Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profile Analysis of the Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Gene Family in Hevea brasiliensis.

The majority of the world's natural rubber comes from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). As a key enzyme for synthesizing phenylpropanoid compounds, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) has a critical role in plant satisfactory growth and environmental adaptation. To clarify the characteristics of rubber tree PAL family genes, a genome-wide characterization of rubber tree PALs was conducted in this study. Eight PAL genes (HbPAL1-HbPAL8), which spread over chromosomes 3, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, and 18, were found to be present in the genome of H. brasiliensis. Phylogenetic analysis classified HbPALs into groups I and II, and the group I HbPALs (HbPAL1-HbPAL6) displayed similar conserved motif compositions and gene architectures. Tissue expression patterns of HbPALs quantified by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) proved that distinct HbPALs exhibited varying tissue expression patterns. The HbPAL promoters contained a plethora of cis-acting elements that responded to hormones and stress, and the qPCR analysis demonstrated that abiotic stressors like cold, drought, salt, and H2O2-induced oxidative stress, as well as hormones like salicylic acid, abscisic acid, ethylene, and methyl jasmonate, controlled the expression of HbPALs. The majority of HbPALs were also regulated by powdery mildew, anthracnose, and Corynespora leaf fall disease infection. In addition, HbPAL1, HbPAL4, and HbPAL7 were significantly up-regulated in the bark of tapping panel dryness rubber trees relative to that of healthy trees. Our results provide a thorough comprehension of the characteristics of HbPAL genes and set the groundwork for further investigation of the biological functions of HbPALs in rubber trees.

Construction and analysis of the tapping panel dryness-related lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network in latex of Hevea brasiliensis.

Tapping panel dryness (TPD) results in a severe reduction in latex yield in Hevea brasiliensis. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms of TPD occurrence are still largely unclear. In this study, whole-transcriptome sequencing was carried out on latex from TPD and healthy trees. In total, 7078 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), 3077 circular RNAs (circRNAs), 4956 miRNAs, and 25041 mRNAs were identified in latex, among which 435 lncRNAs, 68 circRNAs, 320 miRNAs, and 1574 mRNAs were differentially expressed in the latex of TPD trees. GO and KEGG analyses indicated that plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathway, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis were the key pathways associated with TPD onset. Phytohormone profiling revealed significant changes in the contents of 28 hormonal compounds, among which ACC, ABA, IAA, GA, and JA contents were increased, while SA content was reduced in TPD latex, suggesting that hormone homeostasis is disrupted in TPD trees. Furthermore, we constructed a TPD-related competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network of lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA with 561 edges and 434 nodes (188 lncRNAs, 5 circRNAs, 191 miRNAs, and 50 mRNAs) and identified two hub lncRNAs (MSTRG.11908.1 and MSTRG.8791.1) and four hub miRNAs (hbr-miR156, miR156-x, miRf10477-y, and novel-m0452-3p). Notably, the lncRNA-miR156/157-SPL module containing three hubs probably plays a crucial role in TPD onset. The expression of network hubs and the lncRNA-miR156/157-SPL module were further validated by qRT-PCR. Our results reveal the TPD-associated ceRNA regulatory network of lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA in latex and lay a foundation for further investigation of molecular regulatory mechanisms for TPD onset in H. brasiliensis.

Vaginal dryness in women infected by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1: an exploratory study.

Background: Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) causes a variety of sicca symptoms, including xeroderma, xerostomia, and xerophthalmia. Aim: We sought to evaluate vaginal dryness via the degree of perceived vaginal lubrication, vaginal hormonal cytology, and direct measurements of vaginal wetting. Methods: The research was designed as a cross-sectional study. Vaginal dryness was assessed by scores in the lubrication domain of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire and the Vaginal Maturation Index (VMI) determined by vaginal hormonal cytology, as well as the measurement of vaginal lubrication using Schirmer strips placed at the anterior vaginal wall. Medians (25th-75th percentiles) were calculated for each group and compared using a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and the Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc method. Outcomes: Outcomes were detection of the presence of vaginal dryness in women who were infected or noninfected with HTLV-1. Results: HTLV-1-infected women (n = 72, 57 asymptomatic and 15 with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis [HAM/TSP]) and uninfected women (n = 49) were studied. Women with HAM/TSP had significantly lower FSFI lubrication scores than asymptomatic and uninfected women (P = .032). In addition, women with HAM/TSP had significantly lower VMI compared with the asymptomatic and uninfected groups (P = .027 and P = .039, respectively). Clinical Implications: The results of this study show a reduction in vaginal lubrication in HTLV-1-infected women diagnosed with HAM/TSP compared with asymptomatic and uninfected women. Strengths and Limitations: The lack of a gold standard test for the diagnosis of vaginal dryness and the fact that no assessment of vaginal pH was performed were limitations of this study. The strength of the study was the comprehensive assessment of vaginal dryness from several perspectives: subjective (perception of vaginal lubrication according to the vaginal lubrication domain of the FSFI), hormonal (vaginal hormonal cytology to assess local hormone status), and the degree of vaginal moisture (direct measurement of vaginal dryness with an instrument, the Schirmer strip, already used to measure the presence of dry eye). Conclusion: HTLV-1-infected women with HAM/TSP have decreased vaginal lubrication compared with asymptomatic and uninfected women after adjusting for age.

