Research on detection method of photovoltaic cell surface dirt based on image processing technology.

In view of the reduced power generation efficiency caused by ash or dirt on the surface of photovoltaic panels, and the problems of heavy workload and low efficiency faced by manual detection, this study proposes a method to detect dust or dust on the surface of photovoltaic cells with the help of image processing technology to timely eliminate hidden dangers and improve power generation efficiency.This paper introduces image processing methods based on mathematical morphology, such as image enhancement, image sharpening, image filtering and image closing operation, which makes the image better highlight the target to be recognized. At the same time, it also solves the problem of uneven image binarization caused by uneven illumination in the process of image acquisition. By using the image histogram equalization, the gray level concentration area of the original image is opened or the gray level is evenly distributed, so that the dynamic range of the pixel gray level is increased, so that the image contrast or contrast is increased, the image details are clear, to achieve the purpose of enhancement. When identifying the target area, the method of calculating the proportion of the dirt area to the whole image area is adopted, and the ratio exceeding a certain threshold is judged as a fault. In addition, the improved A* path planning algorithm is adopted in this study, which greatly improves the efficiency of the unmanned aerial vehicle detection of photovoltaic cell dirt, saves time and resources, reduces operation and maintenance costs, and improves the operation and maintenance level of photovoltaic units.

Terra Firma-Forme Dermatosis: A Heart-Shaped Dark Lesion in a Boy.

Terra firma-forme dermatosis is an acquired and idiopathic disorder with an underestimated incidence. It is characterized by brownish skin pigmentation, forming asymptomatic plaques that give a soiled skin appearance. Soap and water have a minor effect; however, friction with 70% ethyl or isopropyl alcohol immediately eliminates plaques to a normal skin appearance, thus being the ideal method for diagnosis and treatment. The lack of familiarity with this disease possibly contributes to an alarming underdiagnosis. In this report, the authors present a case of terra firma-forme occurring in a 14-year-old Mexican patient who presented with a heart-shaped pigmented lesion in the pubic area.

Projected augmented reality in DIEP flap breast reconstruction: Projecting perforators on the skin using dynamic infrared thermography.

BACKGROUND: Dynamic infrared thermography (DIRT) is a quick and non-invasive technique for perforator mapping in free flaps that provides real-time information. After a cold challenge, areas best supplied with blood become visible hotspots on color-coded maps, indicating perforators. This study presents a proof of principle for a new and innovative feature of DIRT, where projected augmented reality is used to directly display thermal images on the patient's abdomen prior to the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction. METHODS: A self-aligning projection device prototype (Anatomy Projector) equipped with an integrated thermal camera was used to obtain thermal information and project the color-coded map directly on the patient's abdomen before DIEP flap breast reconstruction. Projected DIRT hotspots were verified using a hand-held Doppler, and compared to the vascularity on computed tomography angiography (CTA), and intraoperative perforator measurements following a Cartesian grid. RESULTS: A total of 514 DIRT hotspots were projected in 50 patients, among them 97.3% could be verified using Doppler. The positive predictive value for CTA was 74.5%. Intraoperative measurements yielded 132 perforators in 71 flaps, among them 75 perforators (56.8%) correlated with projected DIRT hotspots, and half of them (54.7%) appeared within the first 5 emerging hotspots. CONCLUSION: This study showed that real-time display of thermal data in DIEP flap breast reconstruction is feasible via projected augmented reality. Projection facilitates convenient marking of hotspots, and a high resemblance to Doppler and CTA data was observed. Further research should assess the added value of projecting thermal images intraoperatively and in other fields of plastic surgery.

Household environment and animal fecal contamination are critical modifiers of the gut microbiome and resistome in young children from rural Nicaragua.

