La Vagotomía Altamente Selectiva es aún un adecuado tratamiento para la úlcera péptica duodenal / Highly Selective Vagotomy is still a suitable treatment for duodenal peptic ulcer

RESUMEN Introducción: El tratamiento de la úlcera péptica duodenal (UPD) ha cambiado radicalmente en el transcurso de los últimos 50 años debido a la efectividad del tratamiento médico. Sin embargo, la cirugía todavía tiene un importante papel en el tratamiento de la úlcera duodenal; y dentro de éste la vagotomía. Objetivo: Describir el origen y evolución de la vagotomía altamente selectiva (VAS), y su papel en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la UPD. Material y métodos: Se revisó la bibliografía publicada durante los últimos 50 años relacionada con la VAS en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la UPD. La fuente de los datos utilizados fue obtenida de Clinical Key, Pubmed, Google, Scopus y Scielo, desde 1970 hasta 2020. Desarrollo: La VAS se aplicó por primera vez en el humano en 1967 por Holle y Hart. Posteriormente, Johnston y Wilkinson y Amdrup y Jensen en 1970, informan sus resultados, conservando el píloro. La única debilidad que se le atribuye a la VAS es una alta tasa de recurrencia de la úlcera; sin embargo, su mortalidad y morbilidad son mínimas, por lo que es la intervención de elección para la úlcera duodenal intratable o complicada. Conclusiones: Debido a la disminución en la necesidad del tratamiento quirúrgico, pocos cirujanos están entrenados y experimentados en esta operación técnicamente difícil; lo que ha sido el principal factor para las altas tasas de recurrencia. Sin embargo, consideramos que la VAS tiene vigencia actual en manos de cirujanos entrenados y experimentados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The treatment of duodenal peptic ulcer (DPU) has radically changed over the last 50 years due to success of medical treatment. However, surgery still has an important role in the treatment of duodenal ulcer; and with this, vagotomy. Objective: To describe the origin and evolution of highly selective vagotomy (HSV), as well as its role in the surgical treatment of DPU. Material and Methods: We reviewed the bibliography published during the last 50 years in relation to highly selective vagotomy (HSV). The data used were obtained from the search carried out in Clincal Key, Pumed, Google, Scopus and Scielo databases during the period 1970-2020. Development: Highly Selective Vagotomy was first performed in humans by Holle and Hart in 1967. Later, their results were informed by Johnston and Wilkinson and Amdrup and Jensen in 1970, preserving the pylorus. The only weakness attributed to HSV is a higher ulcer recurrence rate; however, mortality and morbidity are minimal, so it is the intervention of choice for intractable or complicated duodenal ulcers. Conclusions: Because of the decline in the need for surgical management, fewer surgeons are trained and and have enough experince to perform this technically challenging surgery, which has been the main factor associated with higher recurrence rates. However, we consider that HSV has a current relevance when it is performed by trained and experienced surgeons.

Cytokine Profile of CCR6+ T-Helpers Isolated from the Blood of Patients with Peptic Ulcer Associated with Helicobacter pylori Infection.

