Occurrence and seasonal variations of organophosphate flame retardants in air and dust from college microenvironments at Qingdao, China: Implications for student's exposure and risk assessment.

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely used as alternatives to brominated flame retardants in a variety of consumer products and their consumption has continuously increased in recent years. However, their concentrations and human exposures in indoor microenvironments, particularly in a university environment, have received limited attention. In this study, the concentrations and seasonal variations of 15 OPFRs were assessed in typical microenvironments of two universities, including dormitories, offices, public microenvironments (PMEs: classroom, dining hall, gymnasium and library), and laboratories on the northern coast of China. Analysis of the OPFRs in both air and dust samples indicated widespread distribution in college campuses. The average concentration of ∑15OPFRs in the winter (12,774.4 ng/g and 5.3 ng/m3 for dust and air, respectively) was higher than in the summer (2460.4 ng/g and 4.6 ng/m3 for dust and air, respectively). The dust and air samples collected from PMEs and laboratories exhibited higher concentrations of OPFRs, followed by offices and dormitories. An equilibrium was reached between dust and air in all collected microenvironments. The daily intakes of OPFRs were significantly lower than the reference dose. Dust ingestion was the primary intake pathway in the winter, while inhalation and dust ingestion were the main intake pathways in the summer. The non-carcinogenic hazard quotients fell within the range of 10-7-10-3 in both the summer and winter, which are below the theoretical risk threshold. For the carcinogenic risk, the LCR values ranged from 10-10 to 10-8, indicating no elevated carcinogenic risk due to TnBP, TCEP, and TDCP in indoor dust and air.

Shock decision algorithm for use during load distributing band cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

AIM: Chest compressions delivered by a load distributing band (LDB) induce artefacts in the electrocardiogram. These artefacts alter shock decisions in defibrillators. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the first reliable shock decision algorithm during LDB compressions. METHODS: The study dataset comprised 5813 electrocardiogram segments from 896 cardiac arrest patients during LDB compressions. Electrocardiogram segments were annotated by consensus as shockable (1154, 303 patients) or nonshockable (4659, 841 patients). Segments during asystole were used to characterize the LDB artefact and to compare its characteristics to those of manual artefacts from other datasets. LDB artefacts were removed using adaptive filters. A machine learning algorithm was designed for the shock decision after filtering, and its performance was compared to that of a commercial defibrillator's algorithm. RESULTS: Median (90% confidence interval) compression frequencies were lower and more stable for the LDB than for the manual artefact, 80 min-1 (79.9-82.9) vs. 104.4 min-1 (48.5-114.0). The amplitude and waveform regularity (Pearson's correlation coefficient) were larger for the LDB artefact, with 5.5 mV (0.8-23.4) vs. 0.5 mV (0.1-2.2) (p < 0.001) and 0.99 (0.78-1.0) vs. 0.88 (0.55-0.98) (p < 0.001). The shock decision accuracy was significantly higher for the machine learning algorithm than for the defibrillator algorithm, with sensitivity/specificity pairs of 92.1/96.8% (machine learning) vs. 91.4/87.1% (defibrillator) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Compared to other cardiopulmonary resuscitation artefacts, removing the LDB artefact was challenging due to larger amplitudes and lower compression frequencies. The machine learning algorithm achieved clinically reliable shock decisions during LDB compressions.

Assessment of blood distribution in response to post-surgical steal syndrome: A novel technique based on Thermo-Anatomical Segmentation.

The distal ischemic steal syndrome (ISS) is a complication following the construction of an arteriovenous (A-V) access for hemodialysis. The ability to non-invasively monitor changes in skin microcirculation improves both the diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases. In this study, we propose a novel technique for evaluating the palms' blood distribution following arteriovenous access, based on thermal imaging. Furthermore, we utilize the thermal images to identify typical recovery patterns of patients that underwent this surgery and show that thermal images taken post-surgery reflect the patient's follow-up status. Thermal photographs were taken by a portable thermal camera from both hands before and after the A-V access surgery, and one month following the surgery, from ten dialysis patients. A novel term "Thermo-Anatomical Segmentation", which enables a functional assessment of palm blood distribution was defined. Based on this segmentation it was shown that the greatest change after surgery was in the most distal region, the fingertips (p < 0.05). In addition, the changes in palm blood distribution in both hands were synchronized, which indicates a bilateral effect. An unsupervised machine learning model revealed two variables that determine the recovery pattern following the surgery: the palms' temperature difference pre- and post-surgery and the post-surgery difference between the treated and untreated hand. Our proposed framework provides a new technique for quantitative assessment of the palm's blood distribution. This technique may improve the clinical treatment of patients with vascular disease, particularly the patient-specific follow-up, in clinics as well as in homecare.

