Sensory and affective aspects of the perception of respiratory resistance.

Perception of airway resistance has a sensory and an affective aspect, i.e., perceived resistance and unpleasantness, respectively. The current study aimed to shed more light on the relationship of these aspects, as well as their malleability to trait-like aspects of body awareness. In a laboratory study, 71 young participants completed two respiratory resistive load discrimination tasks relying on sensory and affective evaluation, respectively, and filled out questionnaires assessing somatosensory amplification, anxiety sensitivity, somatic symptoms distress, and breath awareness. Frequentist and Bayesian statistical analysis revealed no differences in discrimination accuracy with respect to the sensory and affective aspect of perceived resistance. Psychological traits were not associated with accuracy scores. In conclusion, affective evaluation of respiratory load is as accurate as sensory evaluation. Neither sensory not affective accuracy is influenced by various aspects of body awareness.

Drop-Set Resistance Training versus Pyramidal and Traditional Sets Elicits Greater Psychophysiological Responses in Men.

We compared the effects of resistance training (ResisT) to pyramidal and traditional weightlifting sets on men's psychophysiological responses. In a randomized crossover design, 24 resistance-trained males performed drop-set, descending pyramid, and traditional ResisT in the barbell back squat, 45° leg press, and seated knee extension. We assessed participants' rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and feelings of pleasure/displeasure (FPD) at the end of each set and at 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes post-session. No differences were detected across ResisT Methods in total training volume (p = 0.180). Post hoc comparisons revealed that drop-set training elicited higher RPE (M 8.8 SD 0.7 arbitrary units) and lower FPD (M -1.4 SD 1.5 arbitrary units) values compared to descending pyramid (M Set RPE 8.0 SD 0.9 arbitrary units and M Set FPD 0.4 SD 1.6 arbitrary units) and traditional set (M Set RPE 7.5 SD 1.1 arbitrary units and M Set FPD 1.3 SD 1.2 arbitrary units) schemes (p < 0.05). In addition, drop-set training elicited higher session RPE (M 8.1 SD 0.8 arbitrary units) and lower session FPD (M 0.2 SD 1.4 arbitrary units) values than descending pyramid and traditional ResisT (p < 0.001). Similarly, descending pyramid training elicited higher session RPE (M 6.6 SD 0.9 arbitrary units) and lower session FPD (M 1.2 SD 1.4 arbitrary units) than traditional set (M Session RPE 5.9 SD 0.8 arbitrary units and M Session FPD 1.5 SD 1.2 arbitrary units) training (p = 0.015). No differences were found in the temporality of post-session metrics, suggesting that testing 10 and 15 minutes post-ResisT was sufficient to assess session RPE (p = 0.480) and session FPD (p = 0.855), respectively. In conclusion, even with similar total training volume, drop-set training elicited more pronounced psychophysiological responses than either pyramidal or traditional ResisT in resistance-trained males.

A Methodological Checklist for Studies of Pleasure and Enjoyment Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training: Part I. Participants and Measures.

For decades, the exercise psychology research literature echoed the conclusion that exercise makes most people feel better, with no clear evidence that this "feel-better effect" is moderated by intensity. An overhaul of the methodological approach subsequently showed that high-intensity exercise is experienced as unpleasant, and the "feel-better effect," although possible, is conditional and therefore not as robust or prevalent as initially thought. Recently, several studies investigating high-intensity interval training (HIIT) have concluded that HIIT is pleasant and enjoyable, despite the high intensity. Considering that HIIT is emerging as an option in physical activity recommendations and exercise prescription guidelines, in part due to these claims, a methodological checklist is presented to aid researchers, peer reviewers, editors, and other readers in critically appraising studies examining the effects of HIIT on affect and enjoyment. This first part addresses the characteristics and number of participants, as well as the selection of measures of affect and enjoyment.

Physiological, perceptual and affective responses to high-intensity interval training using two work-matched programs with different bout duration in obese males.