We previously found that the number of CCR6+ T-helpers with the phenotype of effector/effector memory T cells increases in the blood of patients with H. pylori-associated peptic ulcer. The mature phenotype and the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR6, which is involved in migration of lymphocytes to the inflamed mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, suggests that these cells are involved in the immune response observed in this clinical condition. To better understand the pathogenetic role of these cells, it is necessary to study their functional activity, specifically, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the blood level of pro-inflammatory types of mature CCR6+ T-helpers in H. pylori-associated peptic ulcer disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CCR6+ T-helpers were isolated from the blood by using immuno-magnetic separation adapted to this study. The number of T-helpers of types 1 and 17 (Th1 and Th17) and cells with mixed properties of Th1 and Th17 (Th1/Th17) was determined by intracellular cytokine assay. RESULTS: Initially, we planned to activate unseparated peripheral blood mononuclear cells ex vivo and evaluate the number of cytokine producers among mature CCR6+ T-helper cells by gating them during the flow cytometry. However, dramatic changes in the phenotype of T-helpers upon activation did not allow us to reliably identify the cells of interest. Subsequently, we used a two-stage immunomagnetic separation procedure to obtain functionally active mature CCR6+ T-helpers with a purity of >90%. The quantitative yield of these cells from the blood of patients with gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer associated with H. pylori was 9 times higher than that from the blood of healthy donors. Activation of CCR6+ T-helpers purified from blood of ulcer patients revealed an increased content of Th1, Th17, and Th1/Th17. One ml of the patient's blood yielded 18.1 times more CCR6+ Th1, 19.4 times more CCR6+ Th17, and 21.1 times more CCR6+ Th1/Th17 compared with the blood of healthy subjects. CONCLUSION: The content of mature CCR6+ T-helper cells with pro-inflammatory activity significantly increases in the blood of patients with peptic ulcer associated with H. pylori infection.

Evolución del tratamiento de la Úlcera péptica duodenal / Evolution of duodenal peptic ulcer treatment

Introducción: Como consecuencia del desarrollo del tratamiento médico de la úlcera péptica duodenal, el tratamiento quirúrgico ha disminuido notablemente. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es describir la progresión del tratamiento de la úlcera péptica duodenal. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, de corte, desde finales del siglo XIX hasta la actualidad. Se utilizó el método histórico-lógico y un análisis deductivo-inductivo de múltiples fuentes bibliográficas. Desarrollo: A pesar de ser la úlcera una entidad clínica reconocida desde la antigüedad, los cirujanos la consideraron causada por el ácido, y todos los esfuerzos fueron concentrados en eliminar el ácido por medio de una operación. A partir de 1881, se comenzaron a conocer las complicaciones. En la década de los años 30 del pasado siglo, se tratan las complicaciones y también la enfermedad. Desde 1940, además, se conserva el funcionamiento digestivo y aparecen las tres formas básicas de vagotomía. En la década de 1970, se desarrollaron novedosas técnicas quirúrgicas, la endoscopía, la radiología intervencionista y la cirugía mínimamente invasiva. Sin embargo, el tratamiento médico llegó con los poderosos supresores del ácido y el descubrimiento del Helicobacter pylori. Nuevamente la cirugía ha quedado relegada a tratar las úlceras refractarias y las complicadas. Conclusiones: El tratamiento médico, por medio de la terapia anti-Helicobacter asociada a potentes inhibidores de la secreción gástrica ha conseguido su curación; sin embargo, la cirugía todavía tiene un importante papel en el tratamiento de la úlcera refractaria o complicada(AU)

Introduction: Surgical treatment of duodenal peptic ulcer has notably decreased as a consequence of the development of medical treatment. Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the advances in the treatment of duodenal peptic ulcer. Material and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted from the end of the 19th century to the present. The historical-logical method and a deductive-inductive analysis of multiple bibliographic sources were used. Development: Despite ulcer has been recognized as a clinical entity since ancient times, surgeons considered that it is caused by acid; therefore, all efforts were concentrated on removing the acid through an operation. From 1881 on, complications began to be treated. In the decade of the 30s of the last century, complications and the disease were treated. Since 1940, the digestive function has also been preserved and the three basic forms of vagotomy appeared. In the 1970s, novel surgical techniques such as endoscopy, interventional radiology, and minimally invasive surgery were developed. However, powerful acid suppressants as well as the discovery of Helicobacter pylori were taken into consideration for medical treatment. Once again, surgery was relegated to the treatment of refractory ulcers and complicated ulcers. Conclusions: Medical treatment with anti-Helicobacter therapy associated with potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion has managed its healing; however, surgery still plays an important role in the treatment of refractory or complicated ulcer(AU)

Acute abdomen in drug abusers.

