Eating Earlier and More Frequently Is Associated With Better Diet Quality in Female Brazilian Breast Cancer Survivors Using Tamoxifen.

BACKGROUND: Emerging literature demonstrates that eating time and frequency are associated with quality and quantity of food consumption and anthropometric measurements. Considering that unhealthy dietary choices and obesity are important modifiable risk factors for breast cancer incidence and recurrence, this subject is relevant and has not been studied sufficiently in breast cancer survivors. OBJECTIVE: This study's aim was to examine the association of eating time and frequency with diet quality, quantity of food consumption, anthropometric measurements, and body composition parameters in female breast cancer survivors using tamoxifen. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: This study was conducted from March 2015 to March 2016 at a Brazilian university hospital (Clinic's Hospital, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil) and included an assessment of 84 female breast cancer survivors using tamoxifen (mean [SD] age was 53.1 [8.7] years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Quantitative dietary assessment consisted of three 24-hour dietary recalls. The Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised was used for the qualitative diet analysis. Participants were classified by median eating time (early or late eaters of breakfast, lunch, and dinner), as well as by considering the middle time point between the first and last meal of the day (early or late midpoint eaters). Participants were also classified by median eating frequency (<5 or ≥5 eating episodes per day). Anthropometric measurements and body fat percentage by bioelectrical impedance were obtained. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Generalized linear models and generalized mixed models were used to assess the associations between variables. RESULTS: Early breakfast and dinner eating and early midpoint eating were associated with better scores for specific Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised components (P < .05). Early breakfast and dinner eating were also associated with better scores for the total index (P = .035 and P = .017, respectively). Early dinner eaters and early midpoint eaters had significantly lower daily energy consumption (P = .007 and P = .002, respectively). Eating ≥5 episodes per day was also associated with better scores of specific Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised components and the total index (P < .05). No significant associations between eating time and frequency with anthropometric measurements and body composition parameters were found (P > .05). However, women in the healthy body mass index category vs women in the overweight/obesity category had higher energy consumption at breakfast (P = .046). CONCLUSIONS: Earlier food intake time was associated with better diet quality and lower daily energy consumption. Higher frequency of eating was also associated with better diet quality. Future studies, such as randomized controlled trials, are needed to evaluate interventions addressing the timing and frequency of meals and their effect on diet quality and quantity in breast cancer survivors.

The impact of a higher eating frequency on the diet quality and nutritional status of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy.

The present study investigated the association between eating frequency (EF), diet quality and nutritional status of fifty-five women with breast cancer (BC) undergoing chemotherapy (CT), with three follow-ups, before the first cycle (T0), after the intermediate cycle (T1) and after the last cycle of CT (T2). Dietary data were obtained by nine 24-h dietary recalls (24HR), and the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised (BHEI-R) was used for qualitative analysis of diet. The average EF was established by adding the number of daily eating episodes in the three 24HR of each time. Anthropometric variables were obtained at three times. Women who reported higher EF (equal to or above median value (T0 and T1: 4·67; T2: 4·33 eating episodes)) presented better anthropometric parameters, in T0 and T1, as well as higher scores for BHEI-R specific groups and BHEI-R Total score in T1 and T2. In generalised linear models, the continuous variable EF was negatively associated with all the anthropometric variables in T0 and with the waist:height ratio in T1. There were positive associations for the BHEI-R groups at the three times: Total Fruit; Whole Fruit; Total Vegetables; Dark Green and Orange Vegetables and Legumes. At T1 and T2 the EF was positively associated with the BHEI-R Total score, and also with Whole Grains in T1. The results suggest that a higher EF was associated with a better diet quality during CT in women with BC. In contrast, an inverse association was observed between EF and anthropometric parameters before the first cycle of treatment.

Differences over 12 Years in Food Portion Size and Association with Excess Body Weight in the City of São Paulo, Brazil.

