Survey data on socioeconomic demographics of drug-free families living in high-risk drug environments in East Coast States of Peninsular Malaysia.

The dataset represents the socioeconomic demographic of drug-free families living in a high-risk drug environment in East Coast states of Peninsular Malaysia. The purposive sampling technique was used to choose among drug free families living in high drug environment, have children aged between 13 and 17 and none of the family members involved in any substance abuse cases via face-to-face interview questionnaires between 3rd April 2021 and 8th April 2021, gathering a total of 200 responses. The survey assessing socioeconomic demographic information (14 items) and involvement in drug prevention programs (8 items). The survey data was analyzed using descriptive analysis through frequencies and percentages. The data will assist the government, policymakers, and researchers to improve the content and delivery of family-based drug prevention programs and improve family awareness on risk and protective factors towards preventing drug abuse among youths.

Why do we Need to go Digital? Process of Developing an Online Facilitator Training Platform for a Global Family Skills Programme for Drug Use Prevention.

Strong Families is a programme developed for families living in challenged or stressful settings to prevent poor mental health and developmental outcomes, violence, and substance use. Facilitators are conventionally trained in person over two full days, by experienced international trainers. During the COVID-19 pandemic and due to travel restrictions, we developed an online course to deliver the content of the training manual electronically, with videos explaining the most difficult exercises, note taking functions and click and reveal activities to check their understanding. We further blended synchronous and asynchronous course formats to accommodate facilitators' different time zones and work schedules. We tied two educational theories (Malcom Knowles theory of andragogy and Blooms taxonomy) into the Strong Families online course, to ensure learners are easily able to understand content, remember it and implement the gained skills within their communities. The aim of this paper is to discuss the process of the development of the Learning Management System and the Strong Families online course, as well as its benefits, key tools and essential considerations for replication through the UNODC multi-country and inter-disciplinary experience in digitalizing the Strong Family skills prevention tool to support other institutions interested in such a process, including in anticipation of future similar circumstances. To date, our online course has been made available in 10 languages, benefitting facilitators from 11 countries and the respective beneficiary families. Further impact evaluation, fidelity of implementation during national scale up and return on investment of integration of blended-learning concepts still need to be assessed.

[Expert consensus on clinical drug prevention and treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head(2022)].

With the in-depth understanding of osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH), and more and more patients seeking medical treatment in the early stage of the disease, surgical treatment of femoral head necrosis alone is no longer sufficient for the current treatment of patients' demand, how to rationally and effectively apply drugs to strengthen the early prevention and treatment of femoral head necrosis and delay the progression of disease is becoming more and more important. This article combines the latest expert consensus and evidence-based medical evidence on the principles of ONFH diagnosis and treatment in Chinese and Western medicine at home and abroad, combined with domestic actual clinical application experience, and is organized by experts from Association Related to Circulation Osseous Chinese Microcirculation Society (CSM-ARCO) to write this consensus, focusing on the types of ONFH drugs, the characteristics, safety, rationality and basic principles of drug use provide reference opinions for the safe, reasonable, standardized and effective drug use of medical institutions at all levels. This consensus is only an expert guideline based on literature and clinical experience, not as a requirement for mandatory implementation, let alone as a legal basis. The clinical practice could be tailored to the actual local conditions to develop appropriate prevention and treatment measures for patients.

Culturally Responsive Opioid and Other Drug Prevention for American Indian/Alaska Native People: a Comparison of Reservation- and Urban-Based Approaches.