Introduction: Acute abdomen is one of the most important issues in abdominal surgery. Our study aims to describe the differences in clinical presentation of patients, in the course of their hospitalization, and in morbidity and mortality of patients with drug abuse; another aim is to describe our own experience with drug abusers with acute abdomen. Method: Patients with the history of drug abuse and with non-traumatic acute abdomen were included retrospectively to our set. We chose patients hospitalized between 2013 and 2018. We analyzed the demographical data of the patients, types of abused drugs, concordance between the first and final diagnosis, findings of paraclinical examinations, the need of surgical treatment, and the type of surgery. Morbidity, mortality and the length of hospital stay were tracked. All the data was evaluated using descriptive statistics. Results: 8 patients (4.7 per mille of all the patients hospitalized for acute abdomen) fulfilled the criteria of our study. All the patients were men with median age 32 years. Pervitin (methamphetamine) was the most frequently abused drug (in 50%), followed by heroin, benzodiazepines, tetrahydrocannabinol, subutex, hypnotics and tramadol. Peptic ulcer perforation was the most frequent diagnosis in our set (in 50% of all patients). The other diagnoses included: two cases of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding, one case of Crohn's disease relapse with peritonitis and one case of colitis of the ascending colon. Surgical treatment was necessary in 75% patients. 30-day mortality was zero; an early complication (wound dehiscence) developed in one operated patient. Mean length of hospital stay was 9.7 days in our set, with the median of 7 days. Conclusion: Drug abusers represent only a marginal part of all patients with acute abdomen. This group is characterized by a significantly lower age, by a considerable predominance of men and by the preference of perforated peptic ulcer.

[Risk factors for adverse course of gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer].

OBJECTIVE: Introduction: High morbidity rate, frequent relapses, and significant economic losses give reasons for highlighting the peptic ulcer disease as the most topical medical-statistical problem. The aim of the study is to assess the influence of the main risk factors on the course of gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: We formed up the risk groups consisted of patients with 12 modified (4) and regular (8) factors, each characterized with its own signs and gradations. We performed the quantitative evaluation of the factors and scored the signs thereof, the results of which were used for determination of the most informative ones. RESULTS: Results: Among the regular factors, we placed emphasis on gender, age, burdened heredity, and 0(I), Rh+ blood type. The risk of peptic ulcer in hereditary tainted young men of the working age with parental lineage (+2.3) and in males with 0(I) Rh+ blood type (+1.4) was proved. Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is a key contributor (a predictor of) to severity of the disease course (+9.7) among the modified risk factors. Negative effect of a concomitant pathology (+5.0), including hepatobiliary lesions (+3.8), hypertension (+4.0), and diabetes mellitus (+1.3) is also significant. Diet violation (+3.7), tobacco smoking (+3.2) and stress (+3.0) were ranked third. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The results of quantitative evaluation of the factors scoring suggest of the underlying H.pylori infection (the significance of which is growing along with the growth of the disease incidence) and irrational diet as the most informatively important ones. We have established the direct dependence between the most important peptic ulcer risk factors, severity of the disease, and duration and periodicity of treatment thereof.

Comportamiento de la hemorragia digestiva alta en el quinquenio 2009 a 2013 / Behavior of the high digestive bleeding in the five-year period 2009-2013

Introducción: la hemorragia digestiva alta constituye un problema frecuente de salud en el mundo; así se comporta en Cuba, en la provincia Matanzas y en el hospital de estudio. Actualmente es considerada como causa mayor de morbimortalidad. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento de la hemorragia digestiva alta en el Hospital Militar de Matanzas. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva, en un periodo de cinco años que incluyó a todos los pacientes ingresados con ese diagnóstico, y los que durante su ingreso por otra causa presentaron episodios de hemorragia. El índice de Rockall permitió evaluar la necesidad de cirugía, recidiva y mortalidad. Resultados: la mayoría de los pacientes pertenecieron al grupo de riesgo intermedio. Los hombres fueron los más afectados, el grupo de tercera edad presentó mayor incidencia. La gastritis hemorrágica fue la primera causa de sangrado. La hipertensión arterial resultó ser el factor de riesgo relevante y el tabaquismo el hábito tóxico más frecuente. Conclusiones: como beneficio relevante se demostró la importancia de la endoscopia precoz para el diagnóstico de la causa, tratamiento y pronóstico de la hemorragia. Se observó una buena correlación entre el pronóstico del paciente al ingreso y su estado al final del tratamiento (AU).

