Ventilatory response to peripheral chemoreflex and muscle metaboreflex during static handgrip in healthy humans: evidence of hyperadditive integration.

NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? What is the effect of peripheral chemoreflex and muscle metaboreflex integration on ventilation regulation, and what is the effect of integration on breathing-related sensations and emotions? What is the main finding and its importance? Peripheral chemoreflex and muscle metaboreflex coactivation during isocapnic static handgrip exercise appeared to elicit a hyperadditive effect with regard to ventilation and an additive effect with regard to breathing-related sensations and emotions. These findings reveal the nature of the integration between two neural mechanisms that operate during small-muscle static exercise performed under hypoxia. ABSTRACT: Exercise augments the hypoxia-induced ventilatory response in an exercise intensity-dependent manner. A mutual influence of hypoxia-induced peripheral chemoreflex activation and exercise-induced muscle metaboreflex activation might mediate the augmentation phenomenon. However, the nature of these reflexes' integration (i.e., hyperadditive, additive or hypoadditive) remains unclear, and the coactivation effect on breathing-related sensations and emotions has not been explored. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of peripheral chemoreflex and muscle metaboreflex coactivation on ventilatory variables and breathing-related sensations and emotions during exercise. Fourteen healthy adults performed 2-min isocapnic static handgrip, first with the non-dominant hand and immediately after with the dominant hand. During the dominant hand exercise, we (a) did not manipulate either reflex (control); (b) activated the peripheral chemoreflex by hypoxia; (c) activated the muscle metaboreflex in the non-dominant arm by post-exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO); or (d) coactivated both reflexes by simultaneous hypoxia and PECO use. Ventilation response to coactivation of reflexes (mean ± SD, 13 ± 6 l/min) was greater than the sum of responses to separated activations of reflexes (mean ± SD, 8 ± 8 l/min, P = 0.005). Breathing-related sensory and emotional responses were similar between coactivation of reflexes and the sum of separate activations of reflexes. Thus, the peripheral chemoreflex and muscle metaboreflex integration during exercise appeared to be hyperadditive with regard to ventilation and additive with regard to breathing-related sensations and emotions in healthy adults.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing to indicate increased ventilatory variability in subjects with dysfunctional breathing.

BACKGROUND: Dysfunctional breathing (DB) is a common, but largely underappreciated, cause of chronic dyspnoea. Under visual inspection, most subjects with DB present with larger sequential changes in ventilation (V̇E) and breathing pattern (tidal volume (VT) and breathing frequency (f)) before and/or during incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Currently, however, there are no objective criteria to indicate increased ventilatory variability in these subjects. METHODS: Twenty chronically dyspnoeic subjects with DB and 10 age- and sex-matched controls performed CPET on a cycle ergometer. Cut-offs to indicate increased V̇E, VT, f, and f/VT ratio variability (Δ = highest-lowest 20 s arithmetic mean) over the last resting minute (rest ), the 2sd min of unloaded exercise (unload ), and the 3rd min of loaded exercise (load ) were established by ROC curve analyses. RESULTS: Subjects with DB presented with increased V̇E, higher ventilatory variability, higher dyspnoea burden, and lower exercise capacity compared to controls (p < 0.05). ΔV̇Eload (>4.1 L/min), Δfrest (>5 breaths/min; bpm), Δfunload (>4 bpm), Δfload (>5 bpm), Δf/VTrest (>4.9 bpm/L), and Δf/VTload (>1.3 bpm/L) differentiated DB from a normal pattern (areas under the curve ranging from 0.729 to 0.845). High Δf, in particular, was associated with DB across all CPET phases. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides objective criteria to indicate increased ventilatory variability during incremental CPET in dyspnoeic subjects with DB. Large variability in breathing frequency seems particularly useful in this context, a finding that should be prospectively confirmed in larger studies.