Downregulation of HbFPS1 affects rubber biosynthesis of Hevea brasiliensis suffering from tapping panel dryness.

Tapping panel dryness (TPD) is a century-old problem that has plagued the natural rubber production of Hevea brasiliensis. TPD may result from self-protective mechanisms of H. brasiliensis in response to stresses such as excessive hormone stimulation and mechanical wounding (bark tapping). It has been hypothesized that TPD impairs rubber biosynthesis; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, we firstly verified that TPD-affected rubber trees exhibited lower rubber biosynthesis activity and greater rubber molecular weight compared to healthy rubber trees. We then demonstrated that HbFPS1, a key gene of rubber biosynthesis, and its expression products were downregulated in the latex of TPD-affected rubber trees, as revealed by transcriptome sequencing and iTRAQ-based proteome analysis. We further discovered that the farnesyl diphosphate synthase HbFPS1 could be recruited to small rubber particles by HbSRPP1 through protein-protein interactions to catalyze farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthesis and facilitate rubber biosynthesis initiation. FPP content in the latex of TPD-affected rubber trees was significantly decreased with the downregulation of HbFPS1, ultimately resulting in abnormal development of rubber particles, decreased rubber biosynthesis activity, and increased rubber molecular weight. Upstream regulator assays indicated that a novel regulator, MYB2-like, may be an important regulator of downregulation of HbFPS1 in the latex of TPD-affected rubber trees. Our findings not only provide new directions for studying the molecular events involved in rubber biosynthesis and TPD syndrome and contribute to rubber management strategies, but also broaden our knowledge of plant isoprenoid metabolism and its regulatory networks.

Genome-wide identification of lncRNAs, miRNAs, mRNAs and their regulatory networks involved in tapping panel dryness in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis).

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play pivotal roles in various biological processes in plants. However, the role of ncRNAs in tapping panel dryness (TPD) of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) is largely unknown. Here, the whole transcriptome analyses of bark tissues from healthy and TPD trees were performed to identify differentially expressed long ncRNAs (DELs), microRNAs/miRNAs (DEMs), genes (DEGs) and their regulatory networks involved in TPD. A total of 263 DELs, 174 DEMs and 1574 DEGs were identified in the bark of TPD tree compared with that of healthy tree. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that most of the DEGs and targets of DELs and DEMs were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and plant hormone signal transduction. Additionally, the majority of DEGs and DELs related to rubber biosynthesis were downregulated in TPD trees. Furthermore, 98 DEGs and 44 DELs were targeted by 54 DEMs, 190 DEGs were identified as putative targets of 56 DELs, and 2 and 44 DELs were predicted as precursors and endogenous target mimics of 2 and 6 DEMs, respectively. Based on these, the DEL-DEM-DEG regulatory network involved in TPD was constructed, and 13 hub DELs, 3 hub DEMs and 2 hub DEGs were identified. The results provide novel insights into the regulatory roles of ncRNAs underlying TPD and lay a foundation for future functional characterization of long ncRNAs, miRNAs and genes involved in TPD in rubber tree.

