were quantitatively analyzed by corresponding transcriptomic and proteomic comparison. The results showed that different tissues cooperated in responses to ASFV infection and coordinated the defence against ASFV in the form of an inflammatory cytokine storm and interferon activation. The lung and spleen were mainly involved (dominant) in the innate immune response pathway; the liver and kidney were involved in the metabolic regulatory pathway and the inflammatory response; and the lymph nodes cooperated with the liver to complete energy metabolism regulation. The key pathways and responsive genes in each tissue of the contracted pigs were comprehensively mapped by infectomics, providing further evidence to investigate the complicated tie between ASFV and host cells.

Health risk assessment and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Procambarus clarkii from six provinces of China.

Contamination with heavy metals in wild red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) from 7 different geographical areas in six provinces of China (Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Shandong) was evaluated. Concentrations of chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in the abdominal muscle, gonad, and hepatopancreas were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometer (AFS). Except for the Cd content in the hepatopancreas, the contents of selected heavy metals in three different tissues were significantly lower than the proposed limits provided by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The maximum accumulations of Cd and Pb were in the hepatopancreas, while the maximum accumulation of As was in the gonad, and the maximum accumulations of Hg and Cr were in the abdominal muscle. The highest contents of Cr, Hg, and Pb were all detected in Dongting Lake, Hunan, which was consistent with the trend of the metal pollution index (MPI). Risk value of the target hazard quotient (THQ) was below 1.0, suggesting that the intake of selected heavy metals through crayfish consumption would not pose a significant health risk to consumers.

Comparison of amino acid, 5'-nucleotide and lipid metabolism of oysters (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) captured in different seasons.

As an important aquaculture shellfish, the superior taste and high nutritional value of oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) have drawn extensive attention. In this study, twenty-one free amino acids (FAAs) and six 5'-nucleotides were evaluated through stable isotope labeling-liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (SIL-LC-MS/MS), and the lipid profile was explored using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive HF mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE/MS). The adductor muscle of the oyster possessed a high level of sweetness-related amino acids (Arg, Gly and Hyp) and 5'-nucleotides. A total of 149 lipid species were detected in different tissues of oysters, including 17 triacylglycerols (TAGs), 6 diacylglycerols (DAGs), 61 phosphatidylcholines (PCs), 29 phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), 11 lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), 8 lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs), and 1 lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI). FAAs, 5'-nucleotides and lipid profile in the digestive gland of oysters can be divided into three stages, from November to April, May to July, and August to October. The highest proportion of umami-taste amino acids and 5'-nucleotides appeared from March to May. The highest percentage of high unsaturation degree glyceride and phospholipids appeared in August and April, respectively. Thus, the results reported in this study are important for product development and sustainable exploitation in the future.

Selection and Verification of Appropriate Reference Genes for Expression Normalization in Cryptomeria fortunei under Abiotic Stress and Hormone Treatments.

Cryptomeria fortunei has become one of the main timber afforestation species in subtropical high-altitude areas of China due to its fast growth, good material quality, and strong adaptability, showing broad application prospects. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is the most accurate and widely used gene expression evaluation technique, and selecting appropriate reference genes (RGs) is essential for normalizing qRT-PCR results. However, suitable RGs for gene expression normalization in C. fortunei have not been reported. Here, we tested the expression stability for 12 RGs in C. fortunei under various experimental conditions (simulated abiotic stresses (cold, heat, drought, and salinity) and hormone treatments (methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and gibberellin) and in different tissues (stems, tender needles, needles, cones, and seeds) using four algorithms (delta Ct, geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper). Then, geometric mean rankings from these algorithms and the RefFinder program were used to comprehensively evaluate RG stability. The results indicated CYP, actin, UBC, and 18S as good choices for studying C. fortunei gene expression. qRT-PCR analysis of the expression patterns of three target genes (CAT and MAPK1/6) further verified that the selected RGs were suitable for gene expression normalization. This study provides an important basis for C. fortunei gene expression standardization and quantification.

Diversity and spatial distribution of endophytic fungi in Cinnamomum longepaniculatum of Yibin, China.

