Polymerase iota plays a key role during translesion synthesis of UV-induced lesions in the absence of polymerase eta.

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) variant cells are deficient in the translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerase Polη (eta). This protein contributes to DNA damage tolerance, bypassing unrepaired UV photoproducts and allowing S-phase progression with minimal delay. In the absence of Polη, backup polymerases perform TLS of UV lesions. However, which polymerase plays this role in human cells remains an open question. Here, we investigated the potential role of Polι (iota) in bypassing ultraviolet (UV) induced photoproducts in the absence of Polη, using NER-deficient (XP-C) cells knocked down for Polι and/or Polη genes. Our results indicate that cells lacking either Polι or Polη have increased sensitivity to UVC radiation. The lack of both TLS polymerases led to increased cell death and defects in proliferation and migration. Loss of both polymerases induces a significant replication fork arrest and G1/S-phase blockage, compared to the lack of Polη alone. In conclusion, we propose that Polι acts as a bona fide backup for Polη in the TLS of UV-photoproducts.

Water balance components and climate extremes over Brazil under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C of global warming scenarios.

This work aimed to evaluate changes in water balance components (precipitation, evapotranspiration, and water availability) and precipitation extremes projected under global warming levels (GWLs) of 1.5 °C and 2 °C, in Brazil. An ensemble of eight twenty-first-century projections with the Eta Regional Climate Model and their driving Global Climate Models (CanESM2, HadGEM2-ES, MIROC5, and BESM) were used. Projections of two Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, considered intermediate and high concentration, respectively, were used. The results indicate that the RCP8.5 scenario under 2 °C GWL is likely to have a higher impact on the water balance components, amplifying trends in drier conditions and increasing the number of consecutive dry days in some regions of Brazil, particularly in the North and Northeast regions. On the other hand, the projections indicate the opposite sign for the South region, with trends toward wetter conditions and significant increases in extreme rainfall. The 0.5 °C difference between the GWLs contributes to intensifying reductions (increases) from 4 to 7% in water availability, mainly in the North-Northeast (South) regions. The projected changes could have serious consequences, such as increases in the number of drought events in hydrographic regions of the Northeast region of Brazil and increases in flood events in the South of the country. The results here presented can contribute to the formulation of adaptive planning strategies aimed at ensuring Brazil's water security towards climate change. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10113-023-02042-1.

Regional climate modeling in the Amazon basin to evaluate fire risk / Modelagem climática regional na bacia Amazônica para avaliação do risco de fogo

Studies regarding deforestation, the hydrological cycle, climate change and fire weather can benefit from the detailed simulations provided by regional climate models (RCM). While much attention has been given to fire activity in the Amazon, few studies have used RCM runs to assess fire risk and variables associated to fire occurrence. We evaluated precipitation, temperature and a fire risk index from the ensemble of Eta model simulations coupled with three different global climate models for the Amazon basin. The RCM runs were compared to reanalysis data for the dry season from 1979 to 2005. The maximum and 2-m temperature fields were underestimated over the entire region, but showed a statistically significant spatial correlation with the reference data. Precipitation was overestimated over the Amazon, in accordance with the major sources of moisture analyzed. The Keetch-Byram drought index (KBDI) was not significantly affected by the bias found in temperature and precipitation, and the ensemble improved relative to the individual member simulations. KBDI estimations performed better with the ensemble of the three evaluated members, however the Eta model showed some limitations. The validation of modeled fire risk could benefit from the use of satellite hotspot data. Furthermore, the KBDI can also be used in the assessment of how climate change interacts with fire activity in the Amazon region.(AU)

Estudos sobre desmatamento, ciclo hidrológico, mudanças climáticas e fogo podem se beneficiar de simulações mais detalhadas provenientes de modelos climáticos regionais (RCM). Apesar de que a atividade do fogo na Amazônia tenha recebido grande atenção, poucos estudos usaram simulações de RCM para avaliar o risco de fogo e variáveis associadas às condições climáticas favoráveis à ocorrência de fogo. Aqui avaliamos precipitação, temperatura e um índice de risco de fogo do conjunto de simulações do modelo Eta forçado para três modelos climáticos globais diferentes para a bacia Amazônica. As simulações de RCM foram comparadas com dados de reanálise para a estação seca de 1979 a 2005. Os campos de temperatura máxima e de 2 m foram subestimados em toda a região, porém mostraram uma correlação espacial estatisticamente significativa com os dados de referência. A precipitação foi superestimada para toda a Amazônia, em acordo com as principais fontes de umidade analisadas. O índice de seca de Keetch-Byram (KBDI) não foi significativamente afetado pelo viés observado na temperatura e na precipitação, e o conjunto apresentou resultados melhores em comparação com as simulações dos membros individuais. As simulações de KBDI tiveram melhor resultado com o conjunto das três variáveis avaliadas, porém o modelo Eta mostrou algumas limitações. A validação dos modelos de risco de fogo poderia se beneficiar do uso de dados de hotspot satelitais. Além disso, o KBDI pode ser usado na avaliação de como as mudanças climáticas interagem com o fogo na região amazônica.(AU)