BACKGROUND: Early life plays a vital role in the development of the gut microbiome and subsequent health. While many factors that shape the gut microbiome have been described, including delivery mode, breastfeeding, and antibiotic use, the role of household environments is still unclear. Furthermore, the development of the gut antimicrobial resistome and its role in health and disease is not well characterized, particularly in settings with water insecurity and less sanitation infrastructure. RESULTS: This study investigated the gut microbiome and resistome of infants and young children (ages 4 days-6 years) in rural Nicaragua using Oxford Nanopore Technology's MinION long-read sequencing. Differences in gut microbiome diversity and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) abundance were examined for associations with host factors (age, sex, height for age z-score, weight for height z-score, delivery mode, breastfeeding habits) and household environmental factors (animals inside the home, coliforms in drinking water, enteric pathogens in household floors, fecal microbial source tracking markers in household floors). We identified anticipated associations of higher gut microbiome diversity with participant age and vaginal delivery. However, novel to this study were the significant, positive associations between ruminant and dog fecal contamination of household floors and gut microbiome diversity. We also identified greater abundance of potential pathogens in the gut microbiomes of participants with higher fecal contamination on their household floors. Path analysis revealed that water quality and household floor contamination independently and significantly influenced gut microbiome diversity when controlling for age. These gut microbiome contained diverse resistome, dominated by multidrug, tetracycline, macrolide/lincosamide/streptogramin, and beta-lactam resistance. We found that the abundance of ARGs in the gut decreased with age. The bacterial hosts of ARGs were mainly from the family Enterobacteriaceae, particularly Escherichia coli. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified the role of household environmental contamination in the developing gut microbiome and resistome of young children and infants with a One Health perspective. We found significant relationships between host age, gut microbiome diversity, and the resistome. Understanding the impact of the household environment on the development of the resistome and microbiome in early life is essential to optimize the relationship between environmental exposure and human health. Video Abstract.

Field and Laboratory Wear Tests of Machine Components Used for Renovation of Dirt Roads-A Case Study.

Renovation of dirt roads requires a reliable and durable work tool. This article includes the methodology of field and bench tests as well as the results of these tests and conclusions for cutters used for dirt road renovation. The main novelty of the research presented in this article was to determine the wear mechanisms occurring during field and laboratory tests, to determine the differences in wear levels and the cost of renovation of one kilometer of dirt road. Calculations of the efficiency of replacing these working elements and the cost of operating various cutters per km are also presented. The lowest mass loss was characterized by milling cutters Ø25 mm mounted on an expansion sleeve and amounted to 130 g. The dominant wear mechanism that was observed after the renovation of dirt roads was micro-scraping and micro-bruising. For this variant, the cost per 1 km of road renovation was also the lowest and amounted to about PLN 2.

Dermatosis Neglecta Based on Exanthematous Drug Eruption Following Head Trauma: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Dermatosis neglecta (DN) is a rare psychogenic dermatosis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of DN based on exanthematous drug eruption. We report a 68-year-old Chinese male patient who presented with thick, yellowish-brown crusting on his face and scalp and scaly skin for 6 days. Dermoscopy revealed diffusely distributed yellow-green serescrust-like plaques with different sizes and uneven thickness on a red background, and some demonstrated dot or globular hemorrhages. We considered DN and exanthematous drug eruptions based on the combination of the clinical medication and the history before the rash.

Characterisation of Luvisols Based on Wide-Scale Biological Properties in a Long-Term Organic Matter Experiment.

Soil organic matter is a biological system that functions as an integrated whole. These assemblies have different properties, functions, and decomposition times. SOM is one of the main determinants of soil productivity. Our studies were carried out in a temperate deciduous oak forest on Luvisols soil. In the DIRT Project (Detritus Input and Removal Treatments), the following treatments were applied: Double Litter, Double Wood, Control, No Litter, No Root and No Input. Our objective was to compare the effect of withdrawal or doubling of organic matter on the protein pattern of the soil and the biological activity and changes in labile C (permanganate-oxidizable carbon) content in a long-term organic matter manipulation experiment. Patterns of thermostable proteins, soil dehydrogenase enzyme activity, CO2 emission, and POXC content were measured at the most biologically active soil depth of 0-5 cm after 23 years of treatment. Our results show that the enzyme activities of the litter removal treatments were significantly reduced compared to the doubling treatments, as were the values of soil respiration. The same significant difference was also detected in the C content of the soils of the treatments. Based on cluster analysis of the protein profile of the soil samples, the No Litter and No Input treatments were significantly different from the other treatments. This shows that specific organic matter is needed to enhance soil biological activity and the associated POXC content.