Objectives: This study compared physiological, perceptual, and affective responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) between two work-matched programs with different bout durations in obese males. Methods: Sixteen low-to-moderately active obese men completed an eight-week cycling program of supervised HIIT (3 days/week) using either short bouts [48 × 10 s at 100% of peak power output (PPO) with 15 s of recovery (HIIT10)] or long bouts [8 × 60 s at 100% PPO with 90 s of recovery (HIIT60)]. Workload was progressively adjusted, to maintain high intensity (100% PPO), throughout training. Blood lactate (BLa), heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and feeling scale ratings (pleasure/displeasure) were measured in each HIIT session. Results: Average HR decreased in the last 2 weeks of training in both groups by 2.2 ± 1.8% of peak HR (p < 0.001). Training resulted in a reduction in BLa during exercise by 28 ± 19% (p < 0.001) from the 10th min onward only in HIIT10. Similarly, during the last weeks of training, RPE decreased (by 1.0 ± 1.1 units, p < 0.05) and feeling scale ratings were improved only in HIIT10, while RPE remained unchanged and feeling scale ratings deteriorated in HIIT60 (from 3.0 ± 1.1 to 2.1 ± 0.9 units, p < 0.001). No differences in post-exercise enjoyment were found. Conclusion: Both HIIT formats induced similar HR adaptations, but improvement of BLa, perceptual and affective responses occurred only when bout duration was shorter. Our findings suggest that, in low-to-moderately active obese men, HIIT may be more effective in improving metabolic, perceptual, and affective responses when shorter, rather than longer, bouts of exercise are used.

Aspectos económicos del psiquismo en pandemia: Displacer de percepción en una realidad inesperada / Aspectos econômicos da psique em pandemia: Desprazer de percepção em uma realidade inesperada / Economic aspects of the psyche in pandemic: Displeasure of perception in an unexpected reality

En este escrito hemos retomado una serie de textos freudianos publicados durante la primera guerra mundial y en su período de post guerra (1915-1925) con la finalidad de abordar algunos aportes conceptuales producidos por el autor en medio de dicho acontecimiento. Es nuestro objetivo establecer diálogos y tensiones entre esas producciones y lo que hemos podido observar, escuchar y analizar en el devenir de este tiempo de pandemia en la práctica clínica bajo modalidad virtual y el trabajo institucional transmitido en supervisiones de situaciones clínicas a cargo de colegas que ejercen sus prácticas en la ciudad de Rosario, Argentina. Hacia el final del trabajo nos centraremos especialmente en las posibilidades de intervención con niños y niñas en este contexto, teniendo en consideración el modelo económico planteado por Freud en 1920. Nos detendremos fundamentalmente en los aspectos económicos del psiquismo desarrollados por Freud en el período mencionado, especialmente en el libro "Más allá del principio del placer" de 1920; exactamente un siglo atrás. El análisis se centra en la construcción de algunas hipótesis que permitan pensar en la conjugación de aquellos desarrollos con el fin de analizar desde el punto de vista económico los movimientos pulsionales y las barreras psíquicas que pueden darse en el marco de la pandemia COVID19. Este análisis considerará ciertos aspectos del displacer que pueden darse en la población en términos generales, a sabiendas de que cada proceso de índole singular se entrama con aspectos culturales propios de cada territorio, nación y ubicación en el escenario global. Se trata de un perjuicio de carácter colectivo que afecta a todos y cada uno de los sujetos que invita a volver a pasar por aquellas producciones freudianas de tan caras a la teoría psicoanalítica.

Neste escrito, retomamos uma série de textos freudianos publicados durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial e no seu pós-guerra (1915-1925) com o objetivo de abordar algumas contribuições conceituais produzidas pelo autor em meio ao referido evento. É nosso objetivo estabelecer diálogos e tensões entre essas produções e o que temos podido observar, ouvir e analisar no transcorrer desse tempo de pandemia na prática clínica na modalidade virtual e no trabalho institucional transmitido em supervisões de situações clínicas por colegas que realizam suas práticas na cidade de Rosário, Argentina. No final do trabalho, enfocaremos especialmente as possibilidades de intervenção com meninos e meninas nesse contexto, levando em consideração o modelo econômico proposto por Freud em 1920. Vamos nos concentrar principalmente nos aspectos econômicos do psiquismo desenvolvidos por Freud no período mencionado, em seu livro "Além do princípio do prazer", de 1920 (1992); exatamente um século atrás. A análise centra-se na construção de algumas hipóteses que nos permitem pensar na conjugação desses desenvolvimentos para analisar do ponto de vista económico os movimentos pulsionais e as barreiras psíquicas que podem ocorrer no quadro da pandemia COVID19. Esta análise levará em consideração alguns aspectos do desprazer que podem ocorrer na população em termos gerais, sabendo que cada processo de natureza singular se confunde com aspectos culturais de cada território, nação e localidade no cenário global. É um dano coletivo que atinge todos e cada um dos sujeitos que nos convida a percorrer aquelas produções freudianas tão caras à teoria psicanalítica.