Calidad microbiológica, satisfacción laboral y de clientes en una empresa fast food, Arequipa / Microbiological quality, job and customer satisfaction in a fast food company, Arequipa

"Fast food" es un fenómeno económico que crece con ritmo acelerado en el mercado peruano, estos deben contar con alimentos seguros de ingesta y personal satisfecho que dé cumplimiento a las normativas higiénicas. Como objetivo, se propuso determinar la calidad microbiológica y satisfacción laboral en una empresa fast food, Arequipa, 2022, cuya muestra fue de 384 trabajadores distribuidos en 11 franquicia. Para la recolección de datos se realizaron tres actividades, 1) la aplicación de un cuestionario de 21 ítems la percepción de los trabajadores sobre las buenas prácticas y el cuidado de los alimentos, 3) la valoración microbiológica de las materias primas que ingresan a la empresa y 3) la valoración de la percepción de los trabajadores de la calidad y la satisfacción laboral. El análisis de datos se hizo mediante estadística descriptiva a través del paquete estadístico SPSS con aplicación de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y Rho de Spearman para la correlacion entre la calidad y la satisfacción laboral. Como resultado, 81,51% en el aseo personal, 79,69% aseo diario, 78,91% prohibición de hábitos nocivos, 77,34% uso del uniforme y EPP y 50,78% limpieza de las manos, catalogándose como "muy buenas", el análisis microbiológico se encontró 35 UFC/ml de coliformes fecales y 31 UFC/ml de coliformes totales con 4 UFC/ml exarcebado en el agua. La satisfacción laboral fue "bueno" en la totalidad de las variables, las pruebas de normalidad fueron menor a <0,05, con un Rho de Spearman de 0,611, aceptándose la hipótesis alterna y rechazando la nula(AU)

"Fast food" is an economic phenomenon that is growing rapidly in the Peruvian market, these must have safe food to eat and satisfied staff that comply with hygienic regulations. As an objective, it was proposed to determine the microbiological quality and job satisfaction in a fast food company, Arequipa, 2022, whose sample was 384 workers distributed in 11 franchises. For the data collection, three activities were carried out, 1) the application of a 21-item questionnaire, the perception of workers about good practices and food care, 3) the microbiological evaluation of the raw materials that enter the company. and 3) the assessment of workers' perception of quality and job satisfaction. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics through the SPSS statistical package with the application of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Spearman's Rho for the correlation between quality and job satisfaction. As a result, 81.51% in personal hygiene, 79.69% daily hygiene, 78.91% prohibition of harmful habits, 77.34% use of uniform and PPE and 50.78% hand cleaning, being classified as " very good", the microbiological analysis found 35 CFU/ml of fecal coliforms and 31 CFU/ml of total coliforms with 4 CFU/ml exacerbated in the water. Job satisfaction was "good" in all the variables, the normality tests were less than <0.05, with a Spearman's Rho of 0.611, accepting the alternate hypothesis and rejecting the null(AU)

Role of endothelin in the pathophysiology of migraine: A new view on an old player.

There is cumulating evidence that endothelin-1 (ET-1) may play a role in migraine, however controversial findings still impede a conclusion to be drawn. Herein we tested the hypothesis that endothelin ETB receptors are major contributors to migraine-like responses. ET-1, IRL-1620 (selective ETB receptor agonist) or CGRP were injected into the trigeminal ganglion (TG) of female Wistar rats, and the development of periorbital mechanical allodynia was assessed hourly with von Frey hairs. Twenty-four hours later, rats were exposed to an aversive light for 1 h, after which the reactivation of periorbital mechanical allodynia (indicating photic sensitivity) was assessed up to 4 h. Moreover, the effect of systemic Bosentan (ETA/ETB receptors antagonist) or the selective antagonists of ETA (BQ-123) and ETB (BQ-788) receptors injected into the TG were evaluated against CGRP-induced responses. ET-1 and IRL-1620 injection into the TG induced periorbital mechanical allodynia and photic sensitivity. Bosentan attenuated periorbital mechanical allodynia but failed to affect photic sensitivity induced by CGRP. Selective blockade of ETB receptors in the TG fully prevented the development of periorbital mechanical allodynia and photic sensitivity induced by CGRP, but ETA receptor blockade caused only a slight reduction of periorbital mechanical allodynia without affecting photic sensitivity. ETB receptor-operated mechanisms in the TG may contribute to migraine-like responses in female rats.

