A Three-Year Study on the Nutritional Composition and Occurrence of Mycotoxins of Corn Varieties with Different Transgenic Events Focusing on Poultry Nutrition.

Corn is one of the most produced cereals in the world and plays a major role in poultry nutrition. As there is limited scientific information regarding the impact of transgenic technology on the quality and nutrient composition of the grains, this study investigated the effect of three major transgenic corn varieties-VT PRO3®, PowerCore® ULTRA, and Agrisure® Viptera 3-on the field traits, nutrient composition, and mycotoxin contamination of corn grains cultivated in southern Brazil during three consecutive harvests. VT PRO3®, while demonstrating superior crop yield, showed susceptibility to mycotoxins, particularly fumonisins. In contrast, PowerCore® ULTRA, with the lowest yield, consistently exhibited lower levels of fumonisins. VT PRO3® had higher AMEn than the other varieties, while PowerCore® ULTRA had the highest total and digestible amino acid contents over the three years. The study's comprehensive analysis reveals the distinct impact of transgenic corn technologies on both productivity and nutritional levels. Balancing the crops yield, mycotoxin resistance, and nutritional content of corn is crucial to meet the demands of the poultry feed industry. Such insights are essential for decision-making, ensuring sustainability and efficiency in agricultural production as well as meeting the demands of the poultry industry.

Comparison of digestible and metabolizable energy and digestible phosphorus and amino acid content of corn ethanol coproducts from Brazil and the United States produced using fiber separation technology for swine.

Three experiments (exp.) were conducted to determine and compare the digestibility of nutrients and energy of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from the United States (USDDGS), a dried mixture of corn bran with solubles (CBS) from Brazil (BRCBS), and high protein corn distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) from the United States (USHPDG) and Brazil (BRHPDG) in growing pigs. The feed ingredients were evaluated for apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract, neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF and ADF, respectively), and digestible and metabolizable energy (DE and ME, respectively) using the total collection and index methods in exp. 1; ATTD and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in exp. 2; and apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibilities of CP and amino acids (AA) in exp. 3. Fifty crossbred barrows (32.4 ± 6.9, 38.3 ± 5.2, and 46.2 ± 5.3 kg body weight [BW], in exp. 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were fed a corn basal diet in exp. 1, a P-free diet in exp. 2, and an N-free diet in exp. 3 or diets with 40% inclusion of test ingredients to provide 10 replications per treatment. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism cages (exp. 1) or in pens (exp. 2 and 3) and fed at 2.8 times the maintenance DE requirement (110 kcal/kg BW0.75) based on their BW at the beginning of each experiment. Except for ATTD of NDF, which tended (P = 0.058) to be greater by the index method compared with the total collection method, no difference between the total collection and index methods was observed for ATTD of remaining nutrients and DE. The ATTD of DM, GE, NDF, and DE content of BRHPDG were greater (P < 0.001) than USHPDG, BRCBS, and USDDGS. The AID of CP, Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Thr, and Val and the SID of His, Leu, Lys, and Val of BRHPDG were 8% to 36% greater (P < 0.05) than those from USHPDG. Except for Trp, all AID and SID AA values were greater (P < 0.05) in BRHPDG than in USHPDG. The ATTD of DM, GE, NDF, and ADF; DE and ME content; AID of CP, Arg, Ile, Leu, Phe, Thr, and Trp; and SID of CP, Arg, Phe, and Thr of USDDGS were 9% to 45% greater (P < 0.05) than those in BRCBS. The ATTD and the STTD of P in USHPDG and USDDGS were 26% to 42% greater (P < 0.05) compared with BRHPDG and BRCBS. In conclusion, BRHPDG had a greater digestibility of energy and most of the AA than USHPDG, while the BRCBS evaluated had lower nutritional value than the USDDGS source.

Amino Acid Digestibility of Feed Ingredients in Cecectomized Adult Roosters

A digestibility assay was conducted in order to determine the digestibility coefficients (DC) of amino acids of feed ingredients in cecectomized adult roosters. In total 48 cecectomized adult roosters were used to assess the coefficient of digestibility of 7 ingredients: corn, soybean meal, soybean concentrate, corn gluten meal, wheat bran, peanut meal, and feather meal. Each ingredient was replicated six times and a group of 6 rooster was used to measure endogenous amino acid losses. After 48 hours of fasting, the roosters were tube fed 20g of ingredients tested twice during a day. At 12 hour-intervals excreta and endogenous losses were collected and immediately freeze-dried for further chemical analysis. At the end of the assay, excreta were weighed and samples of ingredients, excreta, and endogenous losses were pooled and analysed for dry matter, nitrogen and amino acid content. The coefficients of indispensable amino acids for the most feed ingredients assessed in the current research were similar to published literature like AMINODat®5.0 and the 4th edition of the Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine, except feather meal, in which only digestible Trp and Thr content were similar to literature. Particularly, the coefficients for some amino acids like Arg and Gly exhibited large discrepancies from literature in almost all the feed ingredients assessed herein. In general, using cecectomized adult roosters proved to be a reliable technique to assess the digestibility of feed ingredients used in poultry diets.