Síndrome de Hamman (neumomediastino) posparto. Síntesis de la bibliografía y reporte de caso / Postpartum Hamman (pneumomediastinal) syndrome. Synthesis of the literature and case report

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: El síndrome de Hamman se caracteriza por la coexistencia de aire libre en el mediastino sin una causa identificable; también puede ser secundario a traumatismos, infecciones intratorácicas, procedimientos médicos como la esofagoscopia y broncoscopia. Su incidencia se estima entre 1 en 2000 y 1 en 100,000 embarazos. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 18 años, con 65 kg de peso, 1.56 m de talla e IMC 26.74, correspondiente a sobrepeso, primigesta, sin antecedentes patológicos ni heredofamiliares relevantes, con evolución normal del embarazo. A las 39 semanas acudió a urgencias ginecológicas debido a contractilidad uterina y salida de líquido por la vagina. La finalización del embarazo fue por parto, con recién nacido vivo. En el puerperio mediato (30 horas después del parto) súbitamente tuvo disnea, ortopnea y dolor en la región infraclavicular, sensación de "burbujeo" en la parte anterior del tórax. La radiografía simple de tórax mostró aire libre en el mediastino y enfisema subcutáneo. La TAC de tórax evidenció múltiples burbujas de aire, con extensión del espacio perivertebral de predominio derecho. La conclusión diagnóstica fue: enfisema extenso subcutáneo en los espacios del cuello, con alcance al mediastino anterior, con extenso neumomediastino y cardiomegalia global. CONCLUSIONES: El síndrome de Hamman prevalece en primigestas jóvenes y tiene un curso benigno. El tratamiento debe ser conservador, con oxígeno y analgésicos.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Hamman's syndrome is characterized by the coexistence of free air in the mediastinum without an identifiable cause; it may also be secondary to trauma, intrathoracic infections, medical procedures such as oesophagoscopy and bronchoscopy. Its incidence is estimated to be between 1 in 2000 and 1 in 100,000 pregnancies. CLINICAL CASE: 18-year-old female patient, weight 65 kg, height 1.56 m and BMI 26.74, corresponding to overweight, primigravida, with no relevant pathological or heredofamilial history, with normal evolution of pregnancy. At 39 weeks, she attended the gynaecological emergency department due to uterine contractility and leakage of fluid from the vagina. The pregnancy was terminated by delivery, with a live newborn. In the immediate postpartum period (30 hours after delivery) she suddenly experienced dyspnoea, orthopnoea and pain in the infraclavicular region, with a sensation of "bubbling" in the anterior chest. Plain chest X-ray showed free air in the mediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. Chest CT showed multiple air bubbles, with extension of the perivertebral space predominantly on the right. The diagnostic conclusion was: extensive subcutaneous emphysema in the neck spaces extending into the anterior mediastinum, with extensive pneumomediastinum and global cardiomegaly. CONCLUSIONS: Hamman syndrome is prevalent in young primigravidae and has a benign course. Treatment should be conservative, with oxygen and analgesics.

Dyspnoea at the end of life: instrument development and validation-the CONFORTO Strategy.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the construction and validation of the algorithm for Criteria for inclusion; Objective of dyspnoea; Notification of patient/family/health professionals; Facial air flow; Oxygen; Relaxion and breathing; Treating causes of dyspnoea and Opioid (CONFORTO), an instrument to guide health professionals in managing dyspnoea in patients with an advance stage of the disease at the end-of-life. METHODS: The study was carried out in three stages: (1) literature review and construction of CONFORTO; (2) semantic validation; (3) application of the CONFORTO Strategy to health professionals as a test (before video lessons) and post-test (20 days after watching video lessons) methodology. The scores obtained in the pretest and post-test were compared using the Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: Seventy-four professionals from different internal medicine and intensive care units participated in the study. The CONFORTO Strategy involved eight acronym-forming items: Criteria for inclusion; Objective of dyspnoea; Notification of patient/family/health professionals; Facial air flow; Oxygen; Relaxion and breathing; Treating causes of dyspnoea and Opioid. The post-test indicated a significant increase in the score for the following items: facial air flow (p=0.016); oxygen (p=0.002); relaxation and breathing (p=0.002) and treating the causes of dyspnoea (p=0.011). The increase in score occurred after the training sessions with video lessons. CONCLUSION: The CONFORTO Strategy proved valid and reliable for managing dyspnoea in patients with an advanced stage of the disease at the end-of-life. Because the instrument is easy-to-use, it can be used by the entire health team at any assistance-providing location, and can, thus, contribute to improving dyspnoea management for these patients.