DNA polymerase eta protects human cells against DNA damage induced by the tumor chemotherapeutic temozolomide.

Human DNA polymerases can bypass DNA lesions performing translesion synthesis (TLS), a mechanism of DNA damage tolerance. Tumor cells use this mechanism to survive lesions caused by specific chemotherapeutic agents, resulting in treatment relapse. Moreover, TLS polymerases are error-prone and, thus, can lead to mutagenesis, increasing the resistance potential of tumor cells. DNA polymerase eta (pol eta) - a key protein from this group - is responsible for protecting against sunlight-induced tumors. Xeroderma Pigmentosum Variant (XP-V) patients are deficient in pol eta activity, which leads to symptoms related to higher sensitivity and increased incidence of skin cancer. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a chemotherapeutic agent used in glioblastoma and melanoma treatment. TMZ damages cells' genomes, but little is known about the role of TLS in TMZ-induced DNA lesions. This work investigates the effects of TMZ treatment in human XP-V cells, which lack pol eta, and in its complemented counterpart (XP-V comp). Interestingly, TMZ reduces the viability of XP-V cells compared to TLS proficient control cells. Furthermore, XP-V cells treated with TMZ presented increased phosphorylation of H2AX, forming γH2AX, compared to control cells. However, cell cycle assays indicate that XP-V cells treated with TMZ replicate damaged DNA and pass-through S-phase, arresting in the G2/M-phase. DNA fiber assay also fails to show any specific effect of TMZ-induced DNA damage blocking DNA elongation in pol eta deficient cells. These results show that pol eta plays a role in protecting human cells from TMZ-induced DNA damage, but this can be different from its canonical TLS mechanism. The new role opens novel therapeutic possibilities of using pol eta as a target to improve the efficacy of TMZ-based therapies against cancer.

Amiloidosis asociada a hemodiálisis: revisión de sus aspectos etiopatogénicos / Hemodialysis-Associated Amyloidosis: Review of its ethiopathogenic aspects

Resumen La amiloidosis constituye una complicación importante en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica que son sometidos a hemodiálisis durante extensos períodos de tiempo. Al igual que en otras amiloidosis sistémicas, en la amiloidosis asociada a hemodiálisis intervienen diferentes sustancias, algunas de ellas de carácter fibrilar, como la βeta-2-microglobulina, la cual representa una de las proteínas de mayor relevancia dada su implicación etiopatogénica. A pesar de que las técnicas de hemodiálisis han sido mejoradas con el paso de los años, dicha entidad continúa siendo una complicación relativamente frecuente; tal es que se puede presentar hasta en el 80 % de los pacientes con hemodiálisis prolongadas. Por lo tanto, se hizo imprescindible realizar una revisión narrativa partiendo de la literatura científica disponible en las diferentes bases de datos, con el objetivo de contribuir a mejorar y actualizar el conocimiento del médico en dicho tópico; al abarcar desde los aspectos generales y su fisiopatología, hasta su presentación clínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Abstract Amyloidosis is a major complication in patients with chronic kidney disease who undergo hemodialysis for long periods of time. As in other systemic amyloidosis, different substances are involved in amyloidosis associated with different substances, some of them fibrillar in nature, such as βeta-2-microglobulin, which represents one of the most relevant proteins given its etiopathogenic involvement. Despite the fact that hemodialysis techniques have been improved over the years, this entity continues to be a frequent complication; such is that it can occur in up to 80% of patients with prolonged hemodialysis. Therefore, it was essential to carry out a narrative review based on the scientific literature available in the different databases with the aim of contributing to improve and update the doctor's knowledge on this topic; ranging from the general aspects and its pathophysiology, to its clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.

ETA receptors are involved in the febrile response induced by high dose of bacterial endotoxin.

Previous studies have demonstrated that endothelin-1 (ET-1) is involved in the febrile response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in male and female rats. This peptide induces fever acting on ETB receptors in the central nervous system. However, during sepsis, endothelinergic ETA receptors in the brain also exert an important role reducing the mortality of the animals. The present study evaluated the participation of ETA receptors in the febrile response induced by different doses LPS in rats. Male Wistar rats were treated with the ETA receptor antagonist BQ123 before or after the injection of a low dose (10 µg/kg) or a high dose (200 µg/kg) of LPS intraperitoneally. The febrile response was evaluated. The treatment with BQ123, in both protocols did not change the febrile response induced by the lower dose of LPS. The pre-treatment with BQ123 also did not significantly change the febrile response induced by a higher dose of LPS but the post-treatment with the antagonist abolished the febrile response induced by this dose of LPS. These results suggest that even though ETA receptors are not recruited in the febrile response induced by lower doses of LPS, they are involved in the febrile response induced by high doses of this stimulus.