Cinnamomum longepaniculatum (Gamble) N. Chao is an important woody incense plant that contains volatile terpenoids and has been extensively cultivated in Yibin, China. However, the relationship between endophytic fungal diversity and C. longepaniculatum species remains unclear. Here, fungal taxa in different tissue samples were analyzed using Illumina-based sequencing of ITS1 region of fungal rDNA genes. Results showed that 476 OTUs were identified in all tissues of C. longepaniculatum, with 78 OTUs common among all tissues. Similarity cluster analysis indicated that these OTUs belong to 5 phyla and at least 18 genera, with a large number of OTUs remaining unidentified at family and genus levels. The fungal community in seeds exhibited the greatest richness and diversity, followed by those in branches, leaves, and roots, respectively. Unclassified Chaetosphaeriales (91.66%), Passalora (57.17%), and unclassified Ascomycota (58.79%) OTUs dominated in root, branch, and leaf communities, respectively, and other common groups in the branch community included unclassified Ascomycota (12.13%), Houjia (10.38%), and Pseudoveronaea (5.43%), whereas other common groups in leaf community included Passalora (11.43%) and Uwebraunia (8.58%). Meanwhile, the seed community was dominated by unclassified Ascomycota (16.98%), unclassified Pleosporaceae (15.46%), and Talaromyces (12.50%) and also included high proportions of unclassified Nectriaceae (7.68%), Aspergillus (6.95%), Pestalotiopsis (6.02%), and Paraconiothyrium (5.11%) and several seed-specific taxa, including Peniophora, Cryptodiscus, and Penicillium. These findings suggest that Yibin-native C. longepaniculatum harbors rich and diverse endophytic communities that may represent an underexplored reservoir of biological resources.

Genome-wide characterization and expression analyses of the auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) gene family in apple (Malus domestica).

Auxin is a necessary phytohormone for fruit development, accompanying the whole process of fruit growth and development. The Aux/IAA gene family is one of the early auxin-responsive gene families. At present, there were few reports involved in Aux/IAA genes in the fruit, especially in apple. In our study, we identified 42 MdAux/IAAs, phylogenetic analysis showed that Aux/IAA proteins from apple, tomato, and strawberry were clustered into 5 groups, 42 MdAux/IAAs randomly distributed on 13 chromosomes. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis of Aux/IAA gene family was completed, including gene structures, conserved motifs, phylogenetic analysis, chromosome mapping, orthologous identification, selection pressure analyses, synteny analysis, and protein interaction. We also tested the expression of MdAux/IAAs in different tissues and fruit development stages using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), we found that the most members of Aux/IAA showed higher expression in seeds compared within stem and leaves, indicating they may play a role in regulating fruit development. We also declared that the expression of Aux/IAA gene was not consistent in the pericarp and seeds at the same developmental stage, 3 MdAux/IAAs of the pericarp were upregulated over 20-fold at 90 d and 5 MdAux/IAAs of the seeds were upregulated over 40-fold at 90 d. It was MdAux/IAA23 that showed extreme up-regulated expression in both pericarp and seeds. This study proved that the Aux/IAA gene families may perform a different function in apple fruit development and ripening, more importantly, it provided a foundation for further exploring the biological function of these MdAux/IAAs.

A comparative UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS untargeted metabolomics investigation of different parts of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels.

In this study, the non-targeted large-scale plant metabolomics (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS) was performed for the comparison of chemical profiling of the leaves, barks, flowers, peels, pulps, and seeds of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels (called "wampee"). A total of 364 metabolites were identified, and 62 potential biomarkers were selected by the multivariate statistical analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis suggested that the selected biomarkers were significant differential metabolites among various parts of wampee. Metabolic pathway analysis showed a significant enrichment of the "Flavone and flavonol synthesis" and "Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis" pathway. This study provides important information for the isolation and identification of functional components from different tissues of wampee and the metabolic biosynthesis pathway elucidation in detail.

Genome-wide identification and expression profile of the sox gene family in different tissues and during embryogenesis in the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).