Introduction: the high digestive hemorrhage is a frequent health problem in the world; it behaves the same in Cuba, in the province of Matanzas and in the hospital where the study was carried out. Currently it is considered a major cause of morbi-mortality. Objective: to determine the behavior of the high digestive bleeding in the Military Hospital of Matanzas. Materials and Methods: a descriptive research was carried out in a five-year period. It included all the patients admitted with that diagnosis and those who presented episodes of hemorrhage even if they were admitted by any other cause. The Rockall index allowed to assess the necessity of surgery, the recidivism and mortality. Results: most of the patients belonged to the intermediate risk group. Male patients were the most affected one; the group of elder people showed higher incidence. Hemorrhagic gastritis was the first cause of bleeding. Arterial hypertension was the relevant risk factor and smoking the most frequent toxic habit. Conclusions: as a relevant benefit it was showed the importance of precocious endoscopy for the diagnosis of the hemorrhage cause, treatment and prognosis. It was observed a good correlation between the patient´s prognosis at the admission and his status at the end of the treatment (AU).

Comportamiento de la hemorragia digestiva alta en el quinquenio 2009 a 2013 / Behavior of the high digestive bleeding in the five-year period 2009-2013

Introducción: la hemorragia digestiva alta constituye un problema frecuente de salud en el mundo; así se comporta en Cuba, en la provincia Matanzas y en el hospital de estudio. Actualmente es considerada como causa mayor de morbimortalidad. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento de la hemorragia digestiva alta en el Hospital Militar de Matanzas. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva, en un periodo de cinco años que incluyó a todos los pacientes ingresados con ese diagnóstico, y los que durante su ingreso por otra causa presentaron episodios de hemorragia. El índice de Rockall permitió evaluar la necesidad de cirugía, recidiva y mortalidad. Resultados: la mayoría de los pacientes pertenecieron al grupo de riesgo intermedio. Los hombres fueron los más afectados, el grupo de tercera edad presentó mayor incidencia. La gastritis hemorrágica fue la primera causa de sangrado. La hipertensión arterial resultó ser el factor de riesgo relevante y el tabaquismo el hábito tóxico más frecuente. Conclusiones: como beneficio relevante se demostró la importancia de la endoscopia precoz para el diagnóstico de la causa, tratamiento y pronóstico de la hemorragia. Se observó una buena correlación entre el pronóstico del paciente al ingreso y su estado al final del tratamiento (AU).

Introduction: the high digestive hemorrhage is a frequent health problem in the world; it behaves the same in Cuba, in the province of Matanzas and in the hospital where the study was carried out. Currently it is considered a major cause of morbi-mortality. Objective: to determine the behavior of the high digestive bleeding in the Military Hospital of Matanzas. Materials and Methods: a descriptive research was carried out in a five-year period. It included all the patients admitted with that diagnosis and those who presented episodes of hemorrhage even if they were admitted by any other cause. The Rockall index allowed to assess the necessity of surgery, the recidivism and mortality. Results: most of the patients belonged to the intermediate risk group. Male patients were the most affected one; the group of elder people showed higher incidence. Hemorrhagic gastritis was the first cause of bleeding. Arterial hypertension was the relevant risk factor and smoking the most frequent toxic habit. Conclusions: as a relevant benefit it was showed the importance of precocious endoscopy for the diagnosis of the hemorrhage cause, treatment and prognosis. It was observed a good correlation between the patient´s prognosis at the admission and his status at the end of the treatment (AU).