Amino Acid Digestibility of Feed Ingredients in Cecectomized Adult Roosters

A digestibility assay was conducted in order to determine the digestibility coefficients (DC) of amino acids of feed ingredients in cecectomized adult roosters. In total 48 cecectomized adult roosters were used to assess the coefficient of digestibility of 7 ingredients: corn, soybean meal, soybean concentrate, corn gluten meal, wheat bran, peanut meal, and feather meal. Each ingredient was replicated six times and a group of 6 rooster was used to measure endogenous amino acid losses. After 48 hours of fasting, the roosters were tube fed 20g of ingredients tested twice during a day. At 12 hour-intervals excreta and endogenous losses were collected and immediately freeze-dried for further chemical analysis. At the end of the assay, excreta were weighed and samples of ingredients, excreta, and endogenous losses were pooled and analysed for dry matter, nitrogen and amino acid content. The coefficients of indispensable amino acids for the most feed ingredients assessed in the current research were similar to published literature like AMINODat®5.0 and the 4th edition of the Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine, except feather meal, in which only digestible Trp and Thr content were similar to literature. Particularly, the coefficients for some amino acids like Arg and Gly exhibited large discrepancies from literature in almost all the feed ingredients assessed herein. In general, using cecectomized adult roosters proved to be a reliable technique to assess the digestibility of feed ingredients used in poultry diets.(AU)

Threonine to lysine ratio in diets of tambaqui juveniles (Colossoma macropomum) / Relação da treonina com a lisina em dietas para juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum)

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal digestible threonine to lysine ratios in diets of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juveniles. Five-hundred fish with a mean ± SE initial weight of 2.16 ± 0.03 g were used in a completely randomized design, consisting of four treatments, five replicates per treatment, and 25 fish per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of four isoenergetic, isophosphoric, isocalcic, and isolisinic (1.45%) diets, consisting of a basal diet supplemented with four L-threonine levels (1.013, 1.085, 1.158, and 1.230%), resulting in different threonine to lysine ratios (70, 75, 80, and 85%). Fish were maintained in twenty 500-L aquaria with independent water supply, drainage, and aeration systems, and were fed to apparent satiation six times a day for 45 days. Performance, feed efficiency, daily protein and fat deposition, body moisture content, and nitrogen retention efficiency of fish were evaluated. The digestible threonine intake increased linearly, and the efficiency of threonine for weight gain decreased quadratically, with increasing digestible threonine to lysine ratios. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed:gain ratio, protein efficiency for weight gain, and nitrogen retention efficiency of fish increased in a quadratic manner with increasing digestible threonine to lysine ratios up to the levels of 75.96, 76.06, 76.36, 76.47, and 74.02%, respectively. It was concluded that the digestible threonine to lysine ratio for use in diets of juvenile tambaqui to achieve optimal performance and nitrogen retention efficiency is 76 and 74%, respectively, which corresponds to a digestible threonine level of 1.102 and 1.073%.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar a relação da treonina com a lisina digestível em dietas para juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Utilizaram-se 500 peixes com peso inicial de 2,16 ± 0,03 g distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições por tratamento e vinte e cinco peixes por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro dietas experimentais isoenergéticas, isofosfóricas, isocálcicas e isolisínicas digestíveis (1,45%), sendo uma basal suplementada com três níveis de L-treonina (1,013%; 1,085%; 1,158% e 1,230%), resultando em diferentes relações da treonina com a lisina digestível (70%, 75%, 80% e 85%). Os peixes foram mantidos em 20 aquários de polietileno com capacidade de 500 L, equipados com sistemas individuais de abastecimento de água, drenagem e aeração. As dietas foram ofertadas até a saciedade aparente, em seis refeições diárias durante 45 dias. Avaliaram-se variáveis de desempenho, eficiência alimentar, deposições diárias de proteína e gordura corporais e a eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio dos peixes. O consumo de treonina digestível aumentou linearmente e a eficiência de treonina para o ganho de peso reduziu de forma quadrática, em função da elevação da relação treonina com a lisina digestível. O ganho de peso, a taxa de crescimento específico, a conversão alimentar, a eficiência de proteína para o ganho de peso e a eficiência dos peixes na retenção do nitrogênio, aumentaram de forma quadrática com a elevação da relação treonina com a lisina digestível até os níveis de 75,96%, 76,06%, 76,36%, 76,47% e 74,02%, respectivamente. A deposição de gordura corporal reduziu linearmente com a elevação da relação da treonina com a lisina digestível. Concluiu-se que a relação da treonina com a lisina digestível em dietas para juvenis de tambaqui para otimizar o desempenho e a eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio é de 76 e 74%, que correspondem aos...(AU)

Optimal standardized ileal digestible arginine to lysine ratio for Japanese quails in the egg-laying phase