There are few substance use treatment and prevention programs for AI/AN people that integrate culturally based practices with evidence-based treatment and prevention. The National Institutes of Health's (NIH's) Helping to End Addiction Long-term (HEAL) Prevention Cooperative supports two projects focused on AI/AN populations. One focuses on youth ages 15 to 20 years living within the Cherokee Nation reservation, a multicultural rural area in northeastern Oklahoma, and the second focuses on emerging adults ages 18 to 25 years living in diverse urban areas. We provide a brief overview of the two prevention trials and a case comparison across approaches using the framework of promising practices for intervention science with Indigenous communities (Whitesell et al., 2020) related to (1) integration of Indigenous and academic perspectives to respond to community needs, (2) community partnership and engagement, (3) alignment with Indigenous cultural values and practices, (4) capacity building and empowerment, (5) implementation within complex cultural contexts, and (6) tribal oversight. Overall, these two projects highlight the importance of long-standing relationships with community partners, engaging the community at all levels to ensure that programming is culturally and developmentally appropriate, and having tribal and elder oversight. These practices are key to establishing trust and building confidence in research in these communities and ensuring that research can benefit AI/AN people. These studies showcase how strong partnerships can advance health and support the conduct of rigorous science to help pinpoint optimal health solutions by identifying efficacious, culturally grounded intervention strategies. Although the sovereign status of tribes demands this type of partnership, this research serves as a model for all community research that has a goal of improving health.

Investigations of clinical characteristics and inflammatory markers of febrile seizures induced by coronavirus infection

@#The study of children who experienced with febrile seizures(FS) as a result of COVID-19 infection to gain insight into the clinical characteristics and prognosis of neurological damage, with the aim of improving prevention, diagnosis, and the treatment of neurological complications. This study investigated the clinical features of 53 children with FS who were admitted to Sanya Women and Children’s Hospital from December 1, 2022, to January 31, 2023. The results indicated that the duration of convulsion in the case and control group was 7.90±8.91 and 2.67±1.23 (minutes) respectively. The analysis reveals that convulsions occurred within 24 hours in 39 cases (95.12%) of the case group, and in 8 cases (66.7%) of the control group. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Additionally, the case group presented lower counts of WBC and NEU compared to the control group (p<0.05). The findings indicate that convulsions manifest at earlier stages of COVID-19 in children and the last longer than in the control group. It is therefore crucial for healthcare workers to remain attentive to patients with COVID-19 who report fever within 24 hours, and act promptly to implement preventive measures, particularly in cases of prolonged fever. It is essential to integrate the clinical manifestation, particularly convulsions, and the continuous numerical changes of inflammatory factors to assess COVID-19 linked with febrile seizures. In addition, larger-scale multi-center and systematic research are necessary to aid clinicians in monitoring neuropathological signals and biological targets, enabling more equitable diagnosis and treatment plans.

Expert consensus on clinical drug prevention and treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head(2022) / 中国骨伤

With the in-depth understanding of osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH), and more and more patients seeking medical treatment in the early stage of the disease, surgical treatment of femoral head necrosis alone is no longer sufficient for the current treatment of patients' demand, how to rationally and effectively apply drugs to strengthen the early prevention and treatment of femoral head necrosis and delay the progression of disease is becoming more and more important. This article combines the latest expert consensus and evidence-based medical evidence on the principles of ONFH diagnosis and treatment in Chinese and Western medicine at home and abroad, combined with domestic actual clinical application experience, and is organized by experts from Association Related to Circulation Osseous Chinese Microcirculation Society (CSM-ARCO) to write this consensus, focusing on the types of ONFH drugs, the characteristics, safety, rationality and basic principles of drug use provide reference opinions for the safe, reasonable, standardized and effective drug use of medical institutions at all levels. This consensus is only an expert guideline based on literature and clinical experience, not as a requirement for mandatory implementation, let alone as a legal basis. The clinical practice could be tailored to the actual local conditions to develop appropriate prevention and treatment measures for patients.

Advances in research on small intestinal injuries caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and its prevention and treatment / 中国药科大学学报

@#Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are clinically used with common gastrointestinal adverse reactions, among which NSAIDs-induced small intestinal injuries (NSIs) are manifested in the appearance of jejunum and ileal mucosa erythema, erosion, ulcer, hemorrhage, intestinal wall perforation and obstruction et al..The pathological mechanisms of NSIs are complex, with a lack of effective prevention or treatment methods.This review summarizes the research progress of the pathological mechanisms of NSIs as well as the prevention and treatment of NSIs by misoprostol, mucosal protective agents, antibiotics and probiotics, traditional Chinese medicines and their active ingredients, nutritional supplements and other drugs in the past five years, in order to provide reference and basis for the research and development of new NSIs drugs.