Thermoregulatory, behavioral, and productive responses and physical integrity of primiparous and multiparous cows on compost barn in Brazilian tropical conditions.

The compost barn is presented as a system which is capable of providing a suitable environment for dairy cows, but this must be assessed for different climatic regions. Few studies have been carried out evaluating the physics of the thermal environment of this system under tropical conditions. In this study, we evaluated thermoregulatory, behavioral, and productive responses and physical integrity in primiparous and multiparous cows housed in a compost barn system under tropical conditions. From a total of 121 clinically healthy dairy cows aged 3 to 6 years, 30 Girolando cows (7/8) were randomly selected, divided into two groups, according to calving order (primiparous and multiparous), body weight, lactation curve and milk production for the evaluations. Thus, group 1 (primiparous) with an average weight of 524 kg and production of 30 kg was characterized, and group 2 (multiparous) with an average weight and production of 635 kg and 36 kg, respectively. The enthalpy was higher (P < 0.05) in the internal environment of the shed at the three evaluated times (3:30 a.m., 11:30 a.m., and 6:30 p.m.), but the humidity did not vary (P > 0.05) between the internal and external environments at the evaluated times. Respiratory rate was higher (P < 0.0001) in multiparous cows at 11:30 a.m., but was similar at 3:30 a.m. and 6:30 p.m. when compared with primiparous cows. The coat surface temperature was higher (P < 0.001) at 3:30 a.m., but similar at the other two times. For the variables lameness and dirtiness, the vast majority of animals presented scores considered adequate (1 and 2), indicating that it was able to provide an ideal physical environment. Regarding animal behavior, panting (O) and lying idle (OD) were higher (P < 0.05) in multiparous cows. Multiparous cows have higher (P < 0.0001) milk production. Milk production has a negative correlation with enthalpy. The CB system was not able to provide a suitable thermal environment for the animals. Multiparous cows present higher heat stress with change in behavioral responses, especially at midday, but with higher milk production when compared to primiparous cows in compost barn under tropical conditions.

[Effects of Different Carbon Inputs on Soil Stoichiometry in Tianshan Mountains].

Soil C, N, and P elements are important components of the forest ecosystem. Studying the influence of exogenous carbon input change on the stoichiometry of the forest soil can reveal the element recycling process and the balanced feedback mechanism of the forest ecosystem. In this study, using the research object of a spruce forest in Tianshan Mountain, the short-term effect of exogenous carbon input on soil C, N, and P in the soil was analyzed through Detritus Input and Removal Treatment (DIRT), and then the interrelationship between soil stoichiometry and other soil physicochemical factors under different treatments was discussed. The results showed that:① the soil C, N, and P contents in most soil layers were the highest double litter (DL) treatment, soil ω(C) by soil depth from shallow to deep was 168.92, 119.88, 103.33, and 64.23 g·kg-1; soil ω(N) was 10.60, 9.32, 8.78, and 8.07 g·kg-1; soil ω(P) was 0.50, 0.45, 0.37, and 0.36 g·kg-1; in the no input (NI) treatment, soil ω(C) by soil depth from shallow to deep was 104.56, 89.24, 48.08, and 43.96 g·kg-1; soil ω(N) was 6.83, 2.60, 2.63, and 2.22 g·kg-1; soil ω(P) was 0.40, 0.34, 0.32, and 0.22 g·kg-1; and a decreased trend was shown with the deepening of the soil layer. Except in the NI treatment, C:N was 0-10 cm and significantly higher than that in other soils (P<0.05), NL soil C:P at 30-50 cm was significantly higher than that in other soils, and NI soil N:P was 0-10 cm and significantly higher than that in other soils (P<0.05). ② Microbial carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were significantly higher from 0-10 cm than that in other soil layers (P<0.05). ③ Redundancy analysis results showed that soluble organic carbon and microbial nitrogen at different carbon input levels were important factors affecting the stoichiometric characteristics of soil C, N, and P.