In this writing we revisit some Freudian's texts published during the First World War and in the post-war period (1915-1925) with the aim of addressing some conceptual contributions produced by the author in the midst of above-mentioned event. We have the aim to establish dialogues and tensions between these productions and what we have been able to observe, listen, and analyze in the course of this pandemic in clinical practice, in virtual modality and the institutional work transmitted in supervisions of clinical situations by colleagues who carry out their practices in the city of Rosario, Argentina. Towards the end of the work we will especially focus in the possibilities of intervention with boys and girls in this context, taking into consideration the economic model proposed by Freud in 1920. We will focus mainly on the economic aspects of the psyche developed by Freud in the mentioned period, especially in his book " Beyond the pleasure principle" of 1920; exactly a century ago. The analysis focuses on the construction of some hypotheses that allow us to think about the conjugation of those developments in order to analyze from the economic point of view the drive movements and psychic barriers that may occur in the framework of the COVID19 pandemic. This analysis will consider certain displeasures that can occur in the population in general terms, knowing that each process of a singular nature is intertwined with cultural aspects of each territory, nation and location on the global stage. This is a collective damage that affects each and every subject and invites us to go through those Freudian productions so dear to the psychoanalytic theory.

Affective response to whole-body cryotherapy: Influence of sex, body mass index, age, time of day, and past experience.

OBJECTIVE: Whole-Body Cryotherapy (WBC) has seen a recent surge in popularity with patients with inflammatory conditions, athletes, and even people seeking to improve general health and quality of life. WBC treatment usually requires participation in a dozen of 3-min long sessions. But compliance is considered difficult due to possible cold-induced unpleasant sensations. Based on hedonic psychology assumptions, ratings of pleasure-displeasure experienced during a taks or activity may be important to understand individual differences in attendance. METHODS: Two hundred fifty nine customers from two French cryocenters took the Feeling Scale immediately after their first WBC session. RESULTS: End affect appeared to be negatively valenced (M = -1.85, SD = 1.38, 95 % confidence interval: -2.02 to -1.68). Additional statistical analyses revealed a moderating influence of past experience, in women only. Similarly, BMI was found to be negatively associated with displeasure in women, but not in men. CONCLUSION: These findings are discussed and further research directions are suggested.

Enjoyment and affective responses to two regimes of high intensity interval training in inactive women with obesity.

This study examined changes in enjoyment, affective valence, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in obese women performing two regimes of high intensity interval training (HIIT) differing in structure and volume. Nineteen obese and inactive women (age and body mass index = 37.5 ± 10.5 yr and 39.0 ± 4.3 kg/m2) were randomized to 6 wk of traditional (TRAD, n = 10) or periodized interval training (PER, n = 9) which was performed on a cycle ergometer during which structure changed weekly. Two supervised sessions per week were performed in a lab, and one session per week was performed unsupervised. During every lab-based session, perceptual responses including enjoyment, affective valence, and RPE were acquired. Data showed a groupXtraining interaction for enjoyment (p = 0.02) which was lower by 10-25 units during PER versus TRAD. In addition, there was a groupXtimeXtraining interaction for RPE (p = 0.01). RPE did not change in response to TRAD yet varied during PER, with lower RPE values exhibited during brief supramaximal bouts (6.3 ± 0.9) compared to longer intervals (7.3 ± 1.2). Both regimes showed reductions in affective valence during training, with the lowest values equal to 1.5 ± 1.6 in TRAD and -0.2 ± 1.6 in PER. Compared to TRAD, more aversive responses were shown in PER throughout training by 0.4-2.0 units. Data show lower enjoyment and more aversive responses to higher-volume bouts of interval training, which suggests that shorter bouts may be perceived more favourably by obese women.