[Automatic load-distributing band CPR (AutoPulse™) in prone position, feasible?] / Mechanische CPR (AutoPulse™) in Bauchlage, machbar?

BACKGROUND: Due to SARS-CoV­2 respiratory failure, prone positioning of patients with respiratory and hemodynamic instability has become a frequent intervention in intensive care units (ICUs), and even in patients undergoing transfer in an ambulance or helicopter. It has become increasingly important how to perform safe and effective CPR in prone position, achieving both an optimal outcome for the patient and optimal protection of staff from infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted feasibility tests to assess the effects of CPR with an automatic load-distributing band (AutoPulse™) in prone position and discussed different aspects of mechanical chest compression (mCPR) in prone position. RESULTS: In supine position, AutoPulse™ generated a constant pressure depth of 3cm at a frequency of 84/min. In prone position, AutoPulse™ generated a constant pressure depth of 2.6cm at a frequency of 84/min. CONCLUSION: We found mCPR to be feasible in manikins in both prone and supine positions.

Mechanical chest compression devices in the helicopter emergency medical service in Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: Over the past years, several emergency medical service providers have introduced mechanical chest compression devices (MCDs) in their protocols for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Especially in helicopter emergency medical systems (HEMS), which have limitations regarding loading weight and space and typically operate in rural and remote areas, whether MCDs have benefits for patients is still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of MCDs in a large Swiss HEMS system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study of all HEMS missions of Swiss Air rescue Rega between January 2014 and June 2016 with the use of an MCD (Autopulse®). Details of MCD use and patient outcome are reported from the medical operation journals and the hospitals' discharge letters. RESULTS: MCDs were used in 626 HEMS missions, and 590 patients (94%) could be included. 478 (81%) were primary missions and 112 (19%) were interhospital transfers. Forty-nine of the patients in primary missions were loaded under ongoing CPR with MCDs. Of the patients loaded after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), 20 (7%) experienced a second CA during the flight. In interhospital transfers, 102 (91%) only needed standby use of the MCD. Five (5%) patients were loaded into the helicopter with ongoing CPR. Five (5%) patients went into CA during flight and the MCD had to be activated. A shockable cardiac arrhythmia was the only factor significantly associated with better survival in resuscitation missions using MCD (OR 0.176, 95% confidence interval 0.084 to 0.372, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: We conclude that equipping HEMS with MCDs may be beneficial, with non-trauma patients potentially benefitting more than trauma patients.

An Energy-Efficient Coverage Enhancement Strategy for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on a Dynamic Partition Algorithm for Cellular Grids and an Improved Vampire Bat Optimizer.

Sensor nodes perform missions based on the effectual invariable coverage of events, and it is commonly guaranteed by the determinate deployment for sensor nodes who deviate from the optimum site frequently. To reach the optimal coverage effect with the lowest costs is a primary goal of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, by splicing the sensing area optimally with cellular grids, the best deployment location for sensors and the required minimum number of them are revealed. The optimization problem of coverage rate and energy consumption is converted into a task assignment problem, and a dynamic partition algorithm for cellular grids is also proposed to improve the coverage effect when the number of sensors is variable. Furthermore, on the basis of solving the multi-objective problem of reducing and balancing the energy cost of sensors, the vampire bat optimizer is improved by introducing virtual bats and virtual preys, and finally solves the asymmetric assignment problem once the number of cellular grids is not equal to that of sensors. Simulation results indicate that the residual energy of sensors during redeployment is balanced notably by our strategy when compared to three other popular coverage-enhancement algorithms. Additionally, the total energy cost of sensor nodes and coverage rate can be optimized, and it also has a superior robustness when the number of nodes changes.

Improvement of cell counting method for Neubauer counting chamber.

BACKGROUND: We compared the cell counting accuracy of the conventional method and the improved method by using Neubauer counting chamber. METHODS: In the improved method, all the border cells were counted and then divided by two; while, in the conventional method, only border cells on the two boundaries (top and left) were counted. RESULTS: About 55.814% of the samples showed more accurate results by improved counting method, about 38.372% had more accurate results by conventional counting method, and about 5.814% were counted with similar counting error by both methods. The improved method had significantly smaller counting error than conventional method (P < .05). The distribution ratio of the border cells was an independent factor for counting accuracy (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Together, the improved counting method can reduce the counting error of the Neubauer counting chamber to some extent, assess the distributing uniformity of border cells, and help to eliminate the samples with large differences in distribution.