Exercise performance reduction and preventive measures in highland sports. / 高原运动效能降低及防治措施.

The plateau is a special environment with low pressure, low oxygen, low temperature, and high ultraviolet radiation. The exercise performance of people on the plateau is generally reduced, which seriously affects the life and health of people living in the plateau and entering the plateau. In recent years, the prevention and treatment of injury caused by high altitude hypoxia has attracted wide attention. It has shown that the higher the altitude with the longer the duration of exercise, the faster the stationing, the greater the impact on people's sports performance. Rapid entry into the plateau and long-term stay in the plateau have an impact on people's explosive power, endurance and fine operation. Advances in medical technology enable various prevention methods to be used to acclimate to high altitude environments. However, in vitro intervention methods are costly, easy to rebound and possess limited effects. Therefore, drug prevention and treatment is obviously a more economical choice. Chemical drugs increase the efficiency of high altitude exercise by improving the ischemic and hypoxic symptoms of the heart and brain, increasing lung ventilation and arterial oxygenation capacity, and accelerating the elimination of adverse product accumulation after exercise. Single Chinese medicine, Chinese patent medicine, and compound preparations can improve exercise performance by promoting body metabolism, improving muscle endurance, enhancing immunity, and other mechanisms. Traditional Chinese medicine has unique advantage and application prospect in improving plateau sports performance damage.

Evaluation of Positive Choices, a National Initiative to Disseminate Evidence-Based Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Strategies: Web-Based Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: To prevent adolescents from initiating alcohol and other drug use and reduce the associated harms, effective strategies need to be implemented. Despite their availability, effective school-based programs and evidence-informed parental guidelines are not consistently implemented. The Positive Choices alcohol and other drug prevention initiative and website was launched to address this research and practice gap. The intended end users were school staff, parents, and school students. An 8-month postlaunch evaluation of the website showed that end users generally had positive feedback on the website's usability, and following its use, most of them would consider the evidence base and effectiveness of drug education resources. This study extends this initial evaluation by examining the effectiveness and impact of the Positive Choices initiative over a 3-year period. OBJECTIVE: Guided by the five dimensions of the RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance) framework, the study assessed the impact of the Positive Choices initiative in increasing awareness and implementation of evidence-based drug prevention. METHODS: Data were collected between 2017 and 2019, using web-based evaluation and community awareness surveys. Data from the surveys were merged to examine reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance using descriptive statistics. Google Analytics was used to further understand the reach of the website. The System Usability Scale was used to measure website usability. In addition, inductive analysis was used to assess the participants' feedback about Positive Choices. RESULTS: A total of 5 years after launching, the Positive Choices website has reached 1.7 million users. A national Australian campaign increased awareness from 8% to 14% among school staff and from 15% to 22% among parents after the campaign. Following a brief interaction with the website, most participants, who were not already following the recommended strategies, reported an intention to shift toward evidence-based practices. The System Usability Scale score for the website was good for both user groups. The participants intended to maintain their use of the Positive Choices website in the future. Both user groups reported high level of confidence in communicating about topics related to alcohol and other drugs. Participants' suggestions for improvement informed a recent website update. CONCLUSIONS: The Positive Choices website has the capacity to be an effective strategy for disseminating evidence-based drug prevention information and resources widely. The findings highlight the importance of investing in ongoing maintenance and promotion to enhance awareness of health websites. With the increased use and acceptability of health education websites, teams should ensure that websites are easy to navigate, are engaging, use simple language, contain evidence-informed resources, and are supported by ongoing promotional activities.