This study was conducted to determine the optimal standardized ileal digestible arginine to lysine (SID Arg:Lys) ratio for Japanese quails in the egg-laying phase. A total of two hundred forty-five 35-week-old Japanese quails (181 ± 1.30 g initial body weight) were randomly assigned to five treatment groups with seven replicates of seven quails. Graded levels of L-Arginine were added to a basal diet in order to produce five SID Arg:Lys ratios (101, 106, 111, 116 and 121%). Collected data were analyzed as one-way ANOVA and optimal ratio was estimated using polynomial regression model (linear and quadratic) based on performance traits. Statistical differences were considered for p<0.05. Graded SID Arg:Lys ratios did not affect performance traits assessed. Based on results, the SID Arg:Lys ratio of 101% is sufficient to warrant proper performance of Japanese quails in the egg-laying phase.(AU)

Optimal standardized ileal digestible arginine to lysine ratio for Japanese quails in the egg-laying phase

This study was conducted to determine the optimal standardized ileal digestible arginine to lysine (SID Arg:Lys) ratio for Japanese quails in the egg-laying phase. A total of two hundred forty-five 35-week-old Japanese quails (181 ± 1.30 g initial body weight) were randomly assigned to five treatment groups with seven replicates of seven quails. Graded levels of L-Arginine were added to a basal diet in order to produce five SID Arg:Lys ratios (101, 106, 111, 116 and 121%). Collected data were analyzed as one-way ANOVA and optimal ratio was estimated using polynomial regression model (linear and quadratic) based on performance traits. Statistical differences were considered for p<0.05. Graded SID Arg:Lys ratios did not affect performance traits assessed. Based on results, the SID Arg:Lys ratio of 101% is sufficient to warrant proper performance of Japanese quails in the egg-laying phase.

Standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement of white commercial layers in peak egg production / Níveis de lisina digestível em rações para galinhas poedeiras leves no pico de produção

This study was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) requirements for white commercial layers in peak egg production phase. A total of two hundred eighty-eight 24 week-old Hy-Line W-36 layers were randomly assigned to one of six treatments groups, with eight replicates of six hens each. A basal diet, SID Lys-deficient, was graded supplemented with L-Lysine HCl (78.4%) in order to produce experimental treatments (6.0, 6.6, 7.2, 7.8, 8.4 and 9.0 g SID Lys/kg diet). Throughout the 16-week-feeding trial (24 to 40 weeks of age) hens had free access to water and mash feed. Data were analyzed as one-way ANOVA and optimum SID Lys level for each dependent variable assessed were estimated using polynomial and linear broken-line regression model. Feed intake and SID Lys intake were both linearly enhanced by graded SID Lys levels. According to linear broken-line regression model, the breakpoint for egg production, egg weight, and egg mass occurred at 8.14, 8.56 and 8.35 g SID Lys/kg diet, respectively. The breakpoint for feed conversion per egg mass (kg/kg) and per dozen of eggs (kg/dozen) occurred at 8.48 and 7.80 g SID Lys/kg diet, respectively. Eggshell weight and albumen weight were unaffected by dietary SID Lys supply. Weight gain and yolk weight reached optimum values at 8.33 and 8.03 g SID Lys/kg diet, respectively, according to linear broken-line regression model. In conclusion, SID Lys requirement for white commercial layers in peak egg production phase is 8.48 g/kg diet, which corresponds to an average daily SID Lys intake of 813 mg/hen.

Este estudo foi realizado para determinar a exigência de lisina digestível para galinhas poedeiras leves no pico de postura. Foram utilizadas 288 poedeiras Hy Line W-36 durante o período de 24 a 40 semanas de idade. As poedeiras foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis níveis de lisina digestível (6,0; 6,6; 7,2; 7,8; 8,4 e 9,0 g/kg de ração), oito repetições e seis aves por unidade experimental. Os níveis de lisina digestível na ração proporcionaram aumento linear do consumo de ração e de lisina digestível. O modelo Linear Response Plateau (LRP) foi o que melhor representou a distribuição dos dados para produção e peso dos ovos, ocorrendo os platôs nos níveis de lisina digestível de 8,14 e 8,56 g/kg, respectivamente. Para massa dos ovos e conversões alimentares por massa e por dúzia de ovos, os platôs ocorreram nos níveis de 8,35; 8,48 e 7,80 g/kg de lisina digestível, respectivamente. Os pesos de casca e de albúmen não foram influenciados pelos níveis de lisina da ração. O ganho de peso das aves e o peso de gema atingiram, respectivamente, os platôs nos níveis de 8,33 e 8,03 g/kg de lisina digestível. A exigência de lisina digestível para galinhas poedeiras leves no pico de postura é de 8,48 g/kg de ração, que corresponde ao consumo diário de lisina digestível de 813 mg/ave.