Sox transcription factors play essential roles in a variety of critical physiological processes. Still, members of the sox gene family have not yet been genome-wide identified in shrimps. In this study, a total of five members of the sox gene family were identified from the genome of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and classified into three subgroups based on the conserved HMG-box domain. Among them, three belong to the SoxB subgroup (one in B1 and two in B2), one in the SoxC subgroup, and one in the SoxE subgroup. The five sox genes had different sex-biased expression in some tissues. Sox21, soxB1, and sox14 had a higher expression in ovary than in testis. In comparison, sox4 had a male-biased specific expression in the gonad, hepatopancreas, gill, and eyestalk. There was no difference in soxE gene expression between testis and ovary. During embryonic development, the expression level of three sox genes (soxB1, sox21, and soxE) was higher in gastrulation stage compared to previous stages, declined in limb bud stage and then increased in intramembrane nauplius stage; the expression of sox4 was detected in blastula stage and continued to increase in the following two stages and then surged in intramembrane nauplius stage; the highest expression of sox14 was in the fertilized egg stage, and the expression level decreased with the development of the embryo. These results suggest that the shrimp sox gene family may be involved in gametogenesis, tridermogenesis, and neurogenesis.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Different Dendrobium Species Reveals Active Ingredients-Related Genes and Pathways.

Dendrobium is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, which contains many kinds of active ingredients. In recent years, many Dendrobium transcriptomes have been sequenced. Hence, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used with the gene expression profiles of active ingredients to identify the modules and genes that may associate with particular species and tissues. Three kinds of Dendrobium species and three tissues were sampled for RNA-seq to generate a high-quality, full-length transcriptome database. Based on significant changes in gene expression, we constructed co-expression networks and revealed 19 gene modules. Among them, four modules with properties correlating to active ingredients regulation and biosynthesis, and several hub genes were selected for further functional investigation. This is the first time the WGCNA method has been used to analyze Dendrobium transcriptome data. Further excavation of the gene module information will help us to further study the role and significance of key genes, key signaling pathways, and regulatory mechanisms between genes on the occurrence and development of medicinal components of Dendrobium.

Multi-component and antioxidant activities analysis in different parts of Sophora japonica / 中草药

Objective: To provide a basis for the rational use of Sophora japonica resources through comprehensive evaluation of different tissues and organs. Methods: The contents of rutin, narcissin, quercetin, isorhamnetin and heavy metals in the samples were detected by HPLC and ICP-OES. The Fe3+ reducing ability, DPPH free radical (DPPH•), ABTS free radical (ABTS•+) scavenging ability and total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) were detected by colorimetry. Then, cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were conducted by software of SPSS 20.0. Results: The total contents of four flavonoids in different tissues and organs of S. japonica were arranged as follows: flower buds > flowers > flower axis > leaves > branches. The order of antioxidant capacities was as follows: flower buds > flowers > flower axis > leaves > branches, which were positively correlated with the total contents of four flavonoids. The contents of five heavy metal elements in flowers and flower buds were within the limitation of the Green standards of medicinal plants and preparations for foreign trade and economy, while the Cd element in some leaves, flower axis and branches was beyond the standard. Flowers and flower buds were clustered into one type by CA, while flower axis, leaves and branches were clustered into another category. The two principal components (PC1 and PC2) were extracted from the eight variables by PCA, PC1 showed significant differences among different tissues and organs, and PC2 values showed large differences among batches. Conclusion: The flowers and flower buds of S. japonica showed an excellent qualities, including safe doses of heavy metals, rich flavonoids and outstanding antioxidant activities. In addition, the flower axis and leaves also contained high flavonoids and exhibited strong antioxidant activities, which had the value of further development and utilization.

Distribution of Volatile Compounds in Different Fruit Structures in Four Tomato Cultivars.