Características epidemiológicas, clínicas y oftalmológicas de pacientes con queratoconjuntivitis seca / Epidemiological, clinical and ophthalmologic characteristics of patients with keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

Introducción: La queratoconjuntivitis seca es una enfermedad de causa multifactorial, que afecta la producción de lágrimas y la superficie ocular, a la vez que ocasiona malestar, visión borrosa e inestabilidad de la película lagrimal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 50 pacientes con diagnóstico de queratoconjuntivitis seca, atendidos en el Centro Oftalmológico del Hospital General Docente Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta julio de 2020. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con queratoconjuntivitis seca según variables epidemiológicas clínicas y oftalmológicas. Resultados: En la serie predominaron las féminas (66,0 %), los pacientes mayores de 60 años (40,0 %), la lectura excesiva como factor de riesgo (42,0 %), la irritación, la fatiga ocular y la visión borrosa como criterios diagnósticos, además de la disminución del tiempo de rotura de la película lagrimal en 68,0 % de la muestra, entre otros resultados. Conclusión: La queratoconjuntivitis seca, desde el punto de vista clínico y epidemiológico fue similar a lo descrito en la bibliografía especializada en cuanto a los grupos de edades, sexo y principales síntomas descritos.

Introduction: The keratoconjunctivitis sicca is a disease of multifactorial cause that affects the production of tears and the ocular surface, at the same time that causes discomfort, blurred vision and instability of the lacrimal thin layer. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 50 patients with diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, assisted in the Ophthalmolgic Center of Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from January to July, 2020. Objective: To characterize patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca according to clinical, epidemiologic and ophthalmologic variables. Results: In the series there was a prevalence of the females (66.0 %), patients over 60 years (40.0 %), excessive reading as risk factor (42.0 %), irritation, ocular fatigue and blurred vision as diagnostic criteria, besides the decrease of the lacrimal thin layer break up time in 68.0 % of the sample, among other results. Conclusion: The keratoconjunctivitis sicca was similar to that described in the specialized literature review as for the age groups, sex and main described symptoms from the clinical and epidemiologic points of view.

Principal component regression analysis demonstrates the collinearity-free effect of sub estimated climatic variables on tree growth in the central Amazon / El análisis de regresión por componentes principales muestra el efecto libre de colinealidad de variables climáticas subestimadas sobre el crecimiento de los árboles en la Amazonía central

Abstract Introduction: Climatic variables show a seasonal pattern in the central Amazon, but the intra-annual variability effect on tree growth is still unclear. For variables such as relative humidity (RH) and air vapor pressure deficit (VPD), whose individual effects on tree growth can be underestimated, we hypothesize that such influences can be detected by removing the effect of collinearity between regressors. Objective: This study aimed to determine the collinearity-free effect of climatic variability on tree growth in the central Amazon. Methods: Monthly radial growth was measured in 325 trees from January 2013 to December 2017. Irradiance, air temperature, rainfall, RH, and VPD data were also recorded. Principal Component Regression was used to assess the effect of micrometeorological variability on tree growth over time. For comparison, standard Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) was also used for data analysis. Results: Tree growth increased with increasing rainfall and relative humidity, but it decreased with rising maximum VPD, irradiance, and maximum temperature. Therefore, trees grew more slowly during the dry season, when irradiance, temperature and VPD were higher. Micrometeorological variability did not affect tree growth when MLR was applied. These findings indicate that ignoring the correlation between climatic variables can lead to imprecise results. Conclusions: A novelty of this study is to demonstrate the orthogonal effect of maximum VPD and minimum relative humidity on tree growth.

Resumen Introducción: Las variables climáticas muestran un patrón estacional en la Amazonía central, pero el efecto de la variabilidad intra-anual en el crecimiento de los árboles aún no está claro. Para variables como la humedad relativa (HR) y el déficit de presión de vapor (VPD), cuyo efecto individual en el crecimiento de los árboles puede ser subestimada, planteamos la hipótesis de que tales influencias pueden detectarse eliminando el efecto de colinealidad entre regresores. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto libre de colinealidad de la variabilidad climática sobre el crecimiento de los árboles en la Amazonía central. Métodos: Se midió el crecimiento radial mensual en 325 árboles desde enero 2013 hasta diciembre 2017. También se registraron datos de irradiancia (PAR), temperatura del aire, lluvia, humedad relativa (RH) y déficit de presión de vapor de aire (VPD). Se utilizó la regresión de componentes principales para evaluar el efecto de la variabilidad micrometeorológica a lo largo del tiempo sobre el crecimiento de los árboles. Para comparación, también se utilizó la regresión lineal múltiple (MLR) estándar para el análisis de datos. Resultados: El crecimiento de los árboles incrementó con el aumento de las precipitaciones y la humedad relativa, y disminuyó con el aumento de la VPD máxima, la irradiancia y la temperatura máxima. Por lo tanto, los árboles crecieron más lentamente durante la estación seca, cuando la irradiancia, la temperatura y la VPD eran más altas. La variabilidad micrometeorológica no afectó el crecimiento de los árboles cuando se aplicó MLR. Estos hallazgos indican que ignorar la correlación entre las variables climáticas puede conducir a resultados imprecisos. Conclusiones: Una novedad de este estudio es demostrar el efecto ortogonal del VPD máximo y la humedad relativa mínima sobre el crecimiento de los árboles.