Threonine to lysine ratio in diets of tambaqui juveniles (Colossoma macropomum) / Relação da treonina com a lisina em dietas para juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum)

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal digestible threonine to lysine ratios in diets of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juveniles. Five-hundred fish with a mean ± SE initial weight of 2.16 ± 0.03 g were used in a completely randomized design, consisting of four treatments, five replicates per treatment, and 25 fish per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of four isoenergetic, isophosphoric, isocalcic, and isolisinic (1.45%) diets, consisting of a basal diet supplemented with four L-threonine levels (1.013, 1.085, 1.158, and 1.230%), resulting in different threonine to lysine ratios (70, 75, 80, and 85%). Fish were maintained in twenty 500-L aquaria with independent water supply, drainage, and aeration systems, and were fed to apparent satiation six times a day for 45 days. Performance, feed efficiency, daily protein and fat deposition, body moisture content, and nitrogen retention efficiency of fish were evaluated. The digestible threonine intake increased linearly, and the efficiency of threonine for weight gain decreased quadratically, with increasing digestible threonine to lysine ratios. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed:gain ratio, protein efficiency for weight gain, and nitrogen retention efficiency of fish increased in a quadratic manner with increasing digestible threonine to lysine ratios up to the levels of 75.96, 76.06, 76.36, 76.47, and 74.02%, respectively. It was concluded that the digestible threonine to lysine ratio for use in diets of juvenile tambaqui to achieve optimal performance and nitrogen retention efficiency is 76 and 74%, respectively, which corresponds to a digestible threonine level of 1.102 and 1.073%.

Objetivou-se determinar a relação da treonina com a lisina digestível em dietas para juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Utilizaram-se 500 peixes com peso inicial de 2,16 ± 0,03 g distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições por tratamento e vinte e cinco peixes por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro dietas experimentais isoenergéticas, isofosfóricas, isocálcicas e isolisínicas digestíveis (1,45%), sendo uma basal suplementada com três níveis de L-treonina (1,013%; 1,085%; 1,158% e 1,230%), resultando em diferentes relações da treonina com a lisina digestível (70%, 75%, 80% e 85%). Os peixes foram mantidos em 20 aquários de polietileno com capacidade de 500 L, equipados com sistemas individuais de abastecimento de água, drenagem e aeração. As dietas foram ofertadas até a saciedade aparente, em seis refeições diárias durante 45 dias. Avaliaram-se variáveis de desempenho, eficiência alimentar, deposições diárias de proteína e gordura corporais e a eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio dos peixes. O consumo de treonina digestível aumentou linearmente e a eficiência de treonina para o ganho de peso reduziu de forma quadrática, em função da elevação da relação treonina com a lisina digestível. O ganho de peso, a taxa de crescimento específico, a conversão alimentar, a eficiência de proteína para o ganho de peso e a eficiência dos peixes na retenção do nitrogênio, aumentaram de forma quadrática com a elevação da relação treonina com a lisina digestível até os níveis de 75,96%, 76,06%, 76,36%, 76,47% e 74,02%, respectivamente. A deposição de gordura corporal reduziu linearmente com a elevação da relação da treonina com a lisina digestível. Concluiu-se que a relação da treonina com a lisina digestível em dietas para juvenis de tambaqui para otimizar o desempenho e a eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio é de 76 e 74%, que correspondem aos...

Avaliação nutricional e energética da soja integral tostada para frangos de corte / Nutritional and energetic evaluation of toasted full-fat soybean for broilers

Objetivou-se determinar a composição química, os valores energéticos e os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal verdadeira de aminoácidos de sojas integrais tostadas de cinco regiões. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 288 pintos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb 500, com 13 dias de idade e peso médio de 420,0±5,0g. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (cinco sojas integrais e uma ração referência) e oito repetições de seis aves. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados 288 frangos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb 500, com 24 dias de idade e peso médio de 865,0±20,0g. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (cinco sojas integrais e uma ração isenta de proteína à base de amido) e oito repetições de seis aves. Não houve diferença em relação aos teores de EMAn e de CEMAn (P>0,05) entre as sojas integrais. Os valores médios de EMAn, CEMAn situaram-se entre 3152 e 3399kcal/kg e 61,15 e 65,08%, respectivamente. No entanto, houve diferença (P<0,05) entre os CAE, CANE e CPB das sojas integrais, e a amostra cinco obteve os menores valores. Os valores médios para os CAE e CANE da soja integral são de 88,96% e 87,53%, respectivamente.(AU)

The goal of this paper was to determine the chemical composition, the energy values and the amino acid true ileal digestibility coefficients of toasted full-fat soybeans from 5 regions. In the first experiment, 288 chicken broilers from Cobb 500 lineage with 13 days old and average weight of 420.0±5.0g were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments (5 full-fat soybean diets and 1 basal diet) and 8 replicates of 6 birds. In the second experiment, 288 chicken broilers from Cobb 500 lineage with 24 days old and average weight of 865.0±20.0g were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments (5 full-fat soybean diets and 1 protein-free diet based on starch) and 8 replicates of 6 birds. There was no difference regarding the AMEn and AMECn contents (P>0.05) among the full-fat soybeans. The average values of AMEn, AMECn were between 3152-3399 kcal/kg and 61.15 to 65.08%, respectively. However, there were differences (P<0.05) between CEA, CENA and CPC of full-fat soybeans, and sample 5 obtained the lowest values. The average values for CEA and CENA of the full-fat soybean are 88.96% and 87.53%, respectively.(AU)