Niveles de riesgo en adolescentes en consumo de tabaco y en actitudes hacia el consumo de drogas después de la intervención preventiva “Programa de Competencia Familiar” / Risk levels among adolescents in tobacco use and in substance use attitudes after the preventive intervention “Family Competence Program”

Introducción: el Programa de Competencia Familiar Universal (PCF-U) es un programa preventivo basado en la evidencia para familias con hijos entre 11 y 14 años. Los objetivos son la reducción o prevención del consumo, la promoción de las relaciones familiares, la promoción de las habilidades parentales y un aumento de las habilidades sociales y personales de los hijos.Método: Diseño cuasi-experimental con grupo control. La muestra final son 305 padres y 262 hijos. La evaluación incluye el Cuestionario sobre Actitudes hacia las Drogas. La evaluación también contiene preguntas sobre el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Se lleva a cabo un análisis de conglomerados sobre el consumo de tabaco y sobre las actitudes hacia el consumo de drogas.Resultados: el consumo de tabaco desciende después de la intervención. El estadístico sobre las declaraciones sobre consumo de alcohol no es fiable. En actitudes hacia las drogas, la predisposiciónhacia el consumo desciende después de la intervención, pero no es significativa. Las creencias normativas y erróneas cambian, pero no de manera significativa. Sobre los conglomerados, se identificantres niveles de riesgo, 4.7% de los adolescentes pertenecerían al riesgo alto, 24.3% pertenecerían al riesgo medio/medio-bajo y 70.9% pertenecerían al riesgo bajo. Discusión: los resultados generales del PCF-U 11-14 presentados en otros estudios muestran buenos resultados en parentalidad y habilidades familiares. Sin embargo, en consumo de tabaco y alcohol y en actitudes hacia las drogas, sólo el consumo de tabaco tiene un cambio significativo. Quizás el programa es limitado para niveles de riesgo medio y alto. (AU)

Introduction: Universal Family Competence Program is an evidence-based drug preventive intervention in Spain, working with families with children between 11 and 14 years old. Their objectives arereduction or prevention of substance use, promotion of family relationships, promotion of parenting skills, and increase of children personal and social skills. Method: Cuasi-experimental design with control group. Final sample of this study was 305 parents and 262 children. Evaluation instrument includes the Questionnaire about Drug Attitudes, measuring readiness towards substance use, wrong beliefs and normative beliefs. The instrument also contains questions about tobacco and alcohol use. Cluster analysis on tobacco and alcohol use, and drug attitudes is calculated.Results: tobacco use descends after program intervention. Declarations on alcohol use are not reliable. On drug attitudes, readiness towards substance use descends after intervention, but it is notsignificant. Wrong beliefs on drugs decrease, but not in a significant way. Normative beliefs increase, nevertheless not significantly. Regarding cluster analysis, according to their responses to tobacco use and drug attitudes, it is possible to identify three levels of risk. 4.7% of the adolescents interviewed would belong to the high risk level, 24.3% would belong to the middle or middle down level and70.9% would belong to the low risk level.Discussion: general results of the PCF-U 11-14 show good results in family and parenting skills (investigated elsewhere). Nevertheless, when it takes to tobacco and alcohol use and to drug attitudes, only tobacco use results are significant. The program might be slightly short for high and medium risk levels. (AU)

Management of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Quality Assessment of Clinical Practice Guidelines and Variations in Recommendations on Drug Therapy for Prevention and Treatment.

Purpose: To assess the quality of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) related to drug therapy for prevention and control of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and compare the differences and similarities between recommendations. Methods: Electronic databases (including PubMed, Cochrane library, Embase, Web of Science), guideline development organizations, and professional societies were searched to identify CPGs for VAP from 20 January 2012 to 20 January 2022. The Appraisal of Guidelines Research & Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument was used to evaluate the quality of the guidelines. The recommendations on drug therapy for prevention and treatment for each guideline were extracted, and then a descriptive synthesis was performed to analyze the scope/topic, and consistency of the recommendations. Results: Thirteen CPGs were included. The median score and interquartile range (IQR) in each domain are shown below: scope and purpose 72.22% (63.89%,83.33%); stakeholder involvement 44.44% (38.89%,52.78%); rigor of development 43.75% (31.25%,57.29%); clarity and presentation 94.44% (77.78%,94.44%); applicability 20.83 (8.34%,33.34%) and editorial independence 50% (33.33%,66.67%). We extracted 21 recommendations on drug therapy for prevention of VAP and 51 recommendations on drugs used for treatment. Some controversies remained among the included guidelines. Conclusion: There is considerable variability in the development processes and reporting of VAP guidelines. Despite many similarities, the recommendations still had some inconsistencies in the details. For the prevention and treatment of VAP, local microbial epidemiology and antibiotic sensitivity must be considered, and recommendations should be regularly revised as new evidence emerges.