Ultrasonic Cleaning for Irrigating Purulent Substances during Laparoscopic Gastrointestinal Surgery.

To improve the outcome of laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery, improvement in the technology for removing purulent substances from the abdominal cavity is required. Ultrasonic cleaning technology may be suitable for the task. However, it is necessary to examine cleaning efficiency and safety through model tests that can lead to clinical trials for practical use. Nine surgical specialists first estimated the distribution of the actual attachment of purulent substances using videos of removing pus-like model dirt as an evaluation scale. Subsequently, cleaning tests were conducted using a small-size shower with model dirt that was somewhat difficult to remove, and its suitability as a model sample was confirmed. A mixture of miso and other substances was attached to a silicon sheet to prepare a test sample. The model dirt could be removed within a few seconds by cleaning using a probe-type ultrasonic homogenizer while the test sample was submerged in water. This performance greatly surpassed that of water flow cleaning under increased water pressure. An ultrasonic cleaner that is useful for irrigation during laparoscopic surgery will be suitable for practical use in laparoscopic surgery.

Solar panel surface dirt detection and removal based on arduino color recognition.

Color sensing is a technique for identifying physical changes in materials based on appearance assessment. Dirt deposition on solar panels can change their physical appearance and performance. Considering that dirt accumulation on solar panels needs monitoring to make efficient cleaning schedules, reduce unnecessary costs, and optimize solar panel output generation. Color sensing can achieve fast, accurate, and economical dirt detection, unlike the use of robotic cameras, mathematical formulae, and considering varying output current and voltage methods. Here, we introduce a method that detects and removes dirt on solar panels based on TCS3200 and Arduino Uno components. The approach targets (i.) Panel color measurement, calibration, threshold selection process, (ii.) comparison of color measurement values, and (iii.) align further calibration in response to discoloration of solar panels. This method aims to correct the dirt detection methods previously in use. Hence, a high-speed rolling brush arrangement is designed to improve the cleaning of the solar panel without using water. Further investigations of the panel's color may require some improvement in terms of increasing the sensitivity of the color sensor even with increased distance from the solar panel. Combining multiple color sensors may also be necessary.

Effect of the chemical composition of fluid foods on the rate of fouling processing during sterilization / Efecto de la composición química de los alimentos líquidos sobre la tasa de procesamiento de la suciedad durante la esterilización

Background: This research was motivated by the determination of the sanitation schedule in the heat exchanger area for some products (milk, avocado juice, and orange juice), as well as the inconsistency of the results of previous studies related to the chemical composition of the fouling layer. Objectives: a) to test the effect of raw material composition on the chemical composition of the fouling layer. b) to test microbial growth's effect on fouling's chemical composition (protein). Methods: mathematical derivation of the formation process of Resistant Dirt Factor (Rd) in the form of an Equation; ANOVA was used to test the effect of the dependent variable (protein) and predictor (microbial). Results: a) The composition of the raw material strongly influences the chemical composition of the fouling layer; b) There is a strong effect between microbial growth and protein content as a fouling composition (p<0.05). Conclusion: A strong influence between microbial growth and the composition of the fouling layer (protein) can close the research gap related to the inconsistency of previous research results (fouling layer composition), so there is no prolonged debate