Avaliação nutricional e energética da soja integral tostada para frangos de corte / Nutritional and energetic evaluation of toasted full-fat soybean for broilers

Objetivou-se determinar a composição química, os valores energéticos e os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal verdadeira de aminoácidos de sojas integrais tostadas de cinco regiões. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 288 pintos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb 500, com 13 dias de idade e peso médio de 420,0±5,0g. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (cinco sojas integrais e uma ração referência) e oito repetições de seis aves. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados 288 frangos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb 500, com 24 dias de idade e peso médio de 865,0±20,0g. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (cinco sojas integrais e uma ração isenta de proteína à base de amido) e oito repetições de seis aves. Não houve diferença em relação aos teores de EMAn e de CEMAn (P>0,05) entre as sojas integrais. Os valores médios de EMAn, CEMAn situaram-se entre 3152 e 3399kcal/kg e 61,15 e 65,08%, respectivamente. No entanto, houve diferença (P<0,05) entre os CAE, CANE e CPB das sojas integrais, e a amostra cinco obteve os menores valores. Os valores médios para os CAE e CANE da soja integral são de 88,96% e 87,53%, respectivamente.(AU)

The goal of this paper was to determine the chemical composition, the energy values and the amino acid true ileal digestibility coefficients of toasted full-fat soybeans from 5 regions. In the first experiment, 288 chicken broilers from Cobb 500 lineage with 13 days old and average weight of 420.0±5.0g were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments (5 full-fat soybean diets and 1 basal diet) and 8 replicates of 6 birds. In the second experiment, 288 chicken broilers from Cobb 500 lineage with 24 days old and average weight of 865.0±20.0g were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments (5 full-fat soybean diets and 1 protein-free diet based on starch) and 8 replicates of 6 birds. There was no difference regarding the AMEn and AMECn contents (P>0.05) among the full-fat soybeans. The average values of AMEn, AMECn were between 3152-3399 kcal/kg and 61.15 to 65.08%, respectively. However, there were differences (P<0.05) between CEA, CENA and CPC of full-fat soybeans, and sample 5 obtained the lowest values. The average values for CEA and CENA of the full-fat soybean are 88.96% and 87.53%, respectively.(AU)

Digestible Methionine + Cysteine-to-Lysine Ideal Ratio for Meat-Type Quails at Initial Phase

This trial was performed to determine the ideal ratio of digestible methionine + cysteine (Met/Lys) with digestible lysine for meat-type quails from 1 to 14 days of age. A total of six hundred thirty, one-day-old, not sexed meat type quails were randomly assigned to six groups of treatments, each one with seven replicates and fifteen quails per experimental unit. A basal diet, methionine + cysteine-deficient, was graded supplemented with DL-Methionine (0.108; 0.169; 0.230; 0.291; 0.352 and 0.413%) to obtain the treatments, represented by six digestible Met/Lys ratios (0.60; 0.65; 0.70; 0.75; 0.80 and 0.85). Data was analyzed using ANOVA and polynomial regression and broken-line models were used to estimate the digestible Met/Lys ideal ratio, considering adjust of data to both models. Statistical significance was considered when p0.05. Feed intake, weight gain and final body weight was linearly increased as dig. Met/Lys ratio increased. Feeding conversion was improved with increasing in dig. Met/Lys ratios. A quadratic response on feathering percentage was observed with increasing dig. Met/Lys ratios. Digestible Met/Lys ratio which, maximized feathering percentage in meat-type quails, was 0.74. According to linear broken-line model, dig. Met/Lys ratio estimated for optimum feed intake, weight gain, final body weight and feeding conversion were, respectively, 0.66; 0.71; 0.71 and 0.74. The dig. Met/Lys ideal ratio for meat-type quails from one to 14 days of age is 0.74.

Optimum Digestible Valine to Lysine Ratio for Meat-Type Quails from 15 to 35 Days of Age

This study was conducted to estimate the dig. valine to lysine (Val:Lys) ideal ratio for meat-type quails from 15 to 35 d of age. A total of 385, 15-day-old not sexed quails, were randomly assigned to five treatments, each one seven times replicated with eleven quails per experimental unit. Experimental treatments consisted of five dig. Val:Lys ratios (0.65; 0.70; 0.75; 0.80 and 0.85). Ideal dig. Val:Lys ratio was estimated using polynomial regression and linear broken-line regression model. Significant effect was considered when p0.05. Feed conversion ratio was not affected by dig. Val:Lys ratios in any of the assessed phases. From 15 to 21 d of age Val:Lys ratios increased linearly feed intake, weight gain and body weight. From 15 to 28 d of age, weight gain and body weight were both optimized by the Val:Lys ratio of 0.77. A linear effect of dig. Val:Lys ratios was observed on weight gain and final body weight from 15 to 35 d of age. From 15 to 35 d of age, according to linear broken-line regression model, the dig. Val:Lys ideal ratios for optimum final body weight and weight gain were 0.77 and 0.76, respectively. Based on the results the estimated dig. Val:Lys ratio for optimum meat-type quail performance from 15 to 35 d of age is 0.77