Impact of postmenopausal vaginal discomfort on sex and relationships in Brazil: the CLOSER survey.

OBJECTIVE: The CLOSER (CLarifying Vaginal Atrophy's Impact On SEx and Relationships) survey investigated how postmenopausal vaginal atrophy (VA) affects relationships between Brazilian women and male partners. METHODS: Postmenopausal women (age 55-65 years) with VA, and male partners of women with the condition, completed an online survey on the impact of VA and local estrogen treatment on intimacy and relationships. RESULTS: A total of 360 women and 352 men from Brazil were included. Women (83%) and men (91%) reported that they were comfortable discussing VA with their partners. Women's key source of information on VA was health-care providers (HCPs), but 44% felt that not enough information is available. VA caused 70% of women to avoid sexual intimacy and resulted in less satisfying sex. VA had a negative impact on women's feelings and self-esteem. Women (76%) and men (70%) both reported that treatment with vaginal estrogen improved their sexual relationship, primarily by alleviating women's pain during sex. Women (56%) and men (59%) felt closer to each other after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: VA had a negative impact on sexual relationships for both women and men in Brazil, and reduced women's self-confidence. Vaginal hormone therapy improved couples' sexual relationships. A proactive attitude of HCPs is essential to educate women on VA and the potential benefits of treatment.

Correlation of sleep quality with fatigue and disease activity among patients with primary Sjögrens syndrome: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Fatigue is a frequent symptom in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and can be a cause of or be associated with sleep disorders. OBJECTIVE: To assess the sleep quality of pSS patients and its relationship with fatigue and disease activity. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analytical observational study conducted at an exercise psychobiology laboratory. METHODS: Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI) and actigraphy. Fatigue was evaluated through the Profile of Fatigue and Discomfort - Sicca Symptoms Inventory (PROFAD-SSI-SF) and a visual analogue scale for fatigue (VAS-fatigue). Disease activity was evaluated using a visual analogue scale for pain (VAS-pain), EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI) and Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI). We summarized the data through descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A total of 50 female patients with pSS, of average age 56.4 years, were included in the study; 80% presented low disease activity. The total PSQI score showed that 74% had poor sleep. The actigraphy showed mean sleep latency of 26.2 minutes and mean nightly awakening of 48.2 minutes (duration of wakings after sleep onset, WASO). There were correlations between PSQI and VAS-pain, VAS-fatigue, PROFAD-SSI and ESSPRI. Actigraphy showed a correlation between the duration of WASO and ESSDAI. CONCLUSION: The present study provides important information regarding correlations between sleep disorders and disease activity. There is a need for proper control over disease activity and for development of strategies to help patients to sleep better in order to diminish their fatigue.

New Ringer's lactate gel formulation on nasal comfort and humidification / Nova formulação de Ringer lactato gel no conforto e umidificação nasal

Abstract Introduction: The use of saline irrigation for nasal washes is a well established procedure in the treatment of sinonasal inflammation and infection. In addition to saline solutions, Ringer's lactate is also an efficient option for nasal washes and humidification. Objective: To assess the comfort, humidification and tolerance regarding stinging sensation, provided by sodium chloride nasal gel at the concentrations of 4.5 mg/g and 6.0 mg/g through questionnaires answered by the patients. Methods: A total of 60 patients, 56 females, aged between 22 and 66 years old (mean age of 47) and 4 males, aged between 36 and 66 years (mean age of 49), were included in the study for a period of 17 days (±2 days) treatment. The patients were monitored by a general practitioner throughout the study period. They were instructed to apply each product in both nostrils twice a day during a 7-day period (±2 days). The patients were evaluated prior to the use of the first product at visit 0 (V0), after 7 days of treatment (±2 days) at visit 1 (V1), after 3 days of product discontinuation at visit 2 (V2) and after 7 days (±2 days) of treatment with the second product, in visit 3 (V3). Results: A significant difference (5% significance) was observed regarding comfort and stinging sensation between the two different concentrations; comfort was higher and stinging was lower with the 6.0 mg/g concentration gel. No difference in humidification was observed between the two treatments. Conclusion: Ringer's lactate at the concentration of 6.0 mg/g was superior to that at 4.5 mg/g for parameters comfort and stinging sensation. No statistical difference was observed between the two products regarding nasal humidification.