Although changes in Brazilian diet have occurred over the last decades, there is no evidence about differences in food portion sizes (FPS) over time. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association of FPS with excess body weight (EBW), and to monitor differences in the population from São Paulo, Brazil, from 2003 to 2015. Data came from three cross-sectional population-based studies with 5270 individuals aged ≥12 years in 2003, 2008, and 2015. Dietary data were obtained from 24-h recalls. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between FPS and EBW. Over the years, there was a diverse variation in FPS, with an increase in some groups (white meat, salted snacks, coffee/tea, eggs) and decrease in others (rice, red meat, sweets, pasta, sandwiches, cold cuts). The percentage of people reporting the intake of six food groupings (rice, white meat, sweets, fruits, commercial juices, toasts/biscuits) increased in the period. In this population, EBW was associated with larger FPS of 11 of the 30 food groupings investigated (cold cuts, fried snacks, fruit and commercial juices, pizza, red meat, rice, salted snacks, soft drinks, soups, sugar). These findings could support future interventions and policies for optimal food intake in Brazil.

Eating frequency and weight and body composition: a systematic review of observational studies.

OBJECTIVE: The present review aimed to examine the association of eating frequency with body weight or body composition in adults of both sexes. DESIGN: PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus databases were searched. PRISMA and MOOSE protocols were followed. Observational studies published up to August 2016 were included. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed with the Downs and Black checklist. SETTING: A systematic review of the literature. SUBJECTS: Adults (n 136 052); the majority of studies were developed in the USA and Europe. RESULTS: Thirty-one articles were included in the review: two prospective and twenty-nine cross-sectional studies. Thirteen per cent of the studies received quality scores above 80 %. The assessment of eating frequency and body composition or body weight varied widely across the studies. Potential confounders were included in 73 % of the studies. Fourteen studies reported an inverse association between eating frequency and body weight or body composition, and seven studies found a positive association. The majority of studies applied multiple analyses adjusted for potential confounders, such as sex, age, education, income, smoking, physical activity and alcohol intake. Six studies took into account under-reporting of eating frequency and/or energy intake in the analysis, and one investigated the mediation effect of energy intake. CONCLUSIONS: There is not sufficient evidence confirming the association between eating frequency and body weight or body composition when misreporting bias is taken into account. However, in men, a potential protective effect of high eating frequency was observed on BMI and visceral obesity.

Association of eating frequency with anthropometric indices and blood pressure in children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV Study / Associação da frequência de alimentação com índices antropométricos e pressão arterial em crianças e adolescentes: o Estudo CASPIAN-IV

Abstract Objectives: This study was conducted to explore the association of eating frequency (EF) with anthropometric indices and blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents. Methods: This nationwide cross-sectional study was performed on a multi-stage sample of 14,880 students, aged 6–18 years, living in 30 provinces in Iran. Parents were asked to report dietary intake of children as frequency of food groups and/or items. EF was defined as the sum of the daily consumption frequency of main meals and snacks. Association of EF with weight disorders, abdominal obesity, and elevated BP was assessed using different logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors. Results: Eating more frequently (≥6 vs. ≤3) was found among students who were at younger age (11.91 vs. 13.29 years) (p < 0.001). Students who reported an EF of 4 (OR: 0.67, CI: 0.57–0.79), 5 (OR: 0.74, CI: 0.62–0.87), and 6 (OR: 0.54, CI: 0.44–0.65) had lower odds of being obese compared to those who had EF ≤ 3. Having EF of 4 (OR: 0.82, CI: 0.71–0.94), 5 (OR: 0.86, CI: 0.74–0.99), and ≥6 (OR: 0.73, CI: 0.63–0.85) was related to lower prevalence of abdominal adiposity. Conclusion: Higher EF was associated with lower mean values of anthropometric and BP measures, as well as with lower prevalence of generalized and abdominal obesity in children and adolescents. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of EF on body composition in the pediatric age group.

Resumo Objetivos: Este estudo foi feito para explorar a associação da frequência de alimentação (