Boletín epidemiológico semana 4: Vigilancia brotes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos, Colombia, 2020 preliminar / Weekly epidemiological bulletin 4

A semana epidemiológica 53 se reportaron 483 brotes que involucran 4 550 casos, presentando una disminución del 52,1 % con relación al año inmediatamente anterior; situación que probablemente puede estar explicada por el cierre de restaurantes, instituciones educativas y ventas ambulantes; así como la no asistencia a las instituciones de salud por síntomas gastrointestinales, el lavado de manos frecuente también pudo incidir en la inocuidad de los alimentos preparados en los hogares. El promedio de brotes por semana epidemiológica fue de 9.

At epidemiological week 53, 483 outbreaks involving 4,550 cases were reported, presenting a decrease of 52.1% in relation to the immediately previous year; situation that can probably be explained by the closure of restaurants, educational institutions and street vendors; as well as the no assistance to health institutions for gastrointestinal symptoms, frequent hand washing It was also able to influence the safety of food prepared at home. The average number of shoots per epidemiological week was 9

Importância de um curso de boas práticas de manipulação para manipuladores de alimentos em estabelecimentos de alimentação - artigo de revisão / Importance of good handling practices training for food handlers in food establishments / Importancia del curso de buenas prácticas de manipulación para manipuladores de alimentos en establecimientos de alimentación

Anualmente, adoecem em média 600 milhões de pessoas por contaminação alimentar no mundo. As doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTAs) representam um importante impacto à saúde pública, além de causarem prejuízo à economia do país por meio de custos diretos e indiretos. Devido ao contato direto, os manipuladores de alimentos (MA) favorecem a contaminação alimentar. Portanto, eles desempenham um papel importante na segurança e na preservação dos produtos alimentares. As boas práticas de manipulação de alimentos (BPMA) contribuem para a produção alimentar livre de microrganismos patogênicos. Por isso, torna-se essencial a qualificação técnica dos manipuladores, por meio de cursos de BPMA, a fim de garantir a qualidade higiênico-sanitária dos alimentos. No âmbito geral, é grande a necessidade de aprimorar a capacitação dos MA para que adquiram hábitos higiênico-sanitários adequados e melhorar a qualidade dos produtos e serviços. Com o objetivo de destacar a importância de um curso de capacitação de BPMA de estabelecimentos de alimentação, foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico utilizando os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde, com as seguintes palavras-chave: boas práticas de manipulação, DTA, capacitação em boas práticas. Como o MA desempenha um papel importante para a saúde coletiva, espera-se que, com os temas sugeridos para o curso, o profissional possa implementar os ensinamentos de BPMA em suas atividades, contribuindo positivamente para a saúde pública e trazendo satisfação aos clientes de forma lucrativa para o empreendimento.(AU)

Every year, an average of 600 million people get sick from food contamination worldwide. Foodborne diseases (FBDs) have a major impact on public health and cause damage to the countrys economy through direct and indirect costs. Due to direct contact, food handlers (FH) favor food contamination. Therefore, they play an important role in the safety and preservation of food products. Good food handling practices (GFHP) contribute to food production free of pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, the technical qualification of the handlers is essential in order to guarantee the hygienic-sanitary quality of the food. In general, there is a great need to improve FHs training to acquire adequate hygienic-sanitary habits and to improve the quality of products and services. In order to highlight the importance of a GFHP training course in food establishments, a bibliographic survey was conducted, using Health Sciences Descriptors, with the following keywords: good handling practices, FBD, good practices training. Since the FH plays an important role in public health, it is hoped that with the topics suggested for the course, they can implement the GFHP training in their activities, positively contributing to public health and improving customer satisfaction and profitability.(AU)

Cada año, un promedio de 600 millones de personas se enferman por contaminación de alimentos en el mundo. Las enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos (ETA) tienen un gran impacto en la salud pública, además de dañar la economía del país a través de costos directos e indirectos. Debido al contacto directo, los manipuladores de alimentos (MA) favorecen la contaminación alimentaria. Por lo tanto, desempeñan un papel importante en la seguridad y conservación de los productos alimenticios. Las buenas prácticas de manipulación de alimentos (BPMA) contribuyen a la producción de alimentos libres de microorganismos patógenos. Por lo tanto, la calificación técnica de los manipuladores se vuelve esencial para garantizar la calidad higiénico sanitaria de los alimentos. En general, existe una gran necesidad de mejorar la capacidad de los MA para adquirir hábitos higiénicos y sanitarios adecuados y mejorar la calidad de los productos y servicios. Para resaltar la importancia de un curso de capacitación BPMA en establecimientos de alimentos, se realizó una encuesta bibliográfica, utilizando los Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud, con las palabras clave: buenas prácticas de manipulación, ETA, capacitación en buenas prácticas. Dado que el manipulador desempeña un papel importante para la salud pública, se espera que con los temas sugeridos para el curso, el MA pueda implementar las enseñanzas de BPMA en sus actividades, contribuyendo positivamente a la salud pública y brindando satisfacción a los clientes de forma rentable a la empresa.(AU)