Distribution characteristics of gullies with slope gradient in Northeast China.

Twenty selected watersheds were divided into five small watershed sets according to location in Liaoning Province (LN), China. Watersheds and slopes were extracted from a 1:50,000 DEM, and gully data for each watershed were obtained by remote sensing interpretation. The gullies and associated slopes within the small watersheds were identified, and the distributions of gully density, proportion of dissected land, and gully length-width ratio in each small LN watershed and in the five small watershed sets were obtained. The correlations between the small watershed sets and the gully distributions throughout LN demonstrate regional distribution differences, and the watershed area has a great influence on both the area and length of gullies. Regional differences are present in the gully density and the proportion of dissected land in the small watersheds. The distribution of gullies with respect to slope depends on both the gully parameters and the proportion of terrain in the different slope grade ranges. The distribution results for the five small watershed sets are similar to those from a census of the Liaoning-Around Bohai mountainous and hilly sub-region. The gully density and proportion of dissected land in LN showed a single-peak curve with respect to slope, with slope thresholds of 8° and 5°, respectively. The constructed distribution equation has a high degree of fit. The comprehensive distributions of gully density, proportion of dissected land, and length-width ratio with slope indicate that gully erosion in LN is serious within the slope range of 3~8°.

Mechanism of Yang-tonifying herbs distributing along kidney meridians in molecular level by network pharmacology / 中草药

Objective: To predict the unique mechanism of Yang-tonifying herbs distributing along kidney meridians in molecular level through network pharmacology technology. Methods: Eight kidney-yang tonifying herbs with common clinical effects and clear therapeutic effects were selected in study. The chemical ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines were searched by TCMSP database. OB and DL values were applied to screen the active substance and the chemical similarity target prediction methods of Pub Chem database were used to predict the target proteins of TCM; The PPI between the target proteins of the kidney-yang tonifying herbs and the KEGG signal pathway were searched by the STRING database; The nodes in the PPI network were evaluated by the weighted PageRank algorithm and then the core target protein was screened. Using the Cytoscape 3.6.0 software, a compound-target network, a herb-target-PPI network, and a target-pathway network were constructed. Results: Through the network analysis, 21 key targets and 40 signal pathways of the kidney-yang tonifying herbs were screened. The medicinal played the role of warming and tonifying kidney-yang by T cell regulation, sex hormone regulation, immune response, and delaying aging. The mechanism may be related to thyroid hormone signaling pathway, neurotrophin signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway and estrogen signaling pathway. Conclusion: The method based on network pharmacology could help to find the key targets and signal pathways of the kidney-yang tonifying herbs, which provides useful information and data support for further interpretation of the classification meaning of the kidney-yang tonifying herbs in TCM

Inspectorate surveillance of preparing and distributing pharmacies in The Netherlands.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The preparation of medicines in pharmacies is essential for accommodating the individual needs and medical conditions of patients in Europe and beyond. This article describes the state of pharmacy preparation in preparing and distributing pharmacies (PDPs) in the Netherlands. The Medicines Act in the Netherlands is based on the European Union Directive 2001/83/EC, which forbids a PDP from preparing and distributing unlicensed medicinal products to dispensing pharmacies. In order not to obstruct patient care, the Dutch Inspectorate has sent a Circular Letter on large-scale preparation to all Dutch pharmacists. This Circular describes the qualitative conditions that must be fulfilled by the PDPs. The aim of this study was to assess the overall compliance of Dutch PDPs with the conditions of the Circular. These conditions are: an absence of licensed pharmacotherapeutic alternatives, rational pharmacotherapy, a product dossier for all products and compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). METHODS: PDPs are obliged to fulfil the conditions of the Circular. If PDPs do not fulfil these conditions, then they have to stop preparing and distributing medicinal products. A questionnaire was sent to all Dutch pharmacies to get information about the number of PDPs and the number of pharmacies served by each PDP. The instrument that was used in this observational study to assess the compliance of the PDPs with all conditions of the Circular is described. RESULTS: The results of the inspections until now show that on 1 November 2014, 18 out of 21 PDPs fulfilled the four conditions of the Circular. Only minor deficiencies were found with 3 out of 21 PDPs. Twenty out of the 21 PDPs visited fulfilled the condition concerning the absence of pharmacotherapeutic alternatives and 19 out of 21 PDPs visited complied with the condition of rational pharmacotherapy. Nineteen out of the 21 PDPs visited fulfilled the Circular condition that a product dossier was available for all products. All of the 21 PDPs visited complied with GMP. Regular visits, at least every 3 years, were performed by the Inspectorate to check the compliance of the PDPs with the Circular. The publication of the inspection reports on the website of the Inspectorate allowed, probably, many PDPs to be better prepared. The inspection visits showed that the PDPs have invested in compliance with the conditions of the Circular. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the PDPs fulfilled the requirements of the Circular. The Inspectorate is in consultation with the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport about how to proceed with the question of PDPs and the conditions they have to fulfil. Recent European case law will have to be taken into account.