Antecedentes: Esta investigación fue motivada por la determinación del cronograma de sanitización en el área del intercambiador de calor para diferentes productos (leche, jugo de aguacate y jugo de naranja), así como la inconsistencia de los resultados de estudios previos relacionados con la composición química de la capa de suciedad. Objetivos: a) probar el efecto de la composición de la materia prima sobre la composición química de la capa de suciedad. b) probar el efecto del crecimiento microbiano en la composición química de la capa de suciedad (proteína). Método: etapas del proceso de formación del Factor de Suciedad Resistente (Rd) en forma de una ecuación; Se usó ANOVA para probar el efecto de la variable dependiente (proteína) y el predictor (microbiano). Resultados: a) La composición química de la capa de incrustación está fuertemente influenciada por la composición de la materia prima; b) Existe un fuerte efecto entre el crecimiento microbiano sobre el contenido de proteína como composición de ensuciamiento (p<0.05). Conclusión: Una fuerte influencia entre el crecimiento microbiano y la composición de la capa de incrustación (proteína) puede cerrar la brecha de investigación relacionada con la inconsistencia de los resultados de investigaciones anteriores (composición de la capa de incrustación) para que no haya un debate prolongado

Soil organic matter molecular composition with long-term detrital alterations is controlled by site-specific forest properties.

Forest ecosystems are important global soil carbon (C) reservoirs, but their capacity to sequester C is susceptible to climate change factors that alter the quantity and quality of C inputs. To better understand forest soil C responses to altered C inputs, we integrated three molecular composition published data sets of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil microbial communities for mineral soils after 20 years of detrital input and removal treatments in two deciduous forests: Bousson Forest (BF), Harvard Forest (HF), and a coniferous forest: H.J. Andrews Forest (HJA). Soil C turnover times were estimated from radiocarbon measurements and compared with the molecular-level data (based on nuclear magnetic resonance and specific analysis of plant- and microbial-derived compounds) to better understand how ecosystem properties control soil C biogeochemistry and dynamics. Doubled aboveground litter additions did not increase soil C for any of the forests studied likely due to long-term soil priming. The degree of SOM decomposition was higher for bacteria-dominated sites with higher nitrogen (N) availability while lower for the N-poor coniferous forest. Litter exclusions significantly decreased soil C, increased SOM decomposition state, and led to the adaptation of the microbial communities to changes in available substrates. Finally, although aboveground litter determined soil C dynamics and its molecular composition in the coniferous forest (HJA), belowground litter appeared to be more influential in broadleaf deciduous forests (BH and HF). This synthesis demonstrates that inherent ecosystem properties regulate how soil C dynamics change with litter manipulations at the molecular-level. Across the forests studied, 20 years of litter additions did not enhance soil C content, whereas litter reductions negatively impacted soil C concentrations. These results indicate that soil C biogeochemistry at these temperate forests is highly sensitive to changes in litter deposition, which are a product of environmental change drivers.

Recreational Motorized Vehicle Use Under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs Significantly Increases Odds of Craniofacial Injury.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Objective: Concurrent substance-use, including alcohol and drugs, increases the risks of many recreational activities. Our purpose was to determine the relationship between substance use and craniofacial injuries in a large population of patients experiencing trauma due to recreational motorized vehicle use. Methods: We report a cross-sectional study of patients reported to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, in the United States. Patients were included in our study if they were evaluated in the emergency department (ED) for a recreational motorized vehicle-related injury. Primary outcome was craniofacial injury. Results: There were a total of 6,485 adult patients who experience an injury after recreational motorized vehicle trauma reported by NEISS-participating EDs during the study period. Of this, 1,416 (21.8%) patients had a craniofacial injury, and 201 patients with craniofacial injuries were under the influence of alcohol/drugs (201/1,416; 14.2%). Injured patients under the influence of alcohol/drugs experienced greater odds of sustaining a general craniofacial injury (OR 2.50, 95% CI: 2.07-3.01, P < .0001), including craniofacial fracture (OR: 2.98, 95% CI: 2.01-4.40, P < .0001), laceration (OR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.51-3.16, P < .00001) and internal injury (OR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.84-2.95, P < .00001) than injured patients not under the influence. Conclusions: Using recreational motorized vehicles under the influence of alcohol or drugs is not safe and increases the likelihood of craniofacial injuries, including fractures, lacerations, and internal injuries. As operating these recreational motorized vehicles under the influence is illegal, the law should be strictly enforced to prevent the occurrence of these injuries. Additional undertakings to increase helmet usage would be valuable.

