Entre Freud e Abraham: um estudo das pulsões e das relações de objeto nas fundações da psicanálise / Between Freud and Abraham: a study of drives and object relations in the foundations of psychoanalysis / Entre Freud y Abraham: un estudio de las pulsiones y relaciones de objeto en las fundaciones del psicoanálisis

Buscamos neste ensaio apresentar algumas das principais transformações pelas quais passou a psicanálise no seu desenvolvimento histórico. Nesse movi-mento, os chamados paradigmas pulsional e objetal foram se estabelecendo como principais referências ao campo psicanalítico. Nossa intenção principal foi conhecer como a relação de objeto está presente na teoria pulsional de Freud, sobretudo na primeira tópica. Ademais, saber como a dinâmica pulsional e o objeto se apresentam no pensamento de um dos principais psicanalistas da primeira geração, Karl Abraham. Como desdobramento deste estudo, apre-sentamos alguns dos efeitos de como a noção de objeto, presente nas teorias desses paradigmas, pode fundamentar diferentes noções de desenvolvimento, de psicopatologia e de manejo clínico em nossa contemporaneidade. (AU)

In this essay, we aim to present some of the key transformations that psycho-analysis has undergone in its historical development. In this movement, the concepts of drive and object paradigms were established as main references to the psychoanalytic field. Our primary objective was to explore the presence of object relations in Freud's drive theory, especially in the first topography. Moreover, we seek to know how the dynamic of drives and the object are present in the thinking of one of the leading psychoanalysts of the first genera-tion, Karl Abraham. As an extension to this study, we point out some of the effects of how the notion of object, included in the theories of these paradigms, can underpin various concepts of development, psychopathology, and clinical practice in contemporary psychoanalysis. (AU)

En este ensayo buscamos presentar algunas de las principales transfor-maciones que ha sufrido el psicoanálisis en su desarrollo histórico. En este movimiento, los denominados paradigmas pulsionales y objetal se estable-cieron como referencias principales al campo psicoanalítico. Nuestra inten-ción principal era saber cómo está presente la relación de objeto en la teoría pulsional de Freud, especialmente en la primera tópica. Además, saber cómo la dinámica pulsional y el objeto se presentan en el pensamiento de uno de los principales psicoanalistas de la primera generación, Karl Abraham. Como consecuencia de este estudio, presentamos algunos de los efectos de cómo la noción de objeto, presente en las teorías de estos paradigmas, puede soportar diferentes nociones de desarrollo, psicopatología y manejo clínico en nuestros tiempos contemporáneos.

Analysis of individual characteristics influencing user polarization in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine hesitancy proved to be a major obstacle in efforts to control and mitigate the negative consequences of COVID-19. This study centered on the degree of polarization on social media about vaccine use and contributing factors to vaccine hesitancy among social media users. Examining the discussion about COVID-19 vaccine on the Weibo platform, a relatively comprehensive system of user features was constructed based on psychological theories and models such as the curiosity-drive theory and the big five model of personality. Then machine learning methods were used to explore the paramount impacting factors that led users into polarization. Findings revealed that factors reflecting the activity and effectiveness of social media use promoted user polarization. In contrast, features reflecting users' information processing ability and personal qualities had a negative impact on polarization. This study hopes to help healthcare organizations and governments understand and curb social media polarization around vaccine development in the face of future surges of pandemics.

"Death drive" scientifically reconsidered: Not a drive but a collection of trauma-induced auto-addictive diseases.

Over the last 102 years, a lot of discussion was being held about the psychoanalytic conception of the "death drive," but still with inconclusive results. In this paper, we start with a brief review of Freud's conception, followed by a comprised overview of its subsequent support or criticisms. The core of our argument is a systematic review of current biochemical research about two proposed manifestations of the "death drive," which could hopefully move the discussion to the realm of science. It was already established that drive satisfaction leads to the secretion of beta-endorphins, and research evidence also shows that the same biochemical mechanisms get activated in the case of masochism and the gambling disorder but only if they are preceded by chronic frustration of the essential drives. We conclude that the actual situation is more complex than Freud hypothesized, and that a fundamental revision of the psychoanalytic drive theory is necessary.