Resumo Introdução: O uso de soluções salinas para lavagem nasal está consagrado no tratamento de quadros inflamatórios e infecciosos nasossinusais. Além das soluções salinas, o ringer lactato é uma importante opção tanto para lavagem quanto para a hidratação nasal. Objetivo: Avaliar a tolerabilidade (ardência e conforto) e umidificação do produto gel nasal cloreto de sódio 4,5 mg/g em relação ao ringer lactato 6,0 mg/g, por meio de questionários respondidos pelos pacientes. Método: Foram incluídos 60 pacientes, 56 mulheres (22-66 anos; média: 47 anos) e quatro homens (36-66 anos; média: 49 anos) foram incluídos no estudo de 17 dias (± 2 dias) de tratamento. Os pacientes foram supervisionados por um clínico geral durante todo o período do estudo. Os pacientes usaram os produtos com uma borrifada em cada narina duas vezes ao dia, durante sete dias (± 2 dias). As formulações foram avaliadas antes do uso do primeiro produto na visita 0 (V0), após sete dias (± 2 dias) de tratamento na visita 1 (V1), após três dias de interrupção do primeiro tratamento na visita 2 (V2) e após sete dias (± 2 dias) de uso do segundo produto na visita 3 (V3). Resultados: Foi observada diferença significante para o conforto das vias nasais, (significância de 5%), na comparação entre os tratamentos nos atributos de conforto e ardência. O conforto das vias nasais foi superior e a ardência inferior para o gel nasal ringer lactato 6,0 mg/g em comparação ao gel cloreto de sódio 4,5 mg/g. Não foi observada diferença significante para a umidificação entre os tratamentos. Conclusão: O gel ringer lactato 6,0 mg/g foi superior ao produto gel cloreto de sódio 4,5 mg/g nos quesitos conforto e ardência. Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os tratamentos em relação à umidificação das vias nasais.

Efficacy and safety of a non-hormonal intravaginal moisturizer for the treatment of vaginal dryness in postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the efficacy and safety of a non-hormonal intravaginal moisturizer on reducing the symptoms arising from vaginal dryness and sexual dysfunction. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 37 postmenopausal women used a non-hormonal intravaginal Moisturizer (polycarbophil, butyl ester of a copolymer of methyl vinyl ether/ copolymer PVM/MA, 50% sodium lactate solution, and Carbopol) twice a week for 12 weeks. The vaginal moisture levels, volume of fluid, elasticity, and epithelium integrity were assessed using the Vaginal Health Index. Sexual function was measured using the Female Sexual Function Index questionnaire. All women were evaluated before starting treatment and at the 4th, 8th and 12th weeks of the study. At the end of the study, the patients analysed the treatment regarding to their satisfaction with the product, and its application system, their sense of well-being after using it as well as their perception bout the discharge of the moisturizer (if it run or was held by the vaginal mucosa). RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in the vaginal moisture, fluid volume, elasticity and epithelial integrity (p < 0.001). Sexual function improved in the total score and in all six domains (p < 0.001). More than 50% of all patients reported being very satisfied with the treatment and product application. The sense of well-being was considered very good by 51.4% of the participants and most (91.9%) indicated that the product did not leak and did not stick to the vaginal mucosa. No severe adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that treatment with the non-hormonal intravaginal moisturizer is a safe and efficient therapeutic option for the improvement of vaginal dryness with encouraging benefits for the sexual function of postmenopausal women.

New Ringer's lactate gel formulation on nasal comfort and humidification.