The role of hedonics in the Human Affectome.

Experiencing pleasure and displeasure is a fundamental part of life. Hedonics guide behavior, affect decision-making, induce learning, and much more. As the positive and negative valence of feelings, hedonics are core processes that accompany emotion, motivation, and bodily states. Here, the affective neuroscience of pleasure and displeasure that has largely focused on the investigation of reward and pain processing, is reviewed. We describe the neurobiological systems of hedonics and factors that modulate hedonic experiences (e.g., cognition, learning, sensory input). Further, we review maladaptive and adaptive pleasure and displeasure functions in mental disorders and well-being, as well as the experience of aesthetics. As a centerpiece of the Human Affectome Project, language used to express pleasure and displeasure was also analyzed, and showed that most of these analyzed words overlap with expressions of emotions, actions, and bodily states. Our review shows that hedonics are typically investigated as processes that accompany other functions, but the mechanisms of hedonics (as core processes) have not been fully elucidated.

Does sex mediate the affective response to high intensity interval exercise?

High intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is identified as an alternative to moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) due to its similar effects on outcomes including maximal oxygen uptake and glycemic control. Nevertheless, its widespread implementation in adults is questioned because acute HIIE elicits more aversive responses (negative affective valence) than MICE which may make it impractical to perform long-term. Differences in muscle mass, fiber type, and substrate utilization exist between men and women that alter physiological responses which may cause differences in affective valence, yet the effect of sex on this outcome is unresolved. This study compared changes in affective valence between active men and women (mean age = 24.0 ±â€¯4.8 yr) performing HIIE and sprint interval exercise (SIE) on a cycle ergometer. Affect (+5 to -5), rating of perceived exertion (RPE 1-10), and blood lactate concentration (BLa) were measured before and throughout exercise, and enjoyment was assessed post-exercise. Results showed that women exhibit more positive affect (p < .05) during HIIE and SIE than men (0.6-1.8 units higher values). In addition, women exhibited lower BLa (p = .003) than men during SIE (11.8 ±â€¯2.4 mM vs. 14.9 ±â€¯3.1 mM). In contrast, there was no effect of sex on RPE (p = .32 and p = .54) or enjoyment (p = .24 and p = .37) in response to HIIE or SIE. Practitioners should consider the sex of their clients when assessing change in affective valence induced by interval-based exercise.

The Experience of Pleasure: A Perspective Between Neuroscience and Psychoanalysis.

Pleasure is more than a mere sensory event, but rather it can be conceptualized as a complex, multiform experience involving memory, motivation, homeostasis, and, sometimes, negative affects. According to Freud, affect is a perceptual modality that registers the internal drive state of the subject rather than the objective experience of the external world, and the quality of this perceptual modality is calibrated in degrees of pleasure and displeasure. Within this conceptual framework, the aim of drive is always pleasure, and objects become significant in so far as they provide a way of discharging drives pressure. Subsequent conceptual psychoanalytic developments have partially rejected such metapsychological theorizations, postulating that other intrinsic motivations that are independent from libido can be observed in humans. Intrinsic motivation broadly refers to a set of psychological concepts including the inherent propensity to pursue one's choices, to seek out novelty and challenges, to satisfy curiosity and competence, and to extend one's capacities and control over events. What these concepts have in common is an inner endorsement of one's action, which is the sense that action is self-generated and is one's own. The notions of pleasure, drives, and affects are all of utmost importance for a neuropsychoanalytic understanding of mental functioning, due to their capability to explain desire, thought, and behavior from the perspective of human subjective experience. The purpose of this paper is thus to discuss psychoanalytic conceptual developments that have addressed pleasure, drives, and affects, in the light of recent findings coming from neurosciences. In particular, we will explore for insights from Panksepp's theory of primary-process emotional feelings, including the notion of "wanting" and "liking" as dissociable components of reward. In the last part of the paper, we will indicate possible theoretical implications for a neuropsychoanalytic understanding of libido-independent intrinsic motivations and their relationship with the self, including neuroscientific observations on self-related processes, agency, body-ownerships, and attachment.