Changes in intermuscular connectivity during active elbow extension reveal a functional simplification of motor control after stroke.

Background: Stroke alters muscle co-activation and notably leads to exaggerated antagonist co-contraction responsible for impaired motor function. However, the mechanisms underlying this exaggerated antagonist co-contraction remain unclear. To fill this gap, the analysis of oscillatory synchronicity in electromyographic signals from synergistic muscles, also called intermuscular coherence, was a relevant tool. Objective: This study compares functional intermuscular connectivity between muscle pairs of the paretic and non-paretic upper limbs of stroke subjects and the dominant limb of control subjects, concomitantly between two muscle pairs with a different functional role, through an intermuscular coherence analysis. Methods: Twenty-four chronic stroke subjects and twenty-four healthy control subjects were included. Subjects performed twenty elbow extensions while kinematic data and electromyographic activity of both flexor and extensor elbow muscles were recorded. Intermuscular coherence was analyzed in the beta frequency band compared to the assessment of antagonist co-contraction. Results: Intermuscular coherence was higher in the stroke subjects' paretic limbs compared to control subjects. For stroke subjects, the intermuscular coherence of the antagonist-antagonist muscle pair (biceps brachii-brachioradialis) was higher than that of the agonist-antagonist muscle pair (triceps brachii-brachioradialis). For the paretic limb, intermuscular coherence of the antagonist-antagonist muscle pair presented a negative relationship with antagonist co-contraction. Conclusion: Differences in intermuscular coherence between the paretic limbs of stroke subjects and control subjects suggest a higher common central drive during movement. Furthermore, results highlight the association between stroke-related alteration of intermuscular functional connectivity and the alteration of motor function.

A pulsão de morte na perspectiva de Otto Kernberg / The death drive according to Otto Kernberg / La pulsion de mort selon Otto Kernberg / La pulsión de muerte en la perspectiva de Otto Kernberg

O psicanalista vienense Otto Kernberg repensou o conceito de pulsão de morte a partir de novos conhecimentos da área de neurobiologia e a partir da investigação de quadros psicopatológicos graves, pouco abordados por Freud. Ele reconheceu que os fenômenos elencados por Freud para sustentar a ideia de pulsão de morte, de fato, demonstram a presença de uma tendência autodestrutiva dominante, mas sustentou que essa tendência resulta de uma transformação maligna da agressão, decorrente de fatores constitucionais e relacionais, e não de uma tendência inata do psiquismo. O objetivo deste artigo é retomar alguns pontos problemáticos da teoria freudiana do segundo dualismo pulsional e procurar mostrar que a perspectiva de Kernberg permite escapar de certos impasses presentes nessa teoria.

Resumos Based on new discoveries in the field of neurobiology and on his own research on severe psychopathological conditions mostly unaddressed by Freud, the Viennese psychoanalyst Otto Kernberg redefined the death drive concept. Despite acknowledging that the phenomena referred to by Freud refers as supporting the idea of a death drive reveal the existence of a dominant self-destructive tendency, Kernberg maintains that such tendency results from a malignant transformation of aggression due to constitutional and relational factors, rather than from an innate feature of the mind. This paper seeks to reassess some problematic points of Freud's second drive theory and argue that Kernberg's perspective allows to avoid some of its main stalemates.