Precise Cerebral Vascular Atlas in Stereotaxic Coordinates of Whole Mouse Brain.

Understanding amazingly complex brain functions and pathologies requires a complete cerebral vascular atlas in stereotaxic coordinates. Making a precise atlas for cerebral arteries and veins has been a century-old objective in neuroscience and neuropathology. Using micro-optical sectioning tomography (MOST) with a modified Nissl staining method, we acquired five mouse brain data sets containing arteries, veins, and microvessels. Based on the brain-wide vascular spatial structures and brain regions indicated by cytoarchitecture in one and the same mouse brain, we reconstructed and annotated the vascular system atlas of both arteries and veins of the whole mouse brain for the first time. The distributing patterns of the vascular system within the brain regions were acquired and our results show that the patterns of individual vessels are different from each other. Reconstruction and statistical analysis of the microvascular network, including derivation of quantitative vascular densities, indicate significant differences mainly in vessels with diameters less than 8 µm and large than 20 µm across different brain regions. Our precise cerebral vascular atlas provides an important resource and approach for quantitative studies of brain functions and diseases.

Pollutants removal in subsurface infiltration systems by shunt distributing wastewater with/without intermittent aeration under different shunt ratios.

Matrix dissolved oxygen (DO), removal of COD, TP and nitrogen in subsurface infiltration systems (SISs), named SIS A (without intermittent aeration and shunt distributing wastewater), SIS B (with shunt distributing wastewater) and SIS C (with intermittent aeration and shunt distributing wastewater) were investigated. Aerobic conditions were developed in 50cm depth and anoxic or anaerobic conditions were not changed in 80 and 110cm depth by intermittent aeration. Under appropriate shunt ratios, shunt distributing wastewater improved denitrification and had little influence on COD, TP and NH3-N removal. Under the optimal shunt ratio of 1:2 for SIS C, high average removal rates of COD (90.06%), TP (93.17%), NH3-N (88.20%) and TN (85.79%) were obtained, which were higher than those in SIS A (COD: 82.56%, TP: 92.76%, NH3-N: 71.08%, TN: 49.24%) and SIS B (COD: 81.12%, TP: 92.58%, NH3-N: 69.14%, TN: 58.73%) under the optimal shunt ratio of 1:3.

Performance of organics and nitrogen removal in subsurface wastewater infiltration systems by intermittent aeration and shunt distributing wastewater.

Organics and nitrogen removal in four subsurface wastewater infiltration systems (SWISs), named SWIS A (without intermittent aeration and shunt distributing wastewater), SWIS B (with intermittent aeration), SWIS C (with shunt distributing wastewater) and SWIS D (with intermittent aeration and shunt distributing wastewater) was investigated. High average removal rates of 92.3% for COD, 90.2% for NH4-N and 88.1% for TN were achieved simultaneously in SWIS D compared with SWIS A, B and C. The excellent TN removal of SWIS D was due to intermittent aeration provided sufficient oxygen for nitrification in upper matrix and the favorable anoxic or anaerobic environment for denitrification in subsequent matrix, and moreover, shunt distributing wastewater provided sufficient carbon source for denitrification process. The results indicated that intermittent artificial aeration combined with shunt distributing wastewater could achieve high organics and nitrogen removal in SWISs.