Detección de ooquistes de Cryptosporidium parvum (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) en ejemplares de cholga Aulacomya ater, extraídas desde la costa de la Región del Bío Bío, Chile / Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum (Apicomplexan: Cryptosporidiidae) oocyst in Aulacomya ater specimen, extracted from to the coast Bio Bio Region, Chile

Resumen Introducción: El bivalvo Aulacomya ater (cholga), es uno de los moluscos de mayor consumo en la población chilena. Sin embargo, existe evidencia de contaminación fecal hídrica provocada por los cauces que llegan al mar, aumentando la probabilidad de contaminación por Cryptosporidium parvum, el que genera criptosporidiosis en el ser humano. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de C. parvum en cholgas extraídas desde la Región del Bío Bío (Chile). Material y Métodos: Se seleccionaron 55 cholgas provenientes de un centro de cultivo y de un banco natural de extracción. Estas muestras, fueron procesadas en el laboratorio y se evaluó la presencia de elementos ácido-alcohol resistentes. Las muestras positivas, se analizaron por inmunofluorescencia directa, con anticuerpo específicos contra C. parvum. Resultados: 16,4% del total de las muestras tenían ooquistes de C. parvum. Conclusiones: Por primera vez se describe C. parvum en A. ater provenientes de las costas chilenas, siendo este molusco un posible vehículo de transmisión de criptosporidiosis a la población y a sus animales depredadores. Además, la presencia de C. parvum refleja la contaminación fecal hídrica en las costas evaluadas. Actualmente estamos monitoreando otras zonas de extracción de este molusco.

Abstract Background: The bivalve Aulacomya ater (cholga), is one of the most consumed mollusks by the population. However, there is evidence of fecal water contamination caused by causes that affect the sea, increasing the probability of contamination by the Cryptosporidium parvum, which generates cryptosporidiosis in people. Aim: To determine the presence of C. parvum in cholga extracted from the Bio Bio Region (Chile). Methods: Fifty-five cholgas were selected from a cultivation center and a natural extraction bank. These samples were processed in the laboratory and the presence of acid-alcohol resistant elements was evaluated. Positive samples were analyzed by direct immunofluorescence with anti-C. parvum antibody. Results: 16.4% of the total samples were affected by the oocysts of C.parvum. Conclusions: For the first time we described C. parvum in A. ater from the Chilean coast, being this mollusk a possible vehicle for transmission of cryptosporidiosis to the population and their predatory animals. Furthermore, the presence of C. parvum reflects fecal water contamination on the evaluated coasts. We are currently monitoring other extraction areas for this mollusk.

Importância de um curso de boas práticas de manipulação para manipuladores de alimentos em estabelecimentos de alimentação - artigo de revisão / Importance of good handling practices training for food handlers in food establishments / Importancia del curso de buenas prácticas de manipulación para manipuladores de alimentos en establecimientos de alimentación

Anualmente, adoecem em média 600 milhões de pessoas por contaminação alimentar no mundo. As doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTAs) representam um importante impacto à saúde pública, além de causarem prejuízo à economia do país por meio de custos diretos e indiretos. Devido ao contato direto, os manipuladores de alimentos (MA) favorecem a contaminação alimentar. Portanto, eles desempenham um papel importante na segurança e na preservação dos produtos alimentares. As boas práticas de manipulação de alimentos (BPMA) contribuem para a produção alimentar livre de microrganismos patogênicos. Por isso, torna-se essencial a qualificação técnica dos manipuladores, por meio de cursos de BPMA, a fim de garantir a qualidade higiênico-sanitária dos alimentos. No âmbito geral, é grande a necessidade de aprimorar a capacitação dos MA para que adquiram hábitos higiênico-sanitários adequados e melhorar a qualidade dos produtos e serviços. Com o objetivo de destacar a importância de um curso de capacitação de BPMA de estabelecimentos de alimentação, foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico utilizando os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde, com as seguintes palavras-chave: boas práticas de manipulação, DTA, capacitação em boas práticas. Como o MA desempenha um papel importante para a saúde coletiva, espera-se que, com os temas sugeridos para o curso, o profissional possa implementar os ensinamentos de BPMA em suas atividades, contribuindo positivamente para a saúde pública e trazendo satisfação aos clientes de forma lucrativa para o empreendimento.