O espaço para o scholé no mundo acadêmico / The space for scholé in the academic world / El espacio para scholé en el mundo académico / L'espace pour scholé dans le monde académique

Envolto às lógicas gerencialista, produtivista e mercadológica, a academia aprofunda suas próprias contradições que a definem. A partir desse contexto, o objetivo deste artigo teórico é o de discutir de maneira crítica, as relações de trabalho no mundo acadêmico a partir de dimensões como: o espaço para o ócio na visão grega (scholé), o desprazer e o prazer. Constata-se que é fundamental conceber as duas últimas dimensões de maneira imbricada com a primeira para que exista uma reflexão crítica a respeito das atividades que envolvem o trabalho docente no ensino superior. Caso contrário, pouca atenção será ofertada para a construção de mecanismos de trabalho emancipatórios, oriundos da conduta individual e coletiva, que ajudam a renovar a relação do sujeito com o trabalho. É necessário, portanto, o resgate do espaço do scholé enquanto valor, não para fins instrumentais, mas humanos, ligado à alteridade nas relações do professor, visando transformar a realidade social, por intermédio seja do ensino, seja da pesquisa e/ou da extensão.

Within the realm of management, productivity and marketing logic, academia deepens the contradictions that define it. In this sense, the goal of this theoretical article is to critically discuss labor relations in the academic world as it pertains to leisure, in the Greek sense (scholé), displeasure and pleasure. It is important to conceive these latter two concepts arranged with the first as a critical reflection of the role of the professor in higher education. Otherwise, little attention will be paid to the construction of emancipatory mechanisms of work derived from individual and collective conduct that help renew the relationship of the individual to the work. Ultimately, it is necessary to value this scholé space, not as instrumental purposes, but as a human condition of professional relationships in order to broaden a social reality extended through instruction and research.

Envuelta de lógica empresarial, productivista y mercadológica, la academia profundiza sus propias contradicciones que la definen. A partir de este contexto, el objetivo de este artículo teórico es discutir, de manera crítica, las relaciones laborales en el mundo académico a partir de dimensiones, como espacio para el ocio en la visión griega (scholé), el desagrado y el placer . Podemos constatar que es fundamental concebir las dos últimas dimensiones de manera entrelazada con la primera por lo que hay una reflexión crítica sobre las actividades que implican el trabajo de los profesores en la educación superior. De lo contrario, se le ofrecerá poca atención a la construcción de mecanismos de trabajo emancipatorios que resultan de la conducta individual y colectiva que ayudan a renovar la relación del individuo con su trabajo. Por tanto, es necesario rescatar el espacio de scholé como un valor, no con fines instrumentales, pero humanos, conectado a la alteridad en las relaciones de los profesores destinados a la transformación de la realidad social, a través de la educación, la investigación y/o extensión de proyectos sociales.

Entouré des logiques managériale, productiviste et marchande, le monde universitaire approfondit ses propres contradictions qui le définissent. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cet article théorique est de discuter, de façon critique, les relations de travail dans le monde académique en se basant sur des dimensions telles que : l'espace pour l'oisiveté selon l'optique grecque (scholé), le déplaisir et le plaisir. On peut constater qu'il est essentiel de concevoir les deux dernières dimensions de façon imbriquée avec la première afin qu'il y ait une réflexion critique sur les activités impliquant le métier du professeur dans l'enseignement supérieur. Dans le cas contraire, peu d'attention sera offert pour la construction de mécanismes de travail émancipateurs résultant de la conduite individuelle et collective qui contribuent à renouveler la relation du sujet avec le travail. Il est donc nécessaire de rétablir l'espace du scholé en tant que valeur, non à des fins instrumentales, mais humaines, connecté à l'altérité dans les relations du professeur visant à transformer la réalité sociale soit par l'éducation, la recherche et/ou l'extension de projets sociaux.