S'appuyant sur de nouvelles découvertes dans le domaine de la neurobiologie et sur ses propres investigations de tableaux psychopathologiques sévères, pour la plupart non abordés par Freud, le psychanalyste viennois Otto Kernberg a redéfini le concept de pulsion de mort. Toute en reconnaisant que les phénomènes énumérés par Freud pour soutenir l'idée de pulsion de mort révèlent l'existence d'une tendance dominante à l'autodestruction, Kernberg soutient que cette tendance résulte d'une transformation maligne de l'agressivité due à des facteurs constitutionnels et relationnels, plutôt que d'une caractéristique innée du psychisme. Cet article cherche à reprendre certains points problématiques de la théorie freudienne du second dualisme pulsionnel et soutient que la perspective de Kernberg permet d'échapper à certaines de ces impasses.

El psicoanalista vienés Otto Kernberg replanteó el concepto de pulsión de muerte, a partir de nuevos conocimientos del área neurobiológica y de la investigación de cuadros psicopatológicos graves, poco abordados por Freud. Reconoce que los fenómenos enumerados por Freud para apoyar la idea de la pulsión de muerte, de hecho, demuestran la presencia de una tendencia autodestructiva dominante, pero sostiene que esta tendencia resulta de una transformación maligna de la agresión, resultante de factores constitucionales y relacionales, y no de una tendencia innata del psiquismo. El objetivo de este artículo es retomar algunos puntos problemáticos de la teoría freudiana del segundo dualismo pulsional y mostrar que la perspectiva de Kernberg permite salir de ciertos impasses presentes en esta teoría.

Searching for Bedrocks: Gender, Biology, and the Question of Ontology.

This paper argues that a conceptual conflation between biology and ontology has had a pervasive influence on psychoanalytic thinking about gender, particularly transgender phenomena. This has made it difficult to think about gender's relationship to the body outside of essentializing fantasies. The origins of the modern term gender and Freud's biological emphasis are addressed, followed by a more extensive engagement with contemporary psychoanalytic scholarship on trans. Finally, the paper proposes a framework for attending to gender's relationship to the body with greater nuance, turning to Freud's late drive theory to help us think in this complex area.

Accepting Restrictions and Compliance With Recommended Preventive Behaviors for COVID-19: A Discussion Based on the Key Approaches and Current Research on Fear Appeals.

COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) is a novel coronavirus which was first detected in late December 2019 in the Wuhan Province of China. This novel coronavirus, caused by a zoonotic beta-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-), is described as highly infectious. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the novel coronavirus as COVID-19 on February 11, 2020, and declared it as a "pandemic." Almost all countries have undertaken wide-scale precautions so as to prevent or limit the spread of the virus, with most having practiced some form of "lockdown" along with "social distancing," as well as dispensed recommendations for proper hand washing, avoiding touching the face, wearing facemasks, and using disposable tissues when either coughing or sneezing. Whereas it is well known that slowing the spread of this new epidemic requires the cooperation of all citizens, some people still seem to willfully disregard the rules and guidelines, and thereby ignore the health risks posed to both themselves and to others they come into contact with. People have responded differently to lockdown rules and social distancing practices. Whilst the majority follow the rules and recommendations with great care, others are more lax or simply refuse to comply. These differences might be accounted for according to a number of factors including personal, social, cultural, mental, and economic variables. Being persuaded to comply with preventive rules, especially those concerned with health-related behaviors, also bring certain other factors into play. Fear is one of those factors, and is one of the most powerful. It is well known that fear-based appeals can be effective in inculcating health behaviors, with many theories having been developed in this area. However, both the content of the message (the level of the fear it contains) and certain personal variables can determine the persuasive power of the fear appeal. It can even have an adverse effect if not properly applied. Many theories have been developed to address the persuasive effectiveness of the fear appeal (e.g., fear-drive theory, protection-motivation theory), and this study aims to discuss these individual differences in precautionary and preventive measures for the COVID-19 pandemic within the framework of the basic assumptions of these theoretical approaches.

Revision of Drive Theory.