Acceptability of a Game-Based Intervention to Prevent Adolescent Prescription Opioid Misuse.

Objective: This study assessed the initial acceptability of SafeUse, a game-based opioid misuse prevention intervention for delivery via smartphone among adolescents. Evidence-based educational and refusal skills training materials were adapted, and game design elements were applied to clinically and scientifically informed scenarios in which opioids are typically introduced to adolescents using standard product development methods to create the SafeUse prototype. Materials and Methods: In a mixed-methods study, 14 adolescents were assessed on their knowledge and perceptions of opioids before and following 5-7 days of access to SafeUse. Participants provided feedback in focus groups on the acceptability, relevance, and understandability of SafeUse and made suggestions for its improvement. Feedback was coded and summarized as to playability, acceptability, appropriateness, content development, and knowledge transfer. Pre- and post-access quantitative data were analyzed using Wilcoxon matched pairs signed-rank tests. Results: Overall, participants liked SafeUse, its characters, graphics, and approach, finding it more appealing than lectures/reading materials and appropriate for school settings. They moderately to extremely "liked the game," "would like to play more game modules," "liked playing through the decisions," thought the game was realistic/relevant and fun, and they learned new information about opioids. Participants reported increased confidence to refuse opioids and decreased likelihood of accepting opioids from someone they know. Knowledge about opioids increased (P < 0.006), and adolescent perception that prescription drugs are safer than illegal drugs decreased (P < 0.003) after playing SafeUse. Conclusion: Findings suggest that SafeUse is acceptable and likely educational to adolescents and worthy of further development and research.

A randomized iterative approach to optimizing an online substance use intervention for collegiate athletes.

BACKGROUND: Rates of drug use among collegiate athletes are high, yet there are few evidence-based interventions for this population. myPlaybook, an online intervention for collegiate athletes, targets multiple predictors of drug use (i.e., norms, positive and negative expectancies about use, and harm prevention intentions). PURPOSE: We aimed to optimize modules from myPlaybook. METHOD: We evaluated modules through three sequential randomized factorial trials, using the Multiphase Optimization Strategy framework. We recruited and randomized 54 (Trial 1), 47 (Trial 2), and 42 (Trial 3) schools and invited all first-year and transfer collegiate athletes to participate. Athletes completed a baseline survey, their randomly assigned modules, and immediate posttest and 30-day follow-up surveys. Across trials, 3,244 (48.8% female), 2,837 (51.9% female), and 2,193 (51.4% female) athletes participated. In Trial 1, we evaluated and revised less effective modules (defined as d < 0.3-0.4 for targeted outcomes). In Trial 2, we re-evaluated and revised less effective modules. In Trial 3, we re-evaluated the revised modules. RESULTS: Trial 1: All effects were d < 0.15, so we revised modules to target proximal outcomes (i.e., the hypothesized mediating variables in our conceptual model), rather than specific drug use behaviors. Trial 2: Most effects were d < 0.3, so we revised all modules. Trial 3: The norms module improved descriptive and injunctive norms (all d >0.35). The expectancies module improved alcohol positive expectancies (d = 0.3). The other modules were not effective. CONCLUSIONS: After three trials, two myPlaybook modules substantially improved proximal outcomes, increasing the likelihood that the combined intervention will have a meaningful clinical impact on collegiate athletes' drug use.