Effects of mechanical chest compression device with a load-distributing band on post-resuscitation injuries identified by post-mortem computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with AutoPulse™ (LDB-CPR) on post-resuscitation injuries identified by post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT). AutoPulse™ is a novel mechanical chest-compression device with a load-distributing band (LDB) that may affect post-resuscitation injury identified by PMCT. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of non-traumatic adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients whose death was confirmed in our emergency department between October 2009 and September 2014. Patients were divided according to whether LDB-CPR (LDB-CPR group) or manual CPR only (manual CPR only group) was performed. The background characteristics and post-resuscitation injuries identified by PMCT were compared between both groups. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for posterior rib fracture and abdominal injury. RESULTS: Overall, 323 patients were evaluated, with 241 (74.6%) in the LDB-CPR group. The total duration of CPR was significantly longer in the LDB-CPR group than in the manual CPR only group. Posterior rib fracture, hemoperitoneum, and retroperitoneal hemorrhage were significantly more frequent in the LDB-CPR group. The frequencies of anterior/lateral rib and sternum fracture were similar in both groups. Pneumothorax tended to be more frequent in the LDB-CPR group, although not significantly. LDB-CPR was an independent risk factor for posterior rib fracture (odds ratio 30.57, 95% confidence interval 4.15-225.49, P=0.001) and abdominal injury (odds ratio 4.93, 95% confidence interval 1.88-12.95, P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: LDB-CPR was associated with higher frequencies of posterior rib fracture and abdominal injury identified by PMCT. PMCT findings should be carefully examined after LDB-CPR.

Manual vs. integrated automatic load-distributing band CPR with equal survival after out of hospital cardiac arrest. The randomized CIRC trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare integrated automated load distributing band CPR (iA-CPR) with high-quality manual CPR (M-CPR) to determine equivalence, superiority, or inferiority in survival to hospital discharge. METHODS: Between March 5, 2009 and January 11, 2011 a randomized, unblinded, controlled group sequential trial of adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrests of presumed cardiac origin was conducted at three US and two European sites. After EMS providers initiated manual compressions patients were randomized to receive either iA-CPR or M-CPR. Patient follow-up was until all patients were discharged alive or died. The primary outcome, survival to hospital discharge, was analyzed adjusting for covariates, (age, witnessed arrest, initial cardiac rhythm, enrollment site) and interim analyses. CPR quality and protocol adherence were monitored (CPR fraction) electronically throughout the trial. RESULTS: Of 4753 randomized patients, 522 (11.0%) met post enrollment exclusion criteria. Therefore, 2099 (49.6%) received iA-CPR and 2132 (50.4%) M-CPR. Sustained ROSC (emergency department admittance), 24h survival and hospital discharge (unknown for 12 cases) for iA-CPR compared to M-CPR were 600 (28.6%) vs. 689 (32.3%), 456 (21.8%) vs. 532 (25.0%), 196 (9.4%) vs. 233 (11.0%) patients, respectively. The adjusted odds ratio of survival to hospital discharge for iA-CPR compared to M-CPR, was 1.06 (95% CI 0.83-1.37), meeting the criteria for equivalence. The 20 min CPR fraction was 80.4% for iA-CPR and 80.2% for M-CPR. CONCLUSION: Compared to high-quality M-CPR, iA-CPR resulted in statistically equivalent survival to hospital discharge.

Analysis and investigation of the distribution of endemic arsenism in Shanxi Province / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To investigate the distribution of endemic arsenism and to provide a scientific basis for control and prevention of the disease.Methods According to previous investigation,in the high-arsenic water areas,the arsenic diseased areas and the surrounding lands,35 counties were investigated.Water arsenic was screened in all the survey sites,villages with water arsenic exceeding the standard were quantitative surveyed of water arsenic and the disease conditions.Screening of arsenic content in drinking water was done by the method of half-quantitative fast reagent kit.Quantitative determination of arsenic in water was done by hydride generationatomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS).Patients of endemic arsenism were diagnosed by the Standard of Diagnosis for Endemic Arsenism (WS/T 211-2001).Identification of area was done by Definition and Division Standard for Endemic Arsenism (WS 277-2007).The data were analyzed using SPSS 13.0 for windows.Results Water arsenic of 151 villages in 15 counties among 1 771 villages were higher than the national drinking water quality level(0.05 mg/L).Exposure population of high arsenic was 177 018 people.The census results of high arsenic water sources indicated that the ratio of drinking water arsenic levels higher than the national standard was 35.10％ (2 355/6 709) and the highest contents of arsenic was 1.733 0 mg/L.The disease census indicated that there were 33 latency arsenism districts and 118 arsenism districts.There was totally 39 757 patients with latency arsenism.Totally 137 261 people lived in arsenism districts.Light,moderate and severe arsenism districts was 82,29 and 7,respectively.Totally 1 244 suspicious patients with endemic arsenism were discovered,and 3 473 light and more severe patients were discovered and the detected rate of light and more severe patients was 2.54％ (3 473/136 924).Most patient were not serious.Conclusions High arsenic areas and endemic arsenism areas are distributed in 15 counties of Shanxi Province.In the future primary task in prevention and control of endemic arsenism is comprehensive prevention and control measures.