Thoracoabdominal asynchrony associates with exercise intolerance in fibrotic interstitial lung diseases.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The precise coordination of respiratory muscles during exercise minimizes work of breathing and avoids exercise intolerance. Fibrotic interstitial lung disease (f-ILD) patients are exercise-intolerant. We assessed whether respiratory muscle incoordination and thoracoabdominal asynchrony (TAA) occur in f-ILD during exercise, and their relationship with pulmonary function and exercise performance. METHODS: We compared breathing pattern, respiratory mechanics, TAA and respiratory muscle recruitment in 31 f-ILD patients and 31 healthy subjects at rest and during incremental cycle exercise. TAA was defined as phase angle (PhAng) >20°. RESULTS: During exercise, when compared with controls, f-ILD patients presented increased and early recruitment of inspiratory rib cage muscle (p < 0.05), and an increase in PhAng, indicating TAA. TAA was more frequent in f-ILD patients than in controls, both at 50% of the maximum workload (42.3% vs. 10.7%, p = 0.01) and at the peak (53.8% vs. 23%, p = 0.02). Compared with f-ILD patients without TAA, f-ILD patients with TAA had lower lung volumes (forced vital capacity, p < 0.01), greater dyspnoea (Medical Research Council > 2 in 64.3%, p = 0.02), worse exercise performance (lower maximal work rate % predicted, p = 0.03; lower tidal volume, p = 0.03; greater desaturation and dyspnoea, p < 0.01) and presented higher oesophageal inspiratory pressures with lower gastric inspiratory pressures and higher recruitment of scalene (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Exercise induces TAA and higher recruitment of inspiratory accessory muscle in ILD patients. TAA during exercise occurred in more severely restricted ILD patients and was associated with exertional dyspnoea, desaturation and limited exercise performance.

Prevalence of potential respiratory symptoms in survivors of hospital admission after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Knowledge on the sequelae of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains limited due to the relatively recent onset of this pathology. However, the literature on other types of coronavirus infections prior to COVID-19 reports that patients may experience persistent symptoms after discharge. To determine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in survivors of hospital admission after COVID-19 infection. A living systematic review of five databases was performed in order to identify studies which reported the persistence of respiratory symptoms in COVID-19 patients after discharge. Two independent researchers reviewed and analysed the available literature, and then extracted and assessed the quality of those articles. Of the 1,154 reports returned by the initial search nine articles were found, in which 1,816 patients were included in the data synthesis. In the pooled analysis, we found a prevalence of 0.52 (CI 0.38-0.66, p < 0.01, I2 = 97%), 0.37 (CI 0.28-0.48, p < 0.01, I2 = 93%), 0.16 (CI 0.10-0.23, p < 0.01, I2 = 90%) and 0.14 (CI 0.06-0.24, p < 0.01, I2 = 96%) for fatigue, dyspnoea, chest pain, and cough, respectively. Fatigue, dyspnoea, chest pain, and cough were the most prevalent respiratory symptoms found in 52%, 37%, 16% and 14% of patients between 3 weeks and 3 months, after discharge in survivors of hospital admission by COVID-19, respectively.

Pectus excavatum and Pectus carinatum in dogs

Background: Deformities of the anterior thoracic wall are called pectus: pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum. Pectusexcavatum is characterised by dorsal deviation of the caudal region of the sternum while pectus carinatum consists ofprotrusion of the sternum and/or adjacent cartilage. Both defects may remain symptom-free, but respiratory and cardiacabnormalities have been reported. Another deformity observed in dogs is the swimming dog syndrome, which consists ofthe lateral opening of the thoracic and pelvic limbs, associated with the pedalling movement. These disorders are frequentlyreported in medical practice, are considered rare among canines. This report aims to describe a case of pectus excavatumassociated with the swimming dog syndrome (Case 1) and another case of pectus carinatum (Case 2).Cases: Case 1. An approximately 45-day-old male American Pitbull canine had difficulty standing. Physical examinationrevealed hyperextension of the thoracic and pelvic limb joints and flattening of the thorax. After radiographic examination, pectus excavatum and the swimming dog syndrome were confirmed. The conservative treatment with splinting andhydrotherapy was chosen. At the 3-month follow-up, slight improvement in the limbs and irregular and unsatisfactorygrowth of the thorax leading to episodes of dyspnoea were observed. Case 2. A female Pug, approximately 2 months old,had a thorax deformity. Physical examination revealed thorax protrusion, confirmed on radiography as pectus carinatum.Conservative therapy was provided using compressive bandage. One month later, the tutor reported improvement in thecondition and absence of respiratory changes.Discussion: Pectus deformities has low incidence, and cases to pectus carinatum, there is a sexual predisposition, that is,males are more predisposed, differing from Case 2, a female dog. In the cases of pectus excavatum, no genetic alterationwas directly related to its occurrence...(AU)