Rates of drug use among collegiate athletes are high, yet there are few evidence-based interventions for this population, and the few existing interventions only address alcohol use. In addition, alcohol and drug use interventions targeting college students are not always as effective or efficient as they could be. Our goal was to strengthen modules from myPlaybook, an online drug use intervention for collegiate athletes as a way to optimize the full intervention package. We conducted three intervention trials. Each trial occurred in separate academic years and included 2,000­3,000 athletes from 40 to 50 colleges and universities. We randomly assigned athletes to receive one or more intervention modules that target known risk factors for drug use (i.e., social norms, expectancies about the effects of drug use, harm prevention strategies, and life skills). We used the results about the effects of each module to improve the module prior to the next trial. After these trials, the revised modules targeting social norms and expectancies about drug use had meaningful effects, increasing the likelihood that the full myPlaybook intervention will lead to clinical reductions in drug use among collegiate athletes.

PROJECT STAR (Midwestern Prevention Project): Overview.

The program designed to prevent substance use should be planned in multiple dimensions. One of these programs is Project Star. This study aims to evaluate the studies on the Project Star and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the program. For this purpose, the keywords "Project Star" and "Midwestern Prevention Project" were scanned from databases. The results of these studies were evaluated by giving a summary of the studies included in the study. As a result, the strengths of Project Star are that it is multidimensional, focuses on early development periods, includes the individual's ecological environment, and reduces substance use in later development periods, and not having an internet-based version. This situation has been identified as its weaknesses since its situation in other societies is unknown due to its cost and limited international applications.

Development and Reach of the Stanford Tobacco Prevention Toolkit: Implementation of a Community-Based Participatory Approach.

BACKGROUND: We developed the Tobacco Prevention Toolkit (Toolkit) to enhance the impact of school-based tobacco education. This study describes the process of developing the Toolkit, its contents, and reach. METHODS: Qualitative community-based participatory research (CBPR), including focus group discussions (N = 152) and working groups with parents, educators, researchers, and youth (N = 87) were used to develop the Toolkit and design its implementation. Toolkit reach was assessed through number of trained educators using the Toolkit, estimated number of youth recipients of the Toolkit resources, and using Google Analytics for online engagement. RESULTS: The Toolkit is a free, online resource aimed at preventing tobacco use by middle and high school students. Toolkit content addresses varied forms of tobacco including electronic cigarettes, hookah, smokeless tobacco, and cigarettes; addiction; and positive youth development; and is available in multiple interactive formats such as real-time quizzes, factsheets, activities, and presentations. The Toolkit is mainly delivered by trained educators, who adapt its content and duration to tailor their drug prevention teaching to student needs. As of April 2020, when data for this paper were collected, 4,750 educators have reached an estimated 1.3 million youth. The Toolkit website has 186,116 users and 802,602 page views, growing steadily since 2016. As of August 2021, additional students have been reached, for now a total of 1.85 million students reached. CONCLUSION: The Toolkit resources are evidence-based, comprehensive, responsive, interactive, easily accessible, and flexible. Applying CBPR was instrumental in developing the Toolkit and expanding its reach.

[Declared experiences of risky sexual behaviors in relation to alcohol consumption in the first year of college.] / Experiencias declaradas de conductas sexuales de riesgo en relación con el consumo de alcohol en el primer año de universidad.

OBJECTIVE: In college students, higher risk alcohol consumption (drunkenness and binge drinking-BD) has negative consequences on their development and and probably facilitates risk sexual behaviors. The objective was to study if risky sexual behaviors when consuming alcohol (RSBA) are associated with higher risk consumption. METHODS: Cross-sectional multicenter study with UniHcos Project, 1st year university students from 11 universities in Spain, academic years 2011-2012 to 2017-2018 data. This data were collected by self-administered questionnaire. A uni and bivariate analysis was performed, evaluated the statistical significance of the differences in prevalence with chi-square. Mean and standard deviation were used for quantitative variables and Student's t test statistic was used. RESULTS: 9,862 subjects (72.2% women). 90.3% reported having consumed alcohol and 60.9% had drunk the last year, 49% BD in last month. It was deteded in men, significantly higher consumption in the last month and drunkenness. Last month consumption and drunkenness were significantly higher in men and in <21 years. The RSBA were significantly higher among who were drunk (15.7% unprotected sex, 1.9% sexual abuse and 0.7% taking sexual advantage) and had BD (17.1%, 1.9% and 0.7 %). Women with both risk consumptions had more sexual abuse (2.2%), and men had greater behaviors of taking sexual advantage of someone (drunk: 1.2%; BD: 1.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol consumption was above similar groups. BD consumption was similar by gender and age. Risk sexual behaviors appear mainly in problematic consumption. Gender differences are not detected in alcohol consumers in unprotected sex but deteded in the rest.