Pantograph Detection Algorithm with Complex Background and External Disturbances.

As an important equipment for high-speed railway (HSR) to obtain electric power from outside, the state of the pantograph will directly affect the operation safety of HSR. In order to solve the problems that the current pantograph detection method is easily affected by the environment, cannot effectively deal with the interference of external scenes, has a low accuracy rate and can hardly meet the actual operation requirements of HSR, this study proposes a pantograph detection algorithm. The algorithm mainly includes three parts: the first is to use you only look once (YOLO) V4 to detect and locate the pantograph region in real-time; the second is the blur and dirt detection algorithm for the external interference directly affecting the high-speed camera (HSC), which leads to the pantograph not being detected; the last is the complex background detection algorithm for the external complex scene "overlapping" with the pantograph when imaging, which leads to the pantograph not being recognized effectively. The dirt and blur detection algorithm combined with blob detection and improved Brenner method can accurately evaluate the dirt or blur of HSC, and the complex background detection algorithm based on grayscale and vertical projection can greatly reduce the external scene interference during HSR operation. The algorithm proposed in this study was analyzed and studied on a large number of video samples of HSR operation, and the precision on three different test samples reached 99.92%, 99.90% and 99.98%, respectively. Experimental results show that the algorithm proposed in this study has strong environmental adaptability and can effectively overcome the effects of complex background and external interference on pantograph detection, and has high practical application value.

Cutaneous dirt-adherent disease complicated with Darier's disease, schizophrenia, and cutis verticis gyrata: A case report.

The patient was a 25-year-old man presented with cutaneous dirt-adherent disease with a past medical history of schizophrenia. Both the patient and his mother had Darier's disease, genetic screening revealed that the patient carried a heterozygous frameshift mutation in ATP2A2 gene, which was inherited from his mother. Cutis verticis gyrata was also found in the patient.

Pediatric spinal injury patterns and management in all-terrain vehicle and dirt bike crashes, 2010-2019.

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric spinal injuries in all-terrain vehicle (ATV) and dirt bike crashes are relatively uncommon but may be associated with significant morbidity. There are no recent studies examining these injuries, their management, and outcomes. Therefore, a retrospective study was performed to characterize pediatric spinal injuries related to ATV and dirt bike crashes over the last decade. METHODS: Data on all patients involved in ATV or dirt bike crashes evaluated at a regional level 1 pediatric trauma center over a 10-year period (2010-2019) were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were analyzed and chi-square, Fisher exact, and Mann-Whitney U-tests were performed comparing the demographics, injury characteristics, and clinical outcomes in patients with versus those without spinal injuries. RESULTS: Of 680 patients evaluated, 35 (5.1%) were diagnosed with spinal injuries. Over the study period, both spinal injuries and emergency department visits related to ATV or dirt bike crashes increased in frequency. All spinal injuries were initially diagnosed on CT scans, and 57.9% underwent spinal MRI. Injuries were most commonly thoracic (50%), followed by cervical (36.8%). The injuries of most patients were classified as American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grade E on presentation (86.8%), while 2 (5.3%) had complete spinal cord injuries (ASIA grade A) and 3 patients (8.6%) were ASIA grade B-D. Operative management was required for 13 patients (28.9%). Nonoperative management was used in 71.1% of injuries, including bracing in 33% of all injuries. Patients with spinal injuries were older than those without (13.4 ± 3.35 vs 11.5 ± 3.79 years, p = 0.003). Spinal injuries occurred via similar crash mechanisms (p = 0.48) and in similar locations (p = 0.29) to nonspinal injuries. Patients with spinal injuries more frequently required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU; 34.2% vs 14.6%, p = 0.011) and had longer hospital stays (mean 4.7 ± 5.5 vs 2.7 ± 4.0 days, p = 0.0025). CONCLUSIONS: Although infrequent among young ATV and dirt bike riders, spinal injuries are associated with longer hospital stays, increased ICU use, and required operative intervention in 29%. Increasing awareness among ATV and dirt bike riders about the severity of riding-related injuries may encourage safer riding behaviors.