Every year, an average of 600 million people get sick from food contamination worldwide. Foodborne diseases (FBDs) have a major impact on public health and cause damage to the country’s economy through direct and indirect costs. Due to direct contact, food handlers (FH) favor food contamination. Therefore, they play an important role in the safety and preservation of food products. Good food handling practices (GFHP) contribute to food production free of pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, the technical qualification of the handlers is essential in order to guarantee the hygienic-sanitary quality of the food. In general, there is a great need to improve FH’s training to acquire adequate hygienic-sanitary habits and to improve the quality of products and services. In order to highlight the importance of a GFHP training course in food establishments, a bibliographic survey was conducted, using Health Sciences Descriptors, with the following keywords: good handling practices, FBD, good practices training. Since the FH plays an important role in public health, it is hoped that with the topics suggested for the course, they can implement the GFHP training in their activities, positively contributing to public health and improving customer satisfaction and profitability.

Cada año, un promedio de 600 millones de personas se enferman por contaminación de alimentos en el mundo. Las enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos (ETA) tienen un gran impacto en la salud pública, además de dañar la economía del país a través de costos directos e indirectos. Debido al contacto directo, los manipuladores de alimentos (MA) favorecen la contaminación alimentaria. Por lo tanto, desempeñan un papel importante en la seguridad y conservación de los productos alimenticios. Las buenas prácticas de manipulación de alimentos (BPMA) contribuyen a la producción de alimentos libres de microorganismos patógenos. Por lo tanto, la calificación técnica de los manipuladores se vuelve esencial para garantizar la calidad higiénico sanitaria de los alimentos. En general, existe una gran necesidad de mejorar la capacidad de los MA para adquirir hábitos higiénicos y sanitarios adecuados y mejorar la calidad de los productos y servicios. Para resaltar la importancia de un curso de capacitación BPMA en establecimientos de alimentos, se realizó una encuesta bibliográfica, utilizando los Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud, con las palabras clave: buenas prácticas de manipulación, ETA, capacitación en buenas prácticas. Dado que el manipulador desempeña un papel importante para la salud pública, se espera que con los temas sugeridos para el curso, el MA pueda implementar las enseñanzas de BPMA en sus actividades, contribuyendo positivamente a la salud pública y brindando satisfacción a los clientes de forma rentable a la empresa.

Utility of Routine Frozen Section of Thyroid Nodules Classified as Follicular Neoplasm.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of frozen section in thyroid nodules classified as follicular neoplasm. METHODS: A diagnostic test meta-analysis was designed. Studies that assessed frozen section in patients with thyroid nodules and a fine-needle aspiration biopsy result of Bethesda IV were selected. The outcomes measured were the number of false- and true-positive and -negative results. We used the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) instrument for methodological quality assessment and a bivariate mixed-effects regression framework and a likelihood-based estimation of the exact binomial approach. RESULTS: Forty-six studies from 1991 to 2018 were included. Most studies had moderate methodological quality. The overall sensitivity and specificity were 43% (95% confidence internal [CI], 0.34-0.53) and 100% (95% CI, 0.99-1.00), respectively. The hierarchic summary receiver operating characteristic curve showed an area under the curve of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.80-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Frozen section demonstrates moderate diagnostic performance in patients with follicular neoplasm, and its utility for making intraoperative decisions is limited. Its routine use should be discouraged.

Boletín epidemiológico semana 42: Vigilancia brotes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. Comportamiento de la enfermedad diarreica aguda, Colombia -2020 / Weekly epidemiological bulletin 42

A semana epidemiológica 41 se han reportado 344 brotes que involucran 3 473 casos, presentando una disminución del 59,5 % con relación al mismo periodo del año anterior; situación que puede estar explicada por el cierre de restaurantes, instituciones educativas, ventas ambulantes; así como la no asistencia a las instituciones de salud por síntomas gastrointestinales como consecuencia del consumo de alimentos contaminados; el lavado de manos frecuentemente también pudo incidir en la inocuidad de los alimentos preparados en los hogares. La enfermedad diarreica aguda presenta normalmente un aumento del número de casos en las primeras semanas del año dado al aumento dela temperaturas que ocasionan un mayor número de casos generados por agentes bacterianos, cabe destacar que en el año 2020 hubo un aumento en las primeras semanas, por las oleadas de calor, situación ocurrida en distintas entidades territoriales, este comportamiento tuvo un cambio significativo desde la semana 12, donde inicia el aislamiento obligatorio a causa del covid y se observa un descenso de la notificación del evento.

At epidemiological week 41, 344 outbreaks involving 3,473 cases have been reported, presenting a decrease of 59.5% in relation to the same period of the previous year; situation that can be explained for the closure of restaurants, educational institutions, street vendors; as well as the non-attendance at health institutions due to gastrointestinal symptoms as a consequence of food consumption contaminated; frequent hand washing could also affect the safety of food prepared at home. Acute diarrheal disease normally presents an increase in the number of cases in the first weeks of the year due to the increase in temperatures that cause a greater number of cases generated due to bacterial agents, it should be noted that in 2020 there was an increase in the first weeks, due to heat waves, a situation that occurred in different territorial entities, this behavior had a significant change from week 12, where mandatory isolation due to covid begins and a decrease in the notification of the event is observed.