Several deep revisions of Freud's theory of the drives are proposed: (1) Drives are conscious and are in fact the source of all consciousness. (2) Drive energy is equated with variational free energy and is therefore quantifiable in principle. (3) There are not two drives but many, seven of which may be described as "emotional" as opposed to "bodily" drives. (4) All drives are self-preservative or preservative of the species; there is no death drive at work in the mind. This means, at the mechanistic level, that all drives are homeostatic and anti-entropic. (5) The great task of mental development is to supplement instinctual predictions about how our multiple drive demands may be met and reconciled with each other. This work is done by learning from experience, mainly through voluntary behavior, which is governed by conscious feelings.

Mirror, Mirror: Freud and the Reversible Self-Object Dyad.

Freud is often negatively contrasted with object relations and relational theorists for holding to a metapsychology in which drives are understood as innate and predetermined in their development, are thought to follow the pleasure principle in a "hydraulic" manner, and are not seen as influenced by real objects. While that theory is certainly one dimension of Freud's thinking, it is paralleled by another, quite different model positing a "mirror" relation in which affectively charged reversible self-object dyads, as opposed to purely internal dynamics, are the constituent elements of mental life. This view, more compatible with theories placing greater emphasis on the constitutive role of self-object relations, may further the reconciliation of Freudian and object-relational theories.

Acerca del Trieb [pulsión] en Freud / On Freud's drive [Trieb] concept

Este trabajo tiene por objetivo efectuar un recurrido sobre el concepto de pulsión en la obra de Freud. En un primer momento serán presentadas y discutidas las formulaciones iniciales de Freud sobre la pulsión, en particular, el marco clínico y el marco teórico. Enseguida, será presentada y analizada la primera formulación propiamente psicoanalítica sobre la pulsión. La meta será de analizar detenidamente que la elasticidad del concepto de pulsión no ha obstaculizado el establecimiento de ciertas dificultades de entendimiento, sobre todo con la introducción del concepto de pulsión de muerte. Para finalizar, será esbozada una discusión sobre la repercusión de la teoría de las pulsiones en la tercera formulación acerca de la angustia y sobre la dinámica de las instancias que componen la segunda tópica, con el objetivo de sostener la idea según la cual la dimensión pulsional establece vías de pasaje con las relaciones de objeto.

The goal of this paper is to examine the concept of drive in Freud's work. Firstly, Freud's initial formulations on drive, in particular its clinical and theoretical frameworks, will be introduced and discussed. Then, the first properly psychoanalytic formulation on drive will be introduced and analysed. The goal is to thoroughly analyse that the elasticity of the drive concept does not hinder the establishment of certain difficulties in understanding, especially through the introduction of the death drive concept. Lastly, an argument about the repercussion of drive theory in its third formulation on anxiety and on the dynamics of the cases thet make up the second topology will be outlined. This has the goal of supporting the idea according to wich the drive dimension establishes passageways with object relations.

MICHEL DE M'UZAN AND ORIGINS OF IDENTITY.

Michel de M'Uzan describes a way to think about identity in which two distinct sources of our sense of identity must be considered. His innovation is the concept of the vital-identital, which he suggests is equally foundational with the sense of identity derived from the early human environment. The term endogenous identity is used to unify under one heading the ideas that de M'Uzan employs to build his concept of vital-identital. The author summarizes de M'Uzan's earlier work, elaborates on his more recent ideas, and illustrates the use of de M'Uzan's ideas with a cultural and a clinical example.