The analysis of efficacy for AutoPulse™ system in flying helicopter.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) was introduced in Japan in 2001, and some cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) patients are transported using this service. However, it is difficult to maintain continuous and effective manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in flying helicopters. To overcome this problem, the AutoPulse™ system, automated mechanical CPR devices, was induced. We conducted a retrospective study to clarify the efficacy of AutoPulse™ on CPA patients in flying helicopters. METHODS: In total, 92 CPA patients were enrolled in this study. Of these, 43 CPA patients received manual CPR (between April 2004 and June 2008), and 49 patients received AutoPulse™ CPR (between July 2008 and March 2011). We compared the manual CPR group with the AutoPulse™ group using logistic regression analysis and examined the efficacy of AutoPulse™ in flying helicopters. RESULTS: Rates for return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival to hospital discharge were increased in the AutoPulse™ group compared to the manual CPR group (ROSC, 30.6% [15 patients] vs. 7.0% [3 patients]; survival to hospital discharge, 6.1% [3 patients] vs. 2.3% [1 patient]). In multivariate analysis, the factors associated with ROSC were the use of AutoPulse™ (odds ratio [OR], 7.22; P=0.005) and patients aged ≤65 years (OR, 0.31; P=0.042). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that the use of AutoPulse™ in flying helicopters was significantly effective for the ROSC in CPA patients. The use of automated chest compression devices such as AutoPulse™ might be recommended at least for CPA patients transported by helicopters.

Investigation of Distributing Characteristics of Blood Stasis Syndrome on 300 Cases of Advanced Stage Lung Cancer Patiens / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To investigate the distributing characteristics of blood stasis syndrome on 300 cases of advanced stage lung cancer patiens. Method Through filling in the table-syndrome of distributing characteristics of primary pulmonary carcinoma for stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ patients,the distributing characteristics of blood stasis syndrome in advanced lung cancer patiens were observed. Result The constituent ratio of blood stasis syndrome increased significantly following the worse patho-typing degree,the cell differentiation degree,the occurrence of hepatic metastasis,opposite pulmonary metastasis,osseous metastasis and troisier sign. Conclusion The syndrome of blood stasis of lung cancer has the distinct feature. Accordingly,the diagnostic standard which can be qualified of syndrome of blood stasis should be established. Only in that way can we guide the clinical diagnosis,the evaluation of therapeutic effect and the clinical trial of new drug of TCM preferably.

Recording, Editing, and Distributing the Movies of Anatomy Lectures / 대한해부학회지

In order to review anatomy lectures, medical students use the lecture materials, lecture notebooks, or recorded voices of lectures. These learning materials are not so effective as the movies of anatomy lectures. The purpose of this research is to help medical students review anatomy lectures by giving them the chance to replay the movies of anatomy lectures conveniently on the computer. For the purpose, an anatomy professor presented board lectures (about 14 hours) according to the anatomy units (introduction, back, upper limb, neck, head, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, perineum, and lower limb), which were recorded by camcorders to make movies. The movies were transferred to the computer; subsequently, edited suitably on the Adobe Premiere. The movies were compressed to make MPEG files (size 28.0 GBytes) and WMV files (size 1.4 GBytes). In case of the slide lecture, we made a program, on which lecture movies and slides could be watched concomitantly and conveniently. The movies of anatomy lectures were distributed off-line or on-line to help medical students review the anatomy lectures. This report about techniques of making movies will promote other anatomy professors to make movies of their own anatomy lectures.

On the Strategy of Commodity Circulation of Pharmaceutical Wholesale Enterprises in China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the strategy of commodity circulation of our pharmaceutical wholesale enterprises in new period. METHODS: To describe the present conditions of pharmaceutical wholesale enterprises:high cost and low beneficial result.To discuss the need of commodity distributing of pharmaceutical manufacturers and retails.To analyses the status of wholesale enterprises in supply chain.RESULTS & CONCLUSION: Our pharmaceutical wholesale enterprises must develop their commodity distributing strategy on the basis of the status of wholesale enterprises in supply chain.