INTRODUCTION: The use of saline irrigation for nasal washes is a well established procedure in the treatment of sinonasal inflammation and infection. In addition to saline solutions, Ringer's lactate is also an efficient option for nasal washes and humidification. OBJECTIVE: To assess the comfort, humidification and tolerance regarding stinging sensation, provided by sodium chloride nasal gel at the concentrations of 4.5mg/g and 6.0mg/g through questionnaires answered by the patients. METHODS: A total of 60 patients, 56 females, aged between 22 and 66 years old (mean age of 47) and 4 males, aged between 36 and 66 years (mean age of 49), were included in the study for a period of 17 days (±2 days) treatment. The patients were monitored by a general practitioner throughout the study period. They were instructed to apply each product in both nostrils twice a day during a 7-day period (±2 days). The patients were evaluated prior to the use of the first product at visit 0 (V0), after 7 days of treatment (±2 days) at visit 1 (V1), after 3 days of product discontinuation at visit 2 (V2) and after 7 days (±2 days) of treatment with the second product, in visit 3 (V3). RESULTS: A significant difference (5% significance) was observed regarding comfort and stinging sensation between the two different concentrations; comfort was higher and stinging was lower with the 6.0mg/g concentration gel. No difference in humidification was observed between the two treatments. CONCLUSION: Ringer's lactate at the concentration of 6.0mg/g was superior to that at 4.5mg/g for parameters comfort and stinging sensation. No statistical difference was observed between the two products regarding nasal humidification.

Involvement of HbMC1-mediated cell death in tapping panel dryness of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis).

Tapping panel dryness (TPD) causes a significant reduction in the latex yield of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). It is reported that TPD is a typical programmed cell death (PCD) process. Although PCD plays a vital role in TPD occurrence, there is a lack of detailed and systematic study. Metacaspases are key regulators of diverse PCD in plants. Based on our previous result that HbMC1 was associated with TPD, we further elucidate the roles of HbMC1 on rubber tree TPD in this study. HbMC1 was up-regulated by TPD-inducing factors including wounding, ethephon and H2O2. Moreover, the expression level of HbMC1 was increased along with TPD severity in rubber tree, suggesting a positive correlation between HbMC1 expression and TPD severity. To investigate its biological function, HbMC1 was overexpressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana). Transgenic yeast and tobacco overexpressing HbMC1 showed growth retardation compared with controls under H2O2-induced oxidative stress. In addition, overexpression of HbMC1 in yeast and tobacco reduced cell survival after high-concentration H2O2 treatment and resulted in enhanced H2O2-induced leaf cell death, respectively. A total of 11 proteins, rbcL, TM9SF2-like, COX3, ATP9, DRP, HbREF/Hevb1, MSSP2-like, SRC2, GATL8, CIPK14-like and STK, were identified and confirmed to interact with HbMC1 by yeast two-hybrid screening and co-transformation in yeast. The 11 proteins mentioned above are associated with many biological processes, including rubber biosynthesis, stress response, autophagy, carbohydrate metabolism, signal transduction, etc. Taken together, our results suggest that HbMC1-mediated PCD plays an important role in rubber tree TPD, and the identified HbMC1-interacting proteins provide valuable information for further understanding the molecular mechanism of HbMC1-mediated TPD in rubber tree.

Over-expression of 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase 1 (hmgr1) gene under super-promoter for enhanced latex biosynthesis in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.).

Natural rubber (cis-1, 4-polyisoprene) is being produced from bark laticifer cells of Hevea brasiliensis and the popular high latex yielding Indian rubber clones are easily prone to onset of tapping panel dryness syndrome (TPD) which is considered as a physiological syndrome affecting latex production either partially or completely. This report describes an efficient protocol for development of transgenic rubber plants by over-expression of 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl Co-enzyme A reductase 1 (hmgr1) gene which is considered as rate limiting factor for latex biosynthesis via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The pBIB plasmid vector containing hmgr1 gene cloned under the control of a super-promoter was used for genetic transformation using embryogenic callus. Putatively transgenic cell lines were obtained on selection medium and produced plantlets with 44% regeneration efficiency. Transgene integration was confirmed by PCR amplification of 1.8 kb hmgr1 and 0.6 kb hpt genes from all putatively transformed callus lines as well as transgenic plants. Southern blot analysis showed the stable integration and presence of transgene in the transgenic plants. Over expression of hmgr1 transgene was determined by Northern blot hybridization, semi-quantitative PCR and real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Accumulation of hmgr1 mRNA transcripts was more abundant in transgenic plants than control. Increased level of photosynthetic pigments, protein contents and HMGR enzyme activity was also noticed in transgenic plants over control. Interestingly, the latex yield was significantly enhanced in all transgenic plants compared to the control. The qRT-PCR results exhibit that the hmgr1 mRNA transcript levels was 160-fold more abundance in transgenic plants over untransformed control. These results altogether suggest that there is a positive correlation between latex yield and accumulation of mRNA transcripts level as well as HMGR enzyme activity in transgenic rubber plants. It is presumed that there is a possibility for enhanced level of latex biosynthesis in transgenic plants as the level of mRNA transcripts and HMGR enzyme activity is directly correlated with latex yield in rubber tree. Further, the present results clearly suggest that the quantification of HMGR enzyme activity in young seedlings will be highly beneficial for early selection of high latex yielding plants in rubber breeding programs.