Freud, a sexualidade perverso-polimorfa e a crítica ao discurso da degenerescência: revisitando tensões entre psicanálise e psiquiatria

Discute-se a crítica freudiana ao discurso da degenerescência através da análise da noção de sexualidade perverso-polimorfa no contexto das descontinuidades de sua teoria pulsional. Para cumprir esse propósito, revisita-se o discurso da degenerescência, discriminando a teia conceitual que lhe serve de suporte. Em seguida, esquadrinha-se, na obra freudiana, a contundente crítica a esse discurso, a partir da análise dos desdobramentos teórico-clínicos da emergência da noção de sexualidade perverso-polimorfa e seus rebatimentos na concepção de neurose e fantasia. Por fim, o trabalho aponta para a atualidade do gesto freudiano de explicitar tensões entre psicanálise e psiquiatria(AU)

Freud, the perverse-polymorphous sexuality and the critique of the degeneracy discourse: revisiting tensions between psychoanalysis and psychiatry. This paper discusses the Freudian critique to the discourse of degeneracy by analyzing the notion of perverse-polymorphous sexuality in the context of the discontinuities of his drive theory. To fulfill this purpose, the article revisits the discourse of degeneracy, detailing the conceptual net that supports it. Then, it scans in Freud, the severe critique to this discourse, from the analysis of the theoretical and clinical consequences of the emergence of the notion of perverse-polymorphous sexuality and its repercussions in the design of neurosis and fantasy. Finally, the study points to the relevance of the Freudian act of making tensions explicit between psychoanalysis and psychiatry(AU)

Freud, a sexualidade perverso-polimorfa e a crítica ao discurso da degenerescência: revisitando tensões entre psicanálise e psiquiatria / Freud, the wicked - polymorphous sexuality and criticism of the discourse of degeneracy: revisiting tensions between psychoanalysis and psychiatry

Discute-se a crítica freudiana ao discurso da degenerescência através da análise da noção de sexualidade perverso-polimorfa no contexto das descontinuidades de sua teoria pulsional. Para cumprir esse propósito, revisita-se o discurso da degenerescência, discriminando a teia conceitual que lhe serve de suporte. Em seguida, esquadrinha-se, na obra freudiana, a contundente crítica a esse discurso, a partir da análise dos desdobramentos teórico-clínicos da emergência da noção de sexualidade perverso-polimorfa e seus rebatimentos na concepção de neurose e fantasia. Por fim, o trabalho aponta para a atualidade do gesto freudiano de explicitar tensões entre psicanálise e psiquiatria.

Freud, the perverse-polymorphous sexuality and the critique of the degeneracy discourse: revisiting tensions between psychoanalysis and psychiatry. This paper discusses the Freudian critique to the discourse of degeneracy by analyzing the notion of perverse-polymorphous sexuality in the context of the discontinuities of his drive theory. To fulfill this purpose, the article revisits the discourse of degeneracy, detailing the conceptual net that supports it. Then, it scans in Freud, the severe critique to this discourse, from the analysis of the theoretical and clinical consequences of the emergence of the notion of perverse-polymorphous sexuality and its repercussions in the design of neurosis and fantasy. Finally, the study points to the relevance of the Freudian act of making tensions explicit between psychoanalysis and psychiatry.

The combination of perception of other individuals and exogenous manipulation of arousal enhances social facilitation as an aftereffect: re-examination of Zajonc's drive theory.

Zajonc's drive theory postulates that arousal enhanced through the perception of the presence of other individuals plays a crucial role in social facilitation (Zajonc, 1965). Here, we conducted two experiments to examine whether the elevation of arousal through a stepping exercise performed in front of others as an exogenous factor causes social facilitation of a cognitive task in a condition where the presence of others does not elevate the arousal level. In the main experiment, as an "aftereffect of social stimulus," we manipulated the presence or absence of others and arousal enhancement before participants conducted the primary cognitive task. The results showed that the strongest social facilitation was induced by the combination of the perception of others and arousal enhancement. In a supplementary experiment, we manipulated these factors by adding the presence of another person during the task. The results showed that the effect of the presence of the other during the primary task is enough on its own to produce facilitation of task performance regardless of the arousal enhancement as an aftereffect of social stimulus. Our study therefore extends the framework of Zajonc's drive theory in that the combination of the perception of others and enhanced arousal as an "aftereffect" was found to induce social facilitation especially when participants did not experience the presence of others while conducting the primary task.