The effect of carbohydrate and protein co-ingestion on energy substrate metabolism, sense of effort, and affective responses during prolonged strenuous endurance exercise.

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) and protein (PRO) co-ingestion on energy substrate metabolism, sense of effort, and affective responses during prolonged strenuous endurance exercise. In a four-stage randomized cross-over design, 10 male endurance runners (age: 27.3±1.4yrs; height: 172.9±1.1cm, weight: 63.5±1.6kg; body fat: 9.0±1.4%; V̇O2max: 62.9±1.8ml/kg/min) ran on a treadmill at 70% of their individual V̇O2max for 90min. There were two CHO and PRO treatments (CA: CHO+alpha-lactalbumin and CW: CHO+whey PRO isolate), one CHO treatment (CC: CHO+CHO), and a placebo control (CON). On each occasion, subjects consumed 5ml/kg according to their body weight (kg) immediately before and 2ml/kg every 15min during exercise. Blood samples were collected at 0min, 30min, 60min and 90min of exercise to measure glucose, lactate, insulin, and cortisol levels. The extent of physical sensation (abdominal discomfort, leg muscle pain), the sense of effort (rating of perceive exertion, RPE), and affective responses (pleasure-displeasure, arousal) were evaluated by numeric scales before, during, and immediately after exercise. Blood glucose and insulin concentrations in the CA, CW, and CC treatments were higher than in the CON at 90min (P<0.05). Muscle pain (evaluated by a single item, 0 to 10 pain intensity scale from "no pain at all" to "extremely unbearable") was lower following CA ingestion than CON and CW ingestion, at 75min (vs. CON and CW, 1.95±0.61 vs. 3.70±1.00 and 3.60±1.02, P<0.05) and 90min (vs. CON & CW: 2.40±0.76 vs. 4.20±0.99 and 4.05±1.1, P<0.05). RPE (evaluated by a 15-point, 6 to 20 rating scale ranging from "very, very light" to "very, very hard") following treatment with CA was lower than with CON and CW at 90min (vs. CON and CW: 11.30±1.14 vs. 14.20±1.30 and 13.30±1.24, P<0.05). Compared with CON and CW, CA enhanced the feeling of pleasure (evaluated by feeling scale from -5, "very bad" to +5, "very good") at 90min (vs. CON and CW, 2.20±0.67 vs. -0.30±0.94 and 0.20±0.91, P<0.05). Co-ingestion of CHO and alpha-lactalbumin protein attenuates muscle pain, and therefore alleviates the sense of effort and enhances affective responses during 90min of strenuous running at 70% V̇O2max.

A Conceptual Neurocognitive Affect-Related Model for the Promotion of Exercise Among Obese Adults.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Obesity remains a prominent societal threat and burden despite well-promoted prevention and treatment strategies, such as regular engagement in physical activity. Obese individuals, in particular, may be prone to inactivity as a result of a variety of displeasure-related parameters resulting from exercise, such as dyspnea, for instance. RECENT FINDINGS: This brief conceptual review discusses the integral roles of exercise-induced affective responses within a novel conceptual-based neurocognitive affect-related model. Specifically, this model includes three pathways: (1) pathway A proposes that neurocognition, and especially, executive function-based cognition, may play an influential role in fostering exercise-induced affective responses, (2) pathway B connects an individual's affective response from exercise to their future exercise behavior, and (3) pathway C suggests a cyclical, bi-directional relationship with executive function indirectly influencing future exercise behavior via affective responses to exercise, and exercise itself playing an important role in executive functioning. Future studies should empirically test this model, which may have utility for promoting exercise among the obese population.

Self-selected intensity, ratings of perceived exertion, and affective responses in sedentary male subjects during resistance training.