Distribution of volatile compounds in different fruit structures were analyzed in four tomato cultivars by headspace-solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 36 volatile compounds were identified in fruit samples, which were primarily aldehydes, hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, furans, esters, nitrogen compounds, and sulfur and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds. The volatile compositions in pericarp (PE), septa and columella (SC), locular gel and seeds (LS), and stem end (SE) tissues showed different profiles. The PE tissue showed the highest total volatile concentration due to a high abundance of aldehydes, especially cis-3-hexenal and benzaldehyde. Meanwhile, it showed higher aromatic proportion and herbaceous series intensity than other tissues. Floral and fruity series showed higher intensity in SC and LS tissues. The concentration of alcohols in the LS was higher than that in other tissues in association with the higher abundances of 2-methyl propanol, 3-methyl butanol, and 2-methyl butanol. However, the numbers and concentrations of volatile compounds, especially cis-3-hexenal, benzaldehyde, and geranyl acetone were lower in SE than in the other tissues, indicating less tomato aromas in SE. SE tissues were also lacking in floral and fruity characteristic compounds, such as geranyl acetone, 1-nitro-pentane, and 1-nitro-2-phenylethane. "FL 47" contained more volatile compounds than the other three, and the contents of aldehydes, ketones and oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds in the "Tygress" fruit were higher than the other cultivars.

Comprehensive relative quantitative metabolomics analysis of lycopodium alkaloids in different tissues of Huperzia serrata.

Qian ceng Ta, the whole plant of Huperzia serrata, is an important landscape and medicinal herbs and contains abundant bioactive lycopodium alkaloids. Although the structures of more than 100 lycopodium alkaloids in Huperzia serrata have been isolated and identified, the content and distribution of these alkaloids in different tissues are still unclear. In current study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based comprehensive metabolomics strategy was developed, including the extraction, separation, identification, and statistical analysis. The results showed that different types lycopodium alkaloids could be separated at different time-windows, which was helpful for further metabolite identification. Peak4388 and peak3954 were metabolite biomarkers for the different tissues according to the principle component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis model. A computational tool based in-house database was also built up and used for putative identification. Of the 2354 true peaks after four-step filtration, 118 peaks were putatively identified as lycopodium alkaloids by using in-house database, and four of which was identified by authentic standards. Alternatively, another computational software was used to predict the fragmentation pattern, to dereplicate the structure of identified peaks, and identified the peak3585 to N-methylhuperzine A. The integration of both computational tools could be used for more metabolites identification.

Dynamic changes in polyphenol compounds, antioxidant activity, and PAL gene expression in different tissues of buckwheat during germination.

BACKGROUND: There is a growing interest in buckwheat germination regarding the improvement of its health benefits. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of germination on polyphenol compounds, antioxidant activity, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene expression in different tissues (cotyledon, hypocotyl, and radicle) of buckwheat sprouts during germination for 12 days, as well as to investigate their interactions. RESULTS: Total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, main polyphenol components, and PAL gene expression significantly increased during germination. On day 12, the rutin content in cotyledons was elevated to 88.6 g kg-1 , which was 7.7-times and 39.4-times compared to those in buckwheat seeds and radicles, respectively. Meanwhile, chlorogenic acid in hypocotyls reached 7.84 g kg-1 , which was 36.3-fold higher than those in radicles. However, the PAL gene showed the highest expression in radicles. CONCLUSION: Present results showed that polyphenol compounds mainly accumulated in cotyledons and hypocotyls. There was a negative correlation between polyphenol compounds and PAL gene expression. The discrepancy suggested that polyphenol compounds might experience transportation within buckwheat sprouts. The study could provide useful information for further application of buckwheat in functional foods, and revelation of the correlation between bioactive components and related gene expressions. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Differential expression of subunits of 20ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase during gametogenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhychus mykiss).