Digestible Methionine + Cysteine-to-Lysine Ideal Ratio for Meat-Type Quails at Initial Phase

This trial was performed to determine the ideal ratio of digestible methionine + cysteine (Met/Lys) with digestible lysine for meat-type quails from 1 to 14 days of age. A total of six hundred thirty, one-day-old, not sexed meat type quails were randomly assigned to six groups of treatments, each one with seven replicates and fifteen quails per experimental unit. A basal diet, methionine + cysteine-deficient, was graded supplemented with DL-Methionine (0.108; 0.169; 0.230; 0.291; 0.352 and 0.413%) to obtain the treatments, represented by six digestible Met/Lys ratios (0.60; 0.65; 0.70; 0.75; 0.80 and 0.85). Data was analyzed using ANOVA and polynomial regression and broken-line models were used to estimate the digestible Met/Lys ideal ratio, considering adjust of data to both models. Statistical significance was considered when p0.05. Feed intake, weight gain and final body weight was linearly increased as dig. Met/Lys ratio increased. Feeding conversion was improved with increasing in dig. Met/Lys ratios. A quadratic response on feathering percentage was observed with increasing dig. Met/Lys ratios. Digestible Met/Lys ratio which, maximized feathering percentage in meat-type quails, was 0.74. According to linear broken-line model, dig. Met/Lys ratio estimated for optimum feed intake, weight gain, final body weight and feeding conversion were, respectively, 0.66; 0.71; 0.71 and 0.74. The dig. Met/Lys ideal ratio for meat-type quails from one to 14 days of age is 0.74.(AU)

Optimum Digestible Valine to Lysine Ratio for Meat-Type Quails from 15 to 35 Days of Age

This study was conducted to estimate the dig. valine to lysine (Val:Lys) ideal ratio for meat-type quails from 15 to 35 d of age. A total of 385, 15-day-old not sexed quails, were randomly assigned to five treatments, each one seven times replicated with eleven quails per experimental unit. Experimental treatments consisted of five dig. Val:Lys ratios (0.65; 0.70; 0.75; 0.80 and 0.85). Ideal dig. Val:Lys ratio was estimated using polynomial regression and linear broken-line regression model. Significant effect was considered when p0.05. Feed conversion ratio was not affected by dig. Val:Lys ratios in any of the assessed phases. From 15 to 21 d of age Val:Lys ratios increased linearly feed intake, weight gain and body weight. From 15 to 28 d of age, weight gain and body weight were both optimized by the Val:Lys ratio of 0.77. A linear effect of dig. Val:Lys ratios was observed on weight gain and final body weight from 15 to 35 d of age. From 15 to 35 d of age, according to linear broken-line regression model, the dig. Val:Lys ideal ratios for optimum final body weight and weight gain were 0.77 and 0.76, respectively. Based on the results the estimated dig. Val:Lys ratio for optimum meat-type quail performance from 15 to 35 d of age is 0.77(AU)

Canola meal on starting pigs feeding / Farelo de canola na alimentação de suínos na fase inicial

Three experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional values and evaluate the performance of piglets fed on canola meal. In experiment I, a digestibility assay was conducted using fourteen barrow pigs, with an initial body weight of 20.62±3.30 kg. The evaluated feedstuff was canola meal, with a level of 250 g/kg in the basal diet (corn + soybean meal-based). The experimental unit consisted of one pig, with a total of seven experimental units per diet. The values as (fed basis) of digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy of canola meal were 2,995 kcal/kg and 2,796 kcal/kg, respectively. In experiment II, ileal digestibility assays were carried out to determine the apparent and true ileal digestibility coefficient and digestible amino acids. Three crossbred pigs were used, with a BW of 38.6±1.98 kg. The treatments consisted of two diets, with a single source of protein (canola meal) and one protein-free diet (OFD). The values of digestible amino acids in canola meal were as follows: lysine: 11.8 g/kg; methionine+cystine: 9.1 g/kg; threonine: 7.9 g/kg; tryptophan: 2.4 g/kg; leucine: 15.7 g/kg; and isoleucine: 8.7 g/kg. In experiment III, 60 piglets (BW= 15.08±0.72 kg to 30.26±2.78 kg) were allotted in a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of four diets with increasing levels of canola meal (50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg), six replicates and...(AU)