Estriol vs estrógenos conjugados de origen equino en el tratamiento del síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia / Estriol vs. Conjugated estrogens of equine origin in the treatment of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause

Resumen OBJETIVO Comparar la efectividad y seguridad del estriol vs estrógenos conjugados de origen equino en el tratamiento del síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Ensayo clínico multicéntrico, doble ciego, controlado, con asignación al azar, efectuado en tres clínicas de Colombia entre los meses de julio de 2015 y septiembre de 2017. Criterio de inclusión: mujeres con síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia tratadas con estrógenos tópicos. Las pacientes se asignaron al azar a dos grupos: A (estriol) y B (estrógenos conjugados de origen equino). Variables de estudio: concentraciones séricas de estradiol, testosterona total, globulina fijadora de hormonas sexuales, porcentaje de satisfacción al disminuir los síntomas y tiempo hasta su desaparición. También se consideraron: pH vaginal menor de 4.5, puntuación del índice de maduración vaginal, intensidad de la sequedad vaginal, necesidad de terapia hormonal sistémica, medición del endometrio, comportamiento sexual y coexistencia de efectos secundarios. RESULTADOS Se estudiaron 387 mujeres: 192 del grupo A, que recibió estriol y 195 del grupo B tratadas con estrógenos conjugados de origen equino. El porcentaje de efectividad en el grupo A fue de 90.6% y en el grupo B de 89.2%; (p = 0.507). Las mujeres del grupo A experimentaron menos efectos secundarios (26.5%) que las del grupo B (38.4%). En las otras variables no se encontraron diferencias. CONCLUSIONES El estriol y los estrógenos conjugados de origen equino son igual de efectivos y seguros para tratar el síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia; sin embargo, el estriol ofrece mayores ventajas porque disminuye más rápidamente los síntomas y origina menores efectos secundarios.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness and safety of estriol vs. conjugated estrogens of equine origin in the treatment of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multicentric, double-blind, controlled, randomized clinical trial conducted in three clinics in Colombia between July 2015 and September 2017. Inclusion criteria: women with menopausal genitourinary syndrome treated with topical estrogens. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: A (estriol) and B (conjugated estrogens of equine origin). Study variables: serum levels of estradiol, total testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, percentage of satisfaction with decreasing symptoms and time to disappearance. The following were also considered: vaginal pH lower than 4.5, vaginal maturation index score, intensity of vaginal dryness, need for systemic hormonal therapy, measurement of the endometrium, sexual behavior and coexistence of side effects. RESULTS We studied 387 women: 192 of group A, who received estriol and 195 of group B treated with conjugated estrogens of equine origin. The percentage of effectiveness in group A was 90.62% and in group B it was 89.23%; (p = 0.507). In women in group A there were fewer side effects (26.56%) than in group B (38.46%). No differences were found in the other variables. CONCLUSIONS Estriol and conjugated estrogens of equine origin are equally effective and safe in the treatment of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause.

Can polyacrylic acid treat sexual dysfunction in women with breast cancer receiving tamoxifen?

OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of safety data supporting the use of hormone therapy in women who have had breast cancer and who have complained of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). The objective was to test the efficacy of two non-hormonal therapies for vaginal dryness. METHODS: This was a randomized trial with 52 women with breast cancer who were being treated with tamoxifen and who complained of vaginal dryness. The volunteers answered two questionnaires to evaluate sexual function (Female Sexual Function Index, FSFI) and a customized GSM questionnaire. The women were randomized into two groups: 25 (48.1%) in the polyacrylic acid group and 27 (51.9%) in the lubricant group, using either one of the treatments for 30 days, and after they were invited to answer the questionnaires again. RESULTS: There was improvement in the FSFI after both treatments. The polyacrylic acid group showed a decrease in sexual dysfunction from 96% to 24% (p < 0.0001) and the lubricant group showed a decrease from 88.9% to 55.6% (p = 0.0027). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that both treatments improved sexual function; however, polyacrylic acid was superior to the lubricant in treating sexual dysfunction.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the metacaspase gene family in Hevea brasiliensis.