Comparison of cytotoxicity of α-Al2O3 and η-Al2O3 nanoparticles toward neuronal and bronchial cells.

The role of the crystalline structure on the toxicity of two phases of Al2O3 NPs, alpha (α-Al2O3 NPs) and eta (η-Al2O3 NPs), was investigated in this study. Different techniques were employed for the characterization of the Al2O3 NPs and multiple toxicological endpoints were used to assess the toxicity toward mouse neuroblastoma (N2A) and human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. Based on the results of the multiple toxicological endpoints, revealed differences in the toxic potential results for α-Al2O3 NPs and η-Al2O3 NPs, with the latter showing a more pronounced effect. These effects could be due to the high uptake of the η-Al2O3 NPs in the cytoplasmic vesicles, as evidenced by TEM and ICP-MS. Hence, the results demonstrate the potential toxicity of both α-Al2O3 NPs and η-Al2O3 NPs, although the N2A and BEAS-2B cells showed greater susceptibility toward η-Al2O3 NPs. Thus, our study demonstrates the important role of the crystalline structure in relation to the nanotoxicity of Al2O3 NPs.

Chk1 loss creates replication barriers that compromise cell survival independently of excess origin firing.

The effectiveness of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibitors at killing cancer cells is considered to be fully dependent on their effect on DNA replication initiation. Chk1 inhibition boosts origin firing, presumably limiting the availability of nucleotides and in turn provoking the slowdown and subsequent collapse of forks, thus decreasing cell viability. Here we show that slow fork progression in Chk1-inhibited cells is not an indirect effect of excess new origin firing. Instead, fork slowdown results from the accumulation of replication barriers, whose bypass is impeded by CDK-dependent phosphorylation of the specialized DNA polymerase eta (Polη). Also in contrast to the linear model, the accumulation of DNA damage in Chk1-deficient cells depends on origin density but is largely independent of fork speed. Notwithstanding this, origin dysregulation contributes only mildly to the poor proliferation rates of Chk1-depleted cells. Moreover, elimination of replication barriers by downregulation of helicase components, but not their bypass by Polη, improves cell survival. Our results thus shed light on the molecular basis of the sensitivity of tumors to Chk1 inhibition.

Facial hyperalgesia due to direct action of endothelin-1 in the trigeminal ganglion of mice.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the ability of endothelin-1 (ET-1) to evoke heat hyperalgesia when injected directly into the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of mice and determined the receptors implicated in this effect. The effects of TG ETA and ETB receptor blockade on alleviation of heat hyperalgesia in a model of trigeminal neuropathic pain induced by infraorbital nerve constriction (CION) were also examined. METHODS: Naive mice received an intraganglionar (i.g.) injection of ET-1 (0.3-3 pmol) or the selective ETB R agonist sarafotoxin S6c (3-30 pmol), and response latencies to ipsilateral heat stimulation were assessed before the treatment and at 1-h intervals up to 5 h after the treatment. Heat hyperalgesia induced by i.g. ET-1 or CION was assessed after i.g. injections of ETA R and ETB R antagonists (BQ-123 and BQ-788, respectively, each at 0.5 nmol). KEY FINDINGS: Intraganglionar ET-1 or sarafotoxin S6c injection induced heat hyperalgesia lasting 4 and 2 h, respectively. Heat hyperalgesia induced by ET-1 was attenuated by i.g. BQ-123 or BQ-788. On day 5 after CION, i.g. BQ-788 injection produced a more robust antihyperalgesic effect compared with BQ-123. CONCLUSIONS: ET-1 injection into the TG promotes ETA R/ETB R-mediated facial heat hyperalgesia, and both receptors are clearly implicated in CION-induced hyperalgesia in the murine TG system.

Informe Quincenal Epidemiológico Nacional ( IQEN ) No. 12; Evaluación de la investigación epidemiológica de campo en los brotes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos, Bogotá, enero 2016 - octubre 2017 / Biweekly National Epidemiological Report

las Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos (ETA) causadas por agentes infecciosos o tóxicos son consideradas un evento de interés en salud pública. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) estima que una de cada diez personas se enferman anualmente por esta causa, siendo mayor el riesgo en menores de cinco años. El objetivo fue evaluar la respuesta a los brotes de ETA en Bogotá Distrito Capital.

Foodborne Diseases (ETA) caused by infectious or toxic agents are considered an event of interest in public health. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that one in ten people get sick annually from this cause, the risk being greater in children under five years. The objective was to evaluate the response to ETA outbreaks in Bogotá Capital District.

Mechanisms involved in facial heat hyperalgesia induced by endothelin-1 in female rats.