Foram conduzidos três experimentos com o objetivo de determinar o valor nutricional e avaliar o desempenho de leitões alimentados com farelo de canola (FC). No Experimento I foi conduzido um ensaio de digestibilidade total com 14 suínos mestiços de linhagem comercial, machos castrados, com 20,32±3,30 kg de PV inicial. O alimento teste foi o farelo de canola, com o nível de 250 g/kg na ração referência (milho + farelo de soja). Cada suíno constituiu uma unidade experimental, totalizando sete unidades experimentais por ração. Os valores de energia digestível (ED) e energia metabolizável (EM) na matéria natural para o FC foram 2995 kcal/kg e 2796 kcal/kg respectivamente. No Experimento II foi conduzido um ensaio para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente e verdadeira e aminoácidos digestíveis. Foram utilizados três suínos canulados com 38,6±1,98 kg de PV. Os tratamentos consistiram em duas dietas, uma dieta contendo FC como única fonte de proteína e uma dieta isenta de proteína. Os valores de aminoácidos digestíveis do FC foram: lisina: 11,8 g/kg, metionina+cistina: 9,1 g/kg e treonina: 7,9 g/kg, triptofano: 2,4 g/kg; leucina: 15,7 g/kg e isoleucina: 8,7 g/kg. No Experimento III foram utilizados 60 leitões, com peso vivo inicial de 15,08±0,72 kg e final de 30,26±2,78 kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizados. Os tratamentos...(AU)

Canola meal on starting pigs feeding / Farelo de canola na alimentação de suínos na fase inicial

Three experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional values and evaluate the performance of piglets fed on canola meal. In experiment I, a digestibility assay was conducted using fourteen barrow pigs, with an initial body weight of 20.62±3.30 kg. The evaluated feedstuff was canola meal, with a level of 250 g/kg in the basal diet (corn + soybean meal-based). The experimental unit consisted of one pig, with a total of seven experimental units per diet. The values as (fed basis) of digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy of canola meal were 2,995 kcal/kg and 2,796 kcal/kg, respectively. In experiment II, ileal digestibility assays were carried out to determine the apparent and true ileal digestibility coefficient and digestible amino acids. Three crossbred pigs were used, with a BW of 38.6±1.98 kg. The treatments consisted of two diets, with a single source of protein (canola meal) and one protein-free diet (OFD). The values of digestible amino acids in canola meal were as follows: lysine: 11.8 g/kg; methionine+cystine: 9.1 g/kg; threonine: 7.9 g/kg; tryptophan: 2.4 g/kg; leucine: 15.7 g/kg; and isoleucine: 8.7 g/kg. In experiment III, 60 piglets (BW= 15.08±0.72 kg to 30.26±2.78 kg) were allotted in a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of four diets with increasing levels of canola meal (50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg), six replicates and...

Foram conduzidos três experimentos com o objetivo de determinar o valor nutricional e avaliar o desempenho de leitões alimentados com farelo de canola (FC). No Experimento I foi conduzido um ensaio de digestibilidade total com 14 suínos mestiços de linhagem comercial, machos castrados, com 20,32±3,30 kg de PV inicial. O alimento teste foi o farelo de canola, com o nível de 250 g/kg na ração referência (milho + farelo de soja). Cada suíno constituiu uma unidade experimental, totalizando sete unidades experimentais por ração. Os valores de energia digestível (ED) e energia metabolizável (EM) na matéria natural para o FC foram 2995 kcal/kg e 2796 kcal/kg respectivamente. No Experimento II foi conduzido um ensaio para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente e verdadeira e aminoácidos digestíveis. Foram utilizados três suínos canulados com 38,6±1,98 kg de PV. Os tratamentos consistiram em duas dietas, uma dieta contendo FC como única fonte de proteína e uma dieta isenta de proteína. Os valores de aminoácidos digestíveis do FC foram: lisina: 11,8 g/kg, metionina+cistina: 9,1 g/kg e treonina: 7,9 g/kg, triptofano: 2,4 g/kg; leucina: 15,7 g/kg e isoleucina: 8,7 g/kg. No Experimento III foram utilizados 60 leitões, com peso vivo inicial de 15,08±0,72 kg e final de 30,26±2,78 kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizados. Os tratamentos...

Digestible isoleucine requirements for 22- and 42-day-old broilers / Exigências em isoleucina digestível para frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias de idade

T. Current experiment established different criteria to evaluate the requirements of digestible isoleucine for 22- and 42-day-old broilers by different regression models (quadratic, exponential and Linear Response Plateau) and, in the case of statistical significance, the comparison of means by Duncans test at 5% probability. A total of 1,920 Cobb 500 male broilers were used in an entirely randomized experimental design, with 6 treatments (6 digestible isoleucine levels: 0.6118; 0.6655; 0.7192; 0.7729; 0.8265 and 0.8802%) and 8 replications, with 40 broilers each. Data on performance and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Level 0.7192% of digestible isoleucine was considered standard. The digestible isoleucine level recommended for 22- and 42-day-old broilers is 0.7729%, corresponding to a digestible isoleucine:lysine ratio of 72%.