Metacaspases, a family of cysteine proteases, have been suggested to play important roles in programmed cell death (PCD) during plant development and stress responses. To date, no systematic characterization of this gene family has been reported in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). In the present study, nine metacaspase genes, designated as HbMC1 to HbMC9, were identified from whole-genome sequence of rubber tree. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses suggested that these genes were divided into two types: type I (HbMC1-HBMC7) and type II (HbMC8 and HbMC9). Gene structure analysis demonstrated that type I and type II HbMCs separately contained four and two introns, indicating the conserved exon-intron organization of HbMCs. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that HbMCs showed distinct expression patterns in different tissues, suggesting the functional diversity of HbMCs in various tissues during development. Most of the HbMCs were regulated by drought, cold, and salt stress, implying their possible functions in regulating abiotic stress-induced cell death. Of the nine HbMCs, HbMC1, HbMC2, HbMC5, and HbMC8 displayed a significantly higher relative transcript accumulation in barks of tapping panel dryness (TPD) trees compared with healthy trees. In addition, the four genes were up-regulated by ethephon (ET) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), indicating their potential involvement in TPD resulting from ET- or JA-induced PCD. In summary, this work provides valuable information for further functional characterization of HbMC genes in rubber tree.

Illness Experiences in Women with Oral Dryness as a Result of Sjögren's Syndrome: The Patient Point of View.

BACKGROUND: Sjögren's syndrome and the associated dryness can have multiple consequences. The aim of the present qualitative study was to give an in-depth account of the life experiences of women with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and health-related behaviours, and to summarize these experiences in an integrated model. METHODS: Twelve women diagnosed with pSS who regularly attended the Hospital of the University of Chile participated in detailed interviews. The data were analysed using qualitative methods based on the principles of grounded theory. RESULTS: Selective coding identified three categories: illness experience, social interaction and psychological response. An integrated model was developed connecting these dynamic aspects and suggesting how they could lead to a life cycle crisis in cases of maladjustment. We found that problem-solving strategies, reconstruction of identity, acceptance and a social support may prevent this life cycle crisis. DISCUSSION: Xerostomia and other consequences of pSS can have a profound influence on daily life. However, the severity of the consequences depends on individual experiences with the illness, social influences and the psychological responses of the patient. Physicians, dentists and other healthcare professionals can help the patient by listening to their problems and exploring solutions based on a psychological approach.

Molecular cloning, expression profiles, and characterization of a novel polyphenol oxidase (PPO) gene in Hevea brasiliensis.

The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is involved in undesirable browning in many plant foods. Although the PPOs have been studied by several researchers, the isolation and expression profiles of PPO gene were not reported in rubber tree. In this study, a new PPO gene, HbPPO, was isolated from Hevea brasiliensis. The sequence alignment showed that HbPPO indicated high identities to plant PPOs and belonged to dicot branch. The cis-acting regulatory elements related to stress/hormone responses were predicted in the promoter region of HbPPO. Real-time RT-PCR analyses showed that HbPPO expression varied widely depending on different tissues and developmental stages of leaves. Besides being associated with tapping panel dryness, the HbPPO transcripts were regulated by ethrel, wounding, H2O2, and methyl jasmonate treatments. Moreover, the correlation between latex coagulation rate and PPO activity was further confirmed in this study. Our results lay the foundation for further analyzing the function of HbPPO in rubber tree.

Efeito do uso de gel não hormonal na região genital em mulheres na pós-menopausa / Effect of the use of no hormonal gel in genital region in postmenopausal women

Introdução: A queixa genital é comum em mulheres menopausadas. A diminuição dos níveis de estrogênio neste período causa atrofia vulvovaginal que pode ser acompanhada de vaginite, prurido, dispareunia, dentre outros sintomas. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da utilização de um gel não hormonal a base de extratos vegetais em mulheres menopausadas com queixas vulvovaginais. Método: Trinta e cinco voluntárias, com idade entre 45 e 65 anos, com vida sexual ativa e em menopausa há pelo menos 6 meses, realizaram aplicações diárias vulvares do gel por quatro semanas. Todas as pacientes responderam a um questionário não estruturado com questões referentes ao conforto durante a relação sexual, hidratação e maciez genital no final do tratamento. Resultados: Todas as pacientes referiram mais conforto na atividade sexual. Houve melhora da hidratação da região genital em 97% e sensação de maciez local em 100% das pacientes. Conclusão: A utilização do gel não hormonal promoveu maior hidratação e maciez tecidual genital melhorando a sexualidade.