Gran masa intracardiaca como causa de disnea y palpitaciones en mujer joven que acude a urgencias / Large intra-cardiac mass as a cause of dyspnoea and palpitations in a young woman seen in an emergency department

Resumen Los tumores cardíacos primarios son poco frecuentes y a menudo asintomáticos. Tienen una incidencia que varía de 0,0017% a 0,28%. El diagnóstico diferencial de masas cardíacas incluye vegetaciones, trombos y tumores. Puede involucrar el endocardio, miocardio o epicardio. La afectación secundaria del corazón por tumores extracardíacos es rara. Los tumores benignos constituyen el 80% de las neoplasias cardíacas primarias y los mixomas son el tipo predominante. El tumor cardíaco maligno más frecuente es el angiosarcoma, y se caracteriza por crecimiento rápido, invasión local y metástasis a distancia. Se presenta el caso de paciente adulta joven con síntomas cardiovasculares inespecíficos asociados a pérdida de peso, cuyo diagnóstico ecocardiográfico e histopatológico es compatible con mixoma cardíaco.

Abstract Primary cardiac tumours are rare and are often asymptomatic, with an incidence that varies from 0.0017% to 0.28%. The differential diagnosis of cardiac masses includes, growth, clots, and tumours. It can involve the endocardium, myocardium or epicardium. The secondary involvement of the heart due to extra-cardiac tumours is rare. Benign tumours make up 80% of the primary cardiac neoplasms, and myxomas are the most predominant type. The most common malignant cardiac tumour is the angiosarcoma, and is characterised by rapid growth, local invasion, and distant metastases. A case is presented of a young adult patient, with non-specific cardiovascular symptoms together with a loss of weight. Her echocardiographic and histopathology diagnosis was compatible with a cardiac myxoma.

Pectus excavatum and Pectus carinatum in dogs

Background: Deformities of the anterior thoracic wall are called pectus: pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum. Pectusexcavatum is characterised by dorsal deviation of the caudal region of the sternum while pectus carinatum consists ofprotrusion of the sternum and/or adjacent cartilage. Both defects may remain symptom-free, but respiratory and cardiacabnormalities have been reported. Another deformity observed in dogs is the swimming dog syndrome, which consists ofthe lateral opening of the thoracic and pelvic limbs, associated with the pedalling movement. These disorders are frequentlyreported in medical practice, are considered rare among canines. This report aims to describe a case of pectus excavatumassociated with the swimming dog syndrome (Case 1) and another case of pectus carinatum (Case 2).Cases: Case 1. An approximately 45-day-old male American Pitbull canine had difficulty standing. Physical examinationrevealed hyperextension of the thoracic and pelvic limb joints and flattening of the thorax. After radiographic examination, pectus excavatum and the swimming dog syndrome were confirmed. The conservative treatment with splinting andhydrotherapy was chosen. At the 3-month follow-up, slight improvement in the limbs and irregular and unsatisfactorygrowth of the thorax leading to episodes of dyspnoea were observed. Case 2. A female Pug, approximately 2 months old,had a thorax deformity. Physical examination revealed thorax protrusion, confirmed on radiography as pectus carinatum.Conservative therapy was provided using compressive bandage. One month later, the tutor reported improvement in thecondition and absence of respiratory changes.Discussion: Pectus deformities has low incidence, and cases to pectus carinatum, there is a sexual predisposition, that is,males are more predisposed, differing from Case 2, a female dog. In the cases of pectus excavatum, no genetic alterationwas directly related to its occurrence...