OBJETIVO: En universitarios, el consumo de alcohol de mayor riesgo (borracheras y binge drinking (BD), tiene consecuencias negativas sobre su desarrollo y probablemente facilita conductas sexuales de riesgo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar si las conductas sexuales de riesgo al consumir alcohol (CSRA) se asocian a los consumos de mayor riesgo. METODOS: Estudio multicéntrico transversal con datos del Proyecto uniHcos, de universitarios de 1er año de 11 universidades españolas, entre los cursos 2011-2012 y 2017-2018. Datos recogidos mediante cuestionario autoadministrado. Se realizó un análisis uni y bivariable, evaluando la significación estadística de las diferencias de prevalencia con chi-cuadrado. Se utilizó media y desviación típica para variables cuantitativas y como estadístico de contraste t de Student. RESULTADOS: 9.862 participantes (72,2% mujeres). El 90,3% consumió alcohol y el 60,9% tuvo borracheras en último año; el 49% tuvo BD en el último mes. El consumo en el último mes y las borracheras fueron mayores en hombres y <21 años. Las CSRA fueron superiores entre los que se emborracharon (15,7% sexo sin protección, 1,9% abuso sexual y 0,7% aprovecharse sexualmente) y consumieron en BD (17,1%, 1,9% y 0,7%). Las mujeres con ambos consumos de riesgo presentaron más abusos sexuales (2,2%), y los hombres fueron quienes más se aprovecharon sexualmente de otros (borracheras:1,2%; BD: 1,3%). CONCLUSIONES: El consumo de alcohol está por encima de grupos similares. El BD tiene un patrón similar por género y edad. Las CSRA se asocian a los consumos de mayor riesgo, no detectándose en este grupo diferencias por género en sexo sin protección, sí en otras CSRA.

The Role of Law Enforcement Officers/Police in Drug Prevention within Educational Settings-Study Protocol for the Development of a Guiding Document Based on Experts' Opinions.

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime-World Health Organization International Standards on Drug Use Prevention-reflects the value of safe, nurturing and supportive social institutions around the lives of youths to benefit from the prevention of risky behavior extending beyond individually-developed resilience for healthy adolescent development. Schools are valuable social institutions to this effect and school safety and adolescent health outcomes can be threatened by drug use and violence. As such, collaborative, multi-level, evidence-based, developmentally sensitive, substance use prevention programs are imperative. The International Standards, in their latest version, did not reflect specific evidence of law enforcement officer-based programs with effect on drug use prevention, including in school settings. Nevertheless, the collaboration between law enforcement agencies and school-based substance use prevention programs continue to be the focus of research and policy. In this project, we aim to explore in more detail the role of law enforcement in preventing substance use in schools. We use mixed methods, including three phases: (i) scoping review on the best practices for effective law enforcement in school-based drug and crime prevention; (ii) interviews with experts, using the Delphi method, in substance use prevention and training law enforcement in school-based drug prevention; and iii) developing guidelines for law enforcement based on the findings. Initially, we identified a total of 17 papers that were categorized in four categories based on their results (negative or null effect n = 11 studies, positive effect n = 1 study, mixed effects n = 4 studies and indefinite conclusion n = 1 study). However, the authors of the studies with negative or null effect did recommend being cautious about these results due to the respective studies' methodological limitations. The actual and perceived roles of police are largely unclear and/or variable. Therefore, clear outlines regarding law enforcement's role within schools are crucial as one study showed that an officer's role influences how they respond to student conduct. A secondary emergent theme from this review indicates that there is potential for positively impacting a youth's perceptions of police through collaborative and engaging school-based programs. Currently the project is gradually moving to Phase II, where we are identifying the key experts based on scientifically published peer reviewed and grey literature/guidelines to investigate elements that make the role of law enforcement officers in school-based prevention more effective. Given the frequency with which policy makers around the world request information about the role of law enforcement in effective prevention efforts, guidelines on their roles within schools is a gap that needs to be filled. Such efforts would improve drug prevention in schools and better orient law enforcement's role in drug prevention within educational settings.