The patterns of expression of two subunits of 20ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20ß-HSD), key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis and activation of steroid hormones, were examined in rainbow trout by using a combination of quantitative real-time PCR and in-situ hybridization. The expression of targeted genes was examined in mRNA extracted from different tissues at different gonadal stages in male and female trout. Both subunits of 20ß-HSD were found to be widely distributed in tissues. The highest expression of 20ß-HSD A was found in intestine followed by skin, stomach, liver and gills, whereas, the highest expression of 20ß-HSD B was observed in stomach followed by head kidney, ovary - at late vitellogenesis stage- and trunk kidney. In ovarian tissue 20ß-HSD A was highly expressed in mature oocytes, and the highest expression of 20ß-HSD B was in ovary at late vitellogenesis stage. There were no differences in the level of expression of either subunit among groups of rainbow trout at different stages of maturational competence. In male fish, 20ß-HSD A was highly expressed in testis stage I in contrast to 20ß-HSD B which was highly expressed in testis stage VIII. In situ- hybridization results showed that the 20ß-HSD gene was highly expressed in gastrointestinal organs, while only slightly expressed in the gonadal tissue of fish at stage 62day-post-fertilization (dpf). Overall, the results confirm the ubiquitous presence of 20ß-HSD among tissues in rainbow trout with relatively minor fluctuations in expression associated with reproductive cycles which collectively suggests a wider metabolic role of these enzymes than just an association with the synthesis of control hormones for reproduction.

Evaluation of MRI enhancement in different tissues of prostate using pharmacokinetic model / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To study the effect of MRI on the enhancement of normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer by pharmacokinetic model. Methods A total of 80 patients with prostate cancer diagnosed by pathological examination in Lishui Central Hospital from February 2015 to August 2016 were selected as the subjects in this study. 1.5T superconducting magnetic resonance imaging was used, the serial needle was FMPSPGR for enhanced scan of the prostate of the patient, interlayer was 2 mm and the thickness was 7 mm, continuous scanning was performed 35 times, after the elbow vein indwelling catheter, the Gd-DTPA was injected rapidly at the beginning of the scan according to the 0.1 mmol/kg dose. By scanning data, inspection data transfer and workstation for patients with scanning results were analyzed using two room pharmacokinetic model calculation of ROI, the patients of normal prostate peripheral zone, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer index, maximum enhancement of contrast agent distribution index, exchange rate, contrast absorption amplitude. Results After a series of calculation and analysis, the maximum enhancement index of prostate cancer, the distribution index of contrast agent, the contrast agent exchange rate and the contrast agent absorption index of prostate cancer were the highest. The maximum enhancement index, contrast agent distribution index, contrast agent exchange rate and contrast agent absorption index were significantly lower than those of prostate cancer, The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The indexes of normal prostate were significantly lower than those of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (P<0.05). Conclusion The application of drug evaluation pharmacokinetic model of prostate MRI in different tissues to enhancing effect on patients with prostate tumor and non tumor tissue blood supply characteristics more accurately describe and differentiate, to improve the accuracy of identification and diagnosis of prostate in clinical treatment in a certain extent, with further clinical promotion and application significance.

Microwave ablation of ex vivo bovine tissues using a dual slot antenna with a floating metallic sleeve.

PURPOSE: To study the efficiency of a dual slot antenna with a floating metallic sleeve on the ablation of different ex vivo bovine tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: COMSOL Multiphysics® version 4.4 (Stockholm, Sweden), which is based on finite element methods (FEM), was used to design and simulate monopole and dual slot with sleeve antennas. Power, specific absorption rate (SAR), temperature and necrosis distributions in the selected tissues were determined using these antennas. Monopole and dual slot with sleeve antennas were designed, simulated, constructed and applied in this study based on a semi-rigid coaxial cable. Ex vivo experiments were performed on liver, lung, muscle and heart of bovine obtained from a public animal slaughter house. The microwave energy was delivered using a 2.45 GHz solid-state microwave generator at 40 W for 3, 5 and 10 min. Aspect ratio, ablation length and ablation diameter were also determined on ablated tissues and compared with simulated results. Student's t-test was used to compare the statistically significant difference between the performance of the two antennas. RESULTS: The dual slot antenna with sleeve produces localised microwave energy better than the monopole antenna in all ablated tissues using simulation and experimental validation methods. There were significant differences in ablation diameter and aspect ratio between the sleeve antenna and monopole antenna. Additionally, there were no significant differences between the simulation and experimental results. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the dual slot antenna with sleeve produced larger ablation zones and higher sphericity index in ex vivo bovine tissues with minimal backward heating when compared with the monopole antenna.