[Purpose] This study examined the exercise intensity and psychophysiological responses to a self-selected resistance training session in sedentary male subjects. [Subjects and Methods] Twelve sedentary male subjects (35.8 ± 5.8 years; 25.5 ± 2.6 kg·m(2)) underwent four sessions at 48-h intervals: familiarization; two sessions of one repetition maximum test and a resistance training session in which they were told to self-select a load to complete 3 sets of 10 repetitions of chest press, leg press, seated rows, knee extension, overhead press, biceps curl, and triceps pushdown exercises. During the latter, the percentage of one repetition maximum, affective responses (feeling scale), and rating of perceived exertion (OMNI-RES scale) were measured. [Results] The percentage of one repetition maximum for all exercises was >51% (14-31% variability), the rating of perceived exertion was 5-6 (7-11% variability), and the affective responses was 0-1 point with large variability. [Conclusion] Sedentary male subjects self-selected approximately 55% of one maximum repetition, which was above the intensity suggested to increase strength in sedentary individuals, but below the recommended intensity to improve strength in novice to intermediate exercisers. The rating of perceived exertion was indicative of moderate intensity and slightly positive affective responses.

Comparison of Affect and Cardiorespiratory Training Responses Between Structured Gym Activities and Traditional Aerobic Exercise in Children.

Physical activities (PA) that are pleasurable are likely to be repeated. Structured gym activities (SGA) are defined as dodging, chasing, and fleeing games. Traditional aerobic exercises (TAE) are defined as treadmill, cycle ergometer, and elliptical exercise. The purpose of this investigation was to compare affect and cardiorespiratory training responses between SGA and TAE in children. Thirty-two participants (9.3±0.2) were randomized to either the SGA or TAE group. Exercise training was seven weeks, with two sessions per week, for 35 minutes per session. Affect was measured by the (+5 (pleasurable) to -5 (displeasurable)) feelings scale. Affect was recorded at the mid-point and end of each exercise session. The 20-meter pacer test was used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline and post intervention. Affect responses and heart rates were averaged across all exercise sessions. The SGA group scored 2.77±0.2 affect units higher than the TAE group (p < 0.0001). The TAE group significantly increased cardiorespiratory fitness (baseline 47.8±3.8; post 49.1±3.1 ml·kg-1·min-1; p = 0.023) with no change in the SGA group (baseline 46.3±3.5; post 47.2±2.7 ml·kg-1·min-1; p = 0.127). SGA reported more positive affect, suggesting they experienced greater pleasure during the exercise sessions than the TAE participants. SGA activities promote more positive affect, and therefore may increase children's PA participation.

O processo comum ao sonho e ao tratamento psicanalítico / The process that is common to both dream and psychoanalytic treatment / El proceso común para el sueño y el tratamiento psicoanalítico

Tanto no sonho quanto no tratamento analítico, a atividade psíquica fica entregue ao comando do princípio do prazer que, melhor que o eu, sabe se moldar às estruturas do aparelho anímico, a suas falhas, e sabe também tratar delas. O processo primário assim ativado refunda os afetos e as representações inconscientes em redes economicamente mais satisfatórias.

Both in dream and in the psychoanalytic treatment, psychic activity is surrendered to the command of the pleasure principle. Better than the self, the pleasure principle knows how to adapt itself to the psychic apparatus and its flaws, and it also knows how to treat them. Once the primary process is in this way activated, it deepens affections and unconscious representations in economically more satisfying nets.

Tanto en el sueño como en el tratamiento analítico, la actividad psíquica se entrega al mando del principio del placer que, mejor que el yo, sabe moldarse a las estructuras del aparato anímico, a sus errores, y sabe, también, tratarlos. El proceso primario activado de esta forma reformula los afectos y las representaciones inconscientes en redes económicamente más satisfactorias.

Evaluation of physical and emotional responses to vibrotactile stimulation of the forearm in young adults, the elderly, and transradial amputees.