Evaluating a school-based science program that teaches the physiological effects of nicotine.

School-based drug prevention programs represent a widely endorsed public health goal, with an important aspect of knowledge-based curricula being education about the physiological effects of drugs. Nicotine is one of the world's most addictive substances and in this program we have used nicotine-induced mammalian-like behaviors in flatworms called planarians to successfully teach students (4th-12th grade; n = 1,616 students) about the physiological and addictive effects of nicotine. An initial study tested the change in knowledge about addictive substances in 6th-12th grade students after they completed a lab examining the effects of two concentrations of nicotine on the number of stereotypies (C-shaped spasms) planarians demonstrate in a 5-minute period of time. Lab discussion focused on developing and testing hypotheses, measurement reliability, and mechanisms of nicotine action. Surveys given pre- and post-lab experience showed that 6th grade students have significantly lower knowledge about nicotine than 7th-12th grade students (6th grade: 40.65 ± 0.78% correct, 7th-12th grade: 59.29 ± 1.71%, p < 0.001) pre-lab, but that students in all grades showed a significant increase in knowledge post-lab (p < 0.001). In 6th grade the lab was effective in improving knowledge about nicotine in urban, suburban and rural schools, p < 0.001, with students in suburban schools showing significantly greater knowledge both pre-test (urban: 37.62 ± 1.45%; suburban: 48.78 ± 1.62%; rural: 37.33 ± 0.99%; p < 0.001) and post-test (urban:60.60 ± 1.85%; suburban: 67.54 ± 1.82%; urban: 61.66 ± 1.18%; p < 0.001). A second study, modifying the lab so that the time spent observing the planarians is reduced to a 1-minute period, showed that students in both 4th and 5th grades had a significant increase in knowledge about the physiological and addictive effects of nicotine post-lab (p < 0.001).

The clinical challenges of synthetic cathinones.

AIMS: Within the new psychoactive substances (NPS) scenario, several hundred different molecules, mostly including synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones, have been identified so far. The aims of the paper were to: (i) identify the number of synthetic cathinones mentioned in a range of psychonaut, NPS-related, online sources; and (ii) describe the associated acute/long term clinical scenario and the related treatment/management plan. METHODS: After about 18 months of operation and exclusion of false positives/duplicates, some 4204 unique NPS molecules were included in the NPSfinder® crawling/navigating software database. Most popular NPS included: 1265 psychedelic phenethylamines (30.1%; confidence interval [CI] 95%: 28.7-31.5%); 1253 synthetic cannabinoids (29.8%; CI 95%: 28.4-31.2%); 429 synthetic opioids (10.2%; CI 95%: 9.3-10.2%); and 171 synthetic cathinones (4.1%; CI 95% 3.5-4.7%). Conversely, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction databases respectively included 169 and 140 cathinones. Overall, the 3 databases reported some 222 synthetic cathinones, and 41 were uniquely identified by the NPSfinder®. RESULTS: In terms of clinical scenarios, synthetic cathinone ingestion is initially associated with stimulant effects; however, psychopathological disturbances, violence, suicidal behaviour, hyperthermia, coma and death have also been described. CONCLUSION: The proportion of cathinones commented on by psychonaut fora appeared to be relatively small, and similar to those reported by both the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. This may be associated with a recent significant decline in both cathinone-related consumption and acute medical presentation. Due to their complex behavioural and medical toxicity issues, healthcare professionals should be, however, be educated to recognise the signs and symptoms of NPS, including synthetic cathinone, ingestion.