Toward a Comprehensive Domestic Dirt Dataset Curation for Cleaning Auditing Applications.

Cleaning is an important task that is practiced in every domain and has prime importance. The significance of cleaning has led to several newfangled technologies in the domestic and professional cleaning domain. However, strategies for auditing the cleanliness delivered by the various cleaning methods remain manual and often ignored. This work presents a novel domestic dirt image dataset for cleaning auditing application including AI-based dirt analysis and robot-assisted cleaning inspection. One of the significant challenges in an AI-based robot-aided cleaning auditing is the absence of a comprehensive dataset for dirt analysis. We bridge this gap by identifying nine classes of commonly occurring domestic dirt and a labeled dataset consisting of 3000 microscope dirt images curated from a semi-indoor environment. The dirt dataset gathered using the adhesive dirt lifting method can enhance the current dirt sensing and dirt composition estimation for cleaning auditing. The dataset's quality is analyzed by AI-based dirt analysis and a robot-aided cleaning auditing task using six standard classification models. The models trained with the dirt dataset were capable of yielding a classification accuracy above 90% in the offline dirt analysis experiment and 82% in real-time test results.

The Impact of Particulate Matters and Nanoparticles on Thermoplastic Polymer Coatings and Paint Layers.

This article attempts to highlight a phenomenon that more or less permanently damages emulsion paint layers, the surfaces of which remain sufficiently permeable for dust particles to become permanently anchored there; when the particles are nanometric, this can cause a permanent change in appearance. Based on scientific documents, empirical observations, laboratory analyses, case studies, and reconstructions of characteristic pictorial layers, this paper aims to highlight the medium- and long-term risks that alter these surfaces, in order to realize strategies for better prevention. The physico-chemical nature of these vulnerable materials will be discussed first, followed by the dust's involvement; finally, the topic will be illustrated through concrete examples, with photos taken using digital, 4 K optical, and Scanning Electron Microscope equipment (SEM), in order to show how the problem of dust particle accumulation impacts even the most contemporary works of art.

Near Ground Pathloss Propagation Model Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System for Wireless Sensor Network Communication in Forest, Jungle and Open Dirt Road Environments.

In Wireless Sensor Networks which are deployed in remote and isolated tropical areas; such as forest; jungle; and open dirt road environments; wireless communications usually suffer heavily because of the environmental effects on vegetation; terrain; low antenna height; and distance. Therefore; to solve this problem; the Wireless Sensor Network communication links must be designed for their best performance using the suitable electromagnetic wave behavior model in a given environment. This study introduces and analyzes the behavior of the LoRa pathloss propagation model for signals that propagate at near ground or that have low transmitter and receiver antenna heights from the ground (less than 30 cm antenna height). Using RMSE and MAE statistical analysis tools; we validate the developed model results. The developed Fuzzy ANFIS model achieves the lowest RMSE score of 0.88 at 433 MHz and the lowest MAE score of 1.61 at 433 MHz for both open dirt road environments. The Optimized FITU-R Near Ground model achieved the lowest RMSE score of 4.08 at 868 MHz for the forest environment and lowest MAE score of 14.84 at 868 MHz for the open dirt road environment. The Okumura-Hata model achieved the lowest RMSE score of 6.32 at 868 MHz and the lowest MAE score of 26.12 at 868 MHz for both forest environments. Finally; the ITU-R Maximum Attenuation Free Space model achieved the lowest RMSE score of 9.58 at 868 MHz for the forest environment and the lowest MAE score of 38.48 at 868 MHz for the jungle environment. These values indicate that the proposed Fuzzy ANFIS pathloss model has the best performance in near ground propagation for all environments compared to other benchmark models.