Vibrotactile stimulation (VS) is widely used in the biomedical and biomechanics fields. Most studies have attempted to verify the effects and/or function of VS, but few studies have evaluated emotional response (ER) to VS, although emotions play a critical role in human behavior. This study aimed to evaluate the subjective response (SR) to VS in young, elderly, and amputee adults and to verify whether VS on the forearm evokes displeasure. Twenty-four young adults (YM: male 13, YF: female 11), 31 elderly subjects (EM: male 15, EF: female 16), and 19 transradial amputees (AM: male 11, AF: female 8) participated. Eight equally spaced vibration motors were attached around the circumference of the forearm (channels 1-4 on the lateral site and channels 5-8 on the medial site) and were located 25% of the proximal forearm. Vibration stimuli with frequencies ranging from 37Hz to 258Hz were applied. An SR 10-level test and ER (displeasure or not) test were performed. In all 3 groups, SRs to the lateral site were higher than those to the medial site (YM group, p<0.001; YF group, p=0.002; EM group, p<0.001; EF group, p=0.031; AM group, p<0.001; AF group, p=0.021). Additionally, SRs were saturated at certain frequencies (YM group, 149Hz; YF and EM groups, 198Hz; EF and AM groups, 120Hz; AF group, 176Hz). Several subjects (YM group, 7; YF group, 4; EM group, 2; EF group, 6; AM group, 3; AF group, 1) expressed displeasure, and ERs were different according to sex, age, or amputation. As a result, the lateral site was more sensitive to VS than the medial site, regardless of sex, age, or amputation. Furthermore, VS may evoke displeasure.

The effect of galactose ingestion on affect and perceived exertion in recreationally active females.

The beneficial effects of acute carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation on exercise performance have been well described. Also reported is the attenuation of perceived exertion and enhancement of affect during prolonged exercise following CHO ingestion. However, no studies to date have assessed the impact of the type of CHO ingested on affective responses during moderate intensity exercise, lasting 60 min or less. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of consuming a galactose (GAL) CHO drink versus a glucose (GLU) CHO or placebo (PLA) drink before and during exercise on affect and perceived exertion. Nine recreationally active females undertook three trials, each consisting of running for 60 min at 65% VO2max followed immediately by a 90 min rest period. Prior to (300 ml) and at every 15 min during exercise (150 ml), participants consumed either a GLU or GAL drink each containing 45 g of CHO, or an artificially-sweetened PLA drink. Ratings of pleasure-displeasure and perceived activation were measured throughout exercise and the rest period and measures of perceived exertion were measured during exercise. Plasma glucose and serum insulin were significantly greater throughout exercise and rest following the GLU trial compared with the GAL and PLA trials (P<0.05). Measures of perceived activation and pleasure-displeasure were not enhanced nor RPE reduced as a result of ingestion of a CHO solution. In conclusion, the GAL beverage elicited a more favourable metabolic profile in the exercising females but this did not translate into an enhanced affective profile. Indeed, CHO ingestion had no noticeable effect on the assessed psychological indices during 60 min of moderate-intensity exercise in females. It is suggested that the maintenance of a positive affective profile may be explained more by the level of hydration as opposed to fuel availability. Therefore, those seeking to use beverages containing CHO to enhance their exercise experience may take note of these findings as this practise appears unjustified.

Prazer, Psicanálise / Pleasure, Psychoanalysis

Esse artigo foi motivado pelo reconhecimento da perseverança com que Freud relacionou o funcionamento psíquico ao mecanismo do prazer, que tem como propósito a inclinação para a fuga da dor, em outras palavras, para atingir a meta de evitar o desprazer. Por conta disso, nosso propósito é o de apresentar os resultados de uma investigação relativa à uma possível matriz filosófica que teria dado sustentação a tal concepção, criando suas condições de possibilidade. Fizemos isso colocando em perspectiva histórica o campo teórico em que a própria noção de prazer recebeu desenvolvimentos na modernidade, visitando autores como Hobbes, Locke e Condillac, com a expectativa de que nos permita adicionalmente reconhecer o estatuto particular que essa noção recebeu de Freud.(AU)

This article was motivated by the recognition of the perseverance with which Freud related the psychic operation to the mechanism of pleasure, which has as purpose the inclination to the escape of pain, in other words, to achieve the goal of preventing the displeasure. Because of it, our purpose is to present the results of an investigation related to the possible philosophical matrice that would give support to such conception, creating its conditions of possibility. We did this by putting in historical perspective the theoretical field where the own notion of pleasure received developments in the modernity, visiting authors as Hobbes, Locke and Condillac, with the expectation that we can additionally recognise the particular statute that this notion received from Freud.(AU)