Pericarditis constrictiva asociada a calcificación pericárdica extensa / Constrictive pericarditis associated with extensive pericardial calcification

Resumen Se expone el caso de una paciente femenina de 39 años, con antecedente de disnea progresiva y eventos recurrentes de palpitaciones, en quien durante examen físico se observó ingurgitación yugular, ascitis de gran importancia y tercer ruido cardíaco compatible con "golpe pericárdico". Las pruebas de laboratorio mostraron niveles aumentados de péptido cerebral natriurético y titulación positiva de anticuerpos para el factor antinuclear. La radiografía de tórax mostró imagen radiopaca alrededor de la silueta cardiaca en patrón de "cáscara de huevo". La reconstrucción tomográfica evidenció calcificación pericárdica circunferencial difusa, incluida la pared miocárdica del ventrículo izquierdo y el músculo anteromedial papilar de la válvula mitral.

Abstract It is presented the case of a 39 year-old female patient with a history of progressive dyspnoea and recurrent palpitation events. On physical examination jugular ingurgitation was observed, as well as a highly significant ascites, and heart sounds compatible with "pericardial knock". The laboratory test results reported increased levels of brain natriuretic peptide and a positive antibody titre for antinuclear factor. The chest X-ray showed a radio-opaque image around the cardiac outline in an "egg shell pattern". The computed tomography reconstruction showed evidence of a diffuse calcification of the pericardial circumference, including the myocardial wall of the left ventricle and the antero-medial papillary muscle of the mitral valve.

Short-term diuretic withdrawal in stable outpatients with mild heart failure and no fluid retention receiving optimal therapy: a double-blind, multicentre, randomized trial.

AIMS: Although loop diuretics are widely used to treat heart failure (HF), there is scarce contemporary data to guide diuretic adjustments in the outpatient setting. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a prospective, randomized and double-blind protocol, we tested the safety and tolerability of withdrawing low-dose furosemide in stable HF outpatients at 11 HF clinics in Brazil. The trial had two blindly adjudicated co-primary outcomes: (i) symptoms assessment quantified as the area under the curve (AUC) of a dyspnoea score on a visual-analogue scale evaluated at 4 time-points (baseline, Day 15, Day 45, and Day 90) and (ii) the proportion of patients maintained without diuretic reuse during follow-up. We enrolled 188 patients (25% females; 59 ± 13 years old; left ventricular ejection fraction = 32 ± 8%) that were randomized to furosemide withdrawal (n = 95) or maintenance (n = 93). For the first co-primary endpoint, no significant difference in patients' assessment of dyspnoea was observed in the comparison of furosemide withdrawal with continuous administration [median AUC 1875 (interquartile range, IQR 383-3360) and 1541 (IQR 474-3124), respectively; P = 0.94]. For the second co-primary endpoint, 70 patients (75.3%) in the withdrawal group and 77 patients (83.7%) in the maintenance group were free of furosemide reuse during follow-up (odds ratio for additional furosemide use with withdrawal 1.69, 95% confidence interval 0.82-3.49; P = 0.16). Heart failure-related events (hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and deaths) were infrequent and similar between groups (P = 1.0). CONCLUSIONS: Diuretic withdrawal did not result in neither increased self-perception of dyspnoea nor increased need of furosemide reuse. Diuretic discontinuation may deserve consideration in stable outpatients with no signs of fluid retention receiving optimal medical therapy. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02689180.

Excess ventilation in COPD: Implications for dyspnoea and tolerance to interval exercise.

Interval exercise delays critical mechanical-ventilatory constraints with positive consequences on Dyspnoea and exercise tolerance in COPD. We hypothesized that those advantages of interval exercise would be partially off-set in patients showing excessive ventilation (V˙E) to metabolic demand (V˙CO2). Sixteen men (FEV1 = 42.3 ±â€¯8.9%) performed, on different days, 30 s and 60 s bouts at 100% peak (on) interspersed by moderate exercise at 40% (off). Nine patients did not sustain exercise for 30 min irrespective of on duration. They presented with higher V˙E/V˙CO2 nadir (35 ±â€¯3 vs. 30 ±â€¯5) and dead space/tidal volume (0.39 ±â€¯0.05 vs. 0.34 ±â€¯0.06) compared to their counterparts (p < 0.05). [Lactate], operating lung volumes and symptom burden (dyspnoea and leg effort) were also higher (p < 0.05). Unloading off decreased the metabolic-ventilatory demands, thereby allowing 7/9 patients to exercise for 30 min. Increased wasted ventilation accelerates the rate at which critical mechanical constraints and limiting dyspnoea are reached during interval exercise in patients with COPD.

A Simplified Approach to Select Exercise Endurance Intensity for Interventional Studies in COPD.

Time to exercise limitation (Tlim) in response to constant work rate (CWR) is sensitive to interventions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This is particularly true when the pre-intervention test lasts between 3 and 8 min (Tlim3'-8'). There is, however, no simple method to select a work rate which is consistently associated with Tlim3'-8' across the spectrum of COPD severity. We assessed 59 GOLD stages II-IV patients who initially cycled to Tlim at 75% peak. In case of short (<3 min, low-endurance) or long (>8 min, high-endurance) tests, patients exercised after 60 min at 50% or 90%, respectively (CWR50%⇐75%⇒90%). Critical mechanical constraints and limiting dyspnea at 75% were reached within the desired timeframe in 27 "mid-endurance" patients (46%). Increasing work rate intensity to 90% hastened the mechanical-ventilatory responses leading to Tlim3'-8' in 23/26 (88%) "high-endurance" patients; conversely, decreasing exercise intensity to 50% slowed those responses leading to Tlim3'-8' in 5/6 (83%) "high-endurance" patients. Repeating the tests at higher (60%) or lower (80%) intensities fail to consistently produce Tlim3'-8' in "low-" and "high-endurance", respectively (p > 0.05). Compared to a fixed work rate at 75%, CWR50%⇐75%⇒90% significantly decreased Tlim's coefficient of variation; consequently, the required N to detect 100 s or 33% improvement in Tlim decreased from 82 to 26 and 41 to 14, respectively. This simplified approach to individualized work rate adjustment (CWR50%⇐75%⇒90%) might allow greater sensitivity in evaluating interventional efficacy in improving respiratory mechanics and exercise tolerance while simultaneously reducing sample size requirements in patients with COPD.

DUALIDAD, LA LOCOMOTORA MINERA Vs. EL PULMÓN NEGRO / DUALIDADE, LOCOMOTIVA MINERA Vs. PULMÃO PRETO / Duality, mining locomotive vs. black lung

La neumoconiosis es caracterizada por el depósito nodular difuso de polvo en los pulmones como resultado de la exposición prolongada a polvo bituminoso o de antracita en los trabajadores de las minas de carbón. La neumoconiosis de los mineros del carbón también se denomina enfermedad del pulmón negro o antracosis. Un minero del carbón que padece o desarrolla una Antracosis puede presentar numerosos nódulos redondeados pulmonares en poco tiempo. Dichos nódulos aparecen en ocasiones en ausencia de una antracosis simple. A nivel histológico pueden parecerse a los nódulos reumatoides, pero tienen una zona periférica de inflamación aguda. Estos nódulos representan la respuesta inmunológica a la diátesis reumatoide asociada. En Colombia la minería es un factor estratégico a nivel económico para su desarrollo. Sin embargo, existen factores negativos derivados de ésta que giran en una carrera sin control ni reglas claras; esta actividad hace trámite en el territorio, arrastrando una estela de problemas sobre la sociedad, el ambiente, el bienestar y la salud de las personas.

Pneumoconiosis is characterized by diffuse nodular dust in the lungs as a result of prolonged exposure of workers in coal mines to bituminous dust or anthracite. Pneumoconiosis presented in coal miners is also called black lung disease lung. A coal miner who develops Anthracosis can present numerous pulmonary rounded nodules in a short time. These nodules appear sometimes in the absence of a simple anthracosis. Histologically they may look like resemble rheumatoid nodules, with the difference; they have a peripheral area of acute inflammation. These nodes represent the immune response associated to rheumatoid diathesis. In Colombia, mining is a strategy for economical development. However, there are negative factors arising rotating it in a race without control or clear rules; This activity is pending in the territory, dragging a trail of problems on society, the environment, welfare and People's health

A pneumoconiose é caracterizada por poeira nodular difusa nos pulmões como resultado da exposição prolongada a poeiras betuminosas ou antracite nas minas de carvão. Pneumoconiose de mineiros de carvão também chamado preto ou preto doença pulmonar pulmão. Um mineiro de carvão que sofre ou desenvolve uma antracose pode apresentar numerosos nódulos pulmonares arredondados em um curto espaço de tempo. Estes nódulos aparecem às vezes na ausência de uma antracose simples. Histologicamente podem assemelhar-se a nódulos reumatóides, mas têm uma área periférica de inflamação aguda. Esses nódulos representam a resposta imune associada à diátese reumatóide. A mineração na Colômbia é um fator estratégico economicamente para o desenvolvimento. No entanto, existem fatores negativos decorrent surgindo girando-o em uma corrida sem controle ou regras claras. Esta atividade está pendente no território, arrastando um rastro de problemas na sociedade, o meio ambiente, bem-estar e da saúde das pessoas.

Exercise Ventilation in COPD: Influence of Systolic Heart Failure.

Systolic heart failure is a common and disabling co-morbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which may increase exercise ventilation due to heightened neural drive and/or impaired pulmonary gas exchange efficiency. The influence of heart failure on exercise ventilation, however, remains poorly characterized in COPD. In a prospective study, 98 patients with moderate to very severe COPD [41 with coexisting heart failure; 'overlap' (left ventricular ejection fraction < 50%)] underwent an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Compared to COPD, overlap had lower peak exercise capacity despite higher FEV1. Overlap showed lower operating lung volumes, greater ventilatory inefficiency and larger decrements in end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) (P < 0.05). These results were consistent with those found in FEV1-matched patients. Larger areas under receiver operating characteristic curves to discriminate overlap from COPD were found for ventilation ([Formula: see text]E)-CO2 output [Formula: see text]CO2) intercept, [Formula: see text]E-[Formula: see text]CO2 slope, peak [Formula: see text]E/[Formula: see text]CO2 ratio and peak PETCO2. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that [Formula: see text]CO2 intercept ≤ 3.5 L/minute [odds ratios (95% CI) = 7.69 (2.61-22.65), P < 0.001] plus [Formula: see text]E-[Formula: see text]CO2 slope ≥ 34 [2.18 (0.73-6.50), P = 0.14] or peak [Formula: see text]E/[Formula: see text]CO2 ratio ≥ 37 [5.35 (1.96-14.59), P = 0.001] plus peak PETCO2 ≤ 31 mmHg [5.73 (1.42-23.15), P = 0.01] were indicative of overlapping. Heart failure increases the ventilatory response to metabolic demand in COPD. Variables reflecting excessive ventilation might prove useful to assist clinical interpretation of CPET responses in COPD patients presenting heart failure as co-morbidity.

Entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio en el paciente con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Respiratory muscle weakness is observed in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and contributes to hypoxemia, hypercapnia, dyspnoea, nocturnal oxygen desaturation and reduced exercise performance. During exercise it has been shown that diaphragm work is increased in COPD and COPD patients use a larger proportion of the maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) than healthy subjects. This pattern of breathing is closely related to the dyspnoea sensation during exercise and might potentially induce respiratory muscle fatigue. However, diaphragmatic fatigue was not demonstrated after exhaustive exercise. Studies in patients with COPD have shown natural adaptations of the diaphragm to greater oxidative capacity and resistance to fatigue. The above mentioned considerations gave conflicting arguments to the rationale of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in COPD. Both IMT alone and IMT as adjunct to general exercise reconditioning significantly increased inspiratory muscle strength and endurance. A significant effect was found for dyspnoea at rest and during exercise. Improvedfunctional exercise capacity tended to be an additional effect of IMT alone and as an adjunct to general exercise reconditioning, but this trend did not reach statistical significance. No significant correlations were found for training effects with patient characteristics. However, subgroup analysis in IMTplus exercise training revealed that patients with inspiratory muscle weakness improved significantly more compared to patients without inspiratory muscle weakness. From this review it is concluded that inspiratory muscle training is an important addition to a pulmonary rehabilitation programme directed at chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with inspiratory muscle weakness. The effect on exercise performance is still to be determined. In summary, IMT improves inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, functional exercise capacity, dyspnoea and quality of life. Inspirat...

Los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) tienen debilidad de los músculos respiratorios, lo cual contribuye a la disnea, hipoxemia, hipercapnia, desaturación nocturna y limitación de la actividad física. Durante el ejercicio se ha demostrado que aumenta el trabajo del diafragma en pacientes con EPOC y utilizan una mayor proporción de la presión inspiratoria máxima (PImax) comparado con los sujetos sanos. Elpatrón respiratorio anormal de los pacientes con EPOC está relacionado con la sensación de disnea durante el ejercicio y, potencialmente, podría inducir a la fatiga muscular respiratoria. Sin embargo, la fatiga del diafragma no se ha demostrado después de un ejercicio intenso. Los estudios en pacientes con EPOC han demostrado cambios adaptativos en las fibras musculares del diafragma que tienen mayor capacidad oxidativa y resistencia a la fatiga. De este modo, existen argumentos contradictorios en relación al beneficio clínico obtenido con el entrenamiento de los músculos inspiratorios (EMI) en pacientes con EPOC. El EMI aislado o como complemento de ejercicios de reacondicionamiento general aumenta significativamente la fuerza muscular inspiratoria y la resistencia a la fatiga, disminuyendo significativamente la disnea en reposo y durante el ejercicio. Además, los estudios sugieren que el EMI tiende a mejorar la capacidad funcional para realizar ejercicio, efecto favorable que no alcanzó significación estadística. El análisis de subgrupos ha demostrado mayor beneficio clínico del EMI en los pacientes con debilidad muscular inspiratoria. De esta revisión se concluye que el entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio puede ser útil en pacientes seleccionados con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, que tienen disfunción muscular inspiratoria comprobada, insertado en un programa de rehabilitación integral. El efecto sobre la capacidad de realizar ejercicio aún no ha sido determinado. En resumen, el EMI aumenta la fuerza muscular inspirator...

Efeitos da cinesioterapia respiratória na mobilidade da caixa torácica, capacidade de exercício e qualidade de vida dos pacientes portadores de DPOC / The effects of respiratory exercising in the chest wall mobility, exercising capacity and quality of life in COPD patients

O paciente portador de Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) apresenta perda progressiva da função pulmonar, que desencadeia diminuição em sua atividade física global, prejudicando sua qualidade de vida. Com o objetivo de otimizar a função desses pacientes, foram desenvolvidos os programas de reabilitação pulmonar. Os principais componentes desses programas são: treinamento de membros inferiores, treinamento de membros superiores, treinamento ventilatório e intervenção psicossocial. A cinesioterapia respiratória é uma técnica muito aplicada na prática clínica, contudo pouco estudada. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verifi car a contribuição da cinesioterapia respiratória na mobilidade da caixa torácica, capacidade de exercício e qualidade de vida no paciente com DPOC. Foram selecionados 03 pacientes com diagnóstico de DPOC grau moderado, que foram submetidos a um programa de cinesioterapia respiratória. Os efeitos do programa foram avaliados pelos seguintes parâmetros: espirometria, cirtometria torácica, distância percorrida em seis minutos (DP6min) e questionário de qualidade de vida. Após dez sessões de cinesioterapia respiratória os pacientes apresentaram um aumento na mobilidade da caixa torácica e na qualidade de vida, mantendo a capacidade de exercício. Portanto, a cinesioterapia respiratória pode ser uma técnica que benefi cie funcionalmente o paciente portador de DPOC.

The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients present gradual loss of the pulmonary function, which implies in the reduction of their global physical activity, harming their quality of life. With the objective of optimizing these patients' function, the rehabilitation program was developed. The main components of these programs are: training of limb members, training of upper members, ventilatory training, and psychosocial intervention. Moreover, respiratory exercising is a largely applied technique within the clinical practice; however, there are not many studies. The objective ofthe present study was to verify the contribution of the respiratory exercising in the chest wall mobility, as well as the COPD patients' capacity of exercise and quality of life. Three moderate degree COPD patients were selected and submitted to a respiratory exercising program. The effects of this program were evaluated according to the following parameters: spirometry, thoracic cirtometry, a six-minute-walk test, and a quality- of-life questionnaire. After ten sessions of respiratory exercising, the patients presented a chest wall mobility increase and better quality of life while keeping their exercising capacity. Thus, respiratory exercising is one technique that functionally benefi ts the COPD patient.