Um experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de estabelecer critérios de avaliação das exigências de isoleucina digestível para frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias de idade utilizando-se diferentes modelos de regressão (quadrático, exponencial e de retas segmentadas ou Linear Response Plateau) e em caso de significância estatística, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Duncan a 5 % de probabilidade. Foram utilizados 1.920 frangos de corte machos com 22 dias de idade, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (seis níveis de isoleucina digestível: 0,6118; 0,6655; 0,7192; 0,7729; 0,8265 e 0,8802%) e oito repetições de 40 aves. Utilizou-se como padrão o nível de 0,7192% de isoleucina digestível. O nível de isoleucina digestível recomendado para frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias de idade é 0,7729%, correspondente à relação isoleucina:lisina digestível de 72%.

Digestible isoleucine requirements for 22- and 42-day-old broilers / Exigências em isoleucina digestível para frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias de idade

T. Current experiment established different criteria to evaluate the requirements of digestible isoleucine for 22- and 42-day-old broilers by different regression models (quadratic, exponential and Linear Response Plateau) and, in the case of statistical significance, the comparison of means by Duncans test at 5% probability. A total of 1,920 Cobb 500 male broilers were used in an entirely randomized experimental design, with 6 treatments (6 digestible isoleucine levels: 0.6118; 0.6655; 0.7192; 0.7729; 0.8265 and 0.8802%) and 8 replications, with 40 broilers each. Data on performance and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Level 0.7192% of digestible isoleucine was considered standard. The digestible isoleucine level recommended for 22- and 42-day-old broilers is 0.7729%, corresponding to a digestible isoleucine:lysine ratio of 72%.(AU)

Um experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de estabelecer critérios de avaliação das exigências de isoleucina digestível para frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias de idade utilizando-se diferentes modelos de regressão (quadrático, exponencial e de retas segmentadas ou Linear Response Plateau) e em caso de significância estatística, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Duncan a 5 % de probabilidade. Foram utilizados 1.920 frangos de corte machos com 22 dias de idade, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (seis níveis de isoleucina digestível: 0,6118; 0,6655; 0,7192; 0,7729; 0,8265 e 0,8802%) e oito repetições de 40 aves. Utilizou-se como padrão o nível de 0,7192% de isoleucina digestível. O nível de isoleucina digestível recomendado para frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias de idade é 0,7729%, correspondente à relação isoleucina:lisina digestível de 72%.(AU)

Adição de lisina digestível em rações experimentais para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo / Addition of lysine in experimental diets for Nile tilapia juveniles

Objetivou-se por meio deste estudo determinar a necessidade nutricional de lisina digestível em rações para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Setecentos e vinte peixes masculinizados (7,30±0,11g) foram alimentados durante 30 dias com oito rações (26,81% de proteína digestível e 3090kcal/kg de energia digestível da ração) contendo teores crescentes de lisina digestível (1,24; 1,36; 1,48; 1,60; 1,72; 1,84; 1,96 e 2,08%). As tilápias foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com oito tratamentos, seis repetições e 15 peixes por unidade experimental. Foram avaliadas variáveis de desempenho (ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de sobrevivência, consumo de ração, consumo de lisina digestível, conversão alimentar aparente, eficiência proteica para ganho, eficiência de lisina para ganho e eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio) e de composição corporal (teores de umidade, gordura, proteína, matéria mineral corporal e as taxas de deposição diária de proteína e gordura corporais). A elevação do teor de lisina digestível na ração não influenciou (P>0,05) o consumo de ração, a taxa de sobrevivência e os teores de umidade e de matéria mineral corporal, mas melhorou de forma quadrática (P<0,05) os demais parâmetros avaliados, com exceção do consumo de lisina e da eficiência de lisina para ganho, que aumentou e reduziu, respectivamente, de forma linear (P<0,05). Recomenda-se que rações para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo devam conter 1,84% de lisina digestível para máximo ganho de peso.(AU)

The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional need of lysine in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Seven hundred and twenty masculinized fish (7.30±0.11g) were fed for 30 days with eight diets (26.81% of digestible protein and 3090 kcal/kg digestible energy of feed) containing increasing levels of lysine (1.24, 1.36, 1.48, 1.60, 1.72, 1.84, 1.96 and 2.08%). The tilapia were distributed in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and six replicates of 15 fish per experimental unit. We evaluated the performance variables (weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate, feed intake, digestible lysine intake, feed conversion, protein efficiency for gain, efficiency of lysine for gain and efficiency of retention nitrogen) and body composition (moisture, fat, protein, ash body and deposition rates of daily protein and fat). The high levels of dietary lysine did not affect (P>0.05) feed intake, the survival rate and the moisture and ash body, but improved (P<0.05) other parameters, except for lysine intake and efficiency of lysine for gain, which increased and decreased, respectively, linearly (P<0.05). It is recommended that diets for juvenile Nile tilapia should contain 1.84% digestible lysine for maximum weight gain.(AU)