OBJECTIVE: Pronociceptive responses to endothelins in the trigeminal system seem to be mediated by ETA and ETB receptors, which have been shown to be expressed in neurons of the trigeminal ganglion of humans and rats. The present study aimed to evaluate the ability of endothelin-1 (ET-1) to induce facial heat hyperalgesia in female rats, the contribution of ETA and ETB receptors to this response, as well as the mechanisms underlying heat hyperalgesia induced by ET-1. DESIGN: ET-1 (100pmol/50µL) was injected into the upper lip and heat hyperalgesia was evaluated for up to 6h. Facial heat hyperalgesia induced by ET-1 was assessed in rats pre-treated locally with BQ-123 or BQ-788 (selective ETA and ETB receptor antagonists, respectively, 30nmol/50µL); BCTC (TRPV1 receptor antagonist; 300µg/50µL); anti-NGF (3µg/50µL); K252a (TrkA inhibitor, 1µg/50µL); or in rats that received intraganglionar resiniferatoxin injection (RTX, 200ng/10µL) to promote C-fibers ablation. RESULTS: ET-1 induced facial heat hyperalgesia that persisted up to 6h and was prevented by BQ-123, BQ-788 or by intraganglionar RTX injection. Likewise, local pre-treatment with BCTC abolished ET-1 induced facial heat hyperalgesia up to 3h. Local pre-treatment with anti-NGF or K252a was effective to prevent ET-1 induced heat hyperalgesia. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, ET-1 is able to induce heat hyperagelsia in trigeminal primary afferents of female rats, which is mediated by ETA and ETB receptors. Activation of TRPV1 receptors and NGF-signaling pathways may contribute to heat hyperalgesia induced by ET-1.

Aplicação de técnicas de redes neurais e modelagem atmosférica para elaboração de previsões de vazão na Bacia do Rio Grande (MG) / Application of neural networks techniques and atmospheric modeling to elaborate inflow forecasts in the Rio Grande Basin (MG), Brazil

RESUMO Neste estudo foi proposta a elaboração de um modelo de previsão de vazões no horizonte de dez dias para a Usina Hidrelétrica de Furnas, localizada na Bacia do Rio Grande, Minas Gerais, a partir da aplicação de redes neurais artificiais (RNA), informações de vazão natural e precipitação observada e prevista. O modelo foi desenvolvido utilizando o software Matlab(r) Neural Network Toolbox. Escolheu-se uma rede neural do tipo perceptron multicamadas (MLP), treinada com algoritmo supervisionado de retropropagação Levenberg-Marquardt. As previsões de precipitação foram obtidas a partir do modelo ETA/Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC), e utilizadas com e sem tratamento matemático. Foram realizados três experimentos, dividindo-se o histórico de dados em três períodos, sendo o primeiro para a calibração do modelo, o segundo para a validação e o terceiro para os testes. Em cada experimento foi variado o conjunto de dados de entrada, sendo utilizada, no primeiro experimento, somente a vazão passada para prever os dez dias de vazão futura. No segundo foi adicionada a precipitação observada e, no terceiro, a previsão de precipitação. Os resultados da modelagem chuva-vazão obtidos com a previsão de precipitaçãodo modelo ETA não apresentaram melhorias estatísticas em comparação com os experimentos que só utilizaram informações passadas. No entanto, quando se utilizou a previsão de precipitação corrigida matematicamente, observou-se uma melhora sensível tanto nos índices estatísticos quanto na representação da previsão simulada no hidrograma, ficando o desempenho da modelagem proposta neste estudo semelhante à encontrada em modelos conceituais do tipo chuva-vazão.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to elaborate a ten-year runoff forecast model for the Furnas hydroelectric plant. The facility is located in the Rio Grande Basin in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Artificial neural networks were used to determine natural flow as well as observed and predicted precipitation. The model was created using the Matlab(r) Neural Network Toolbox software, and the multi-layers perceptron (MLP) was trained with supervised learning algorithm Levenberg-Marquardt. Precipitation forecasts derived from ETA/Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC) model, and both raw and mathematical adjusted data were used. Historical data was separated in three different periods in order to calibrate, validate and test the model. The first share was used for calibration, the second portion was used for validation and the third one to test the model. In each experiment the input data was modified; thus, in the first experiment, to forecast the ten day runoff, only the past runoff data was considered. In the second experiment, observed precipitation was added; and in the third one, the forecast precipitation was added. The rainfall-runoff modeling results did not show any significant improvement in the statistics when ETA input data is compared with the experiments that only used past information as input. Nevertheless, when forecast precipitation was used with mathematical adjustment, a mild improvement was shown for the statistics index and for the forecast hydrogram simulation. As a result, the modeling performance proposed in this study is similar to that found in conceptual models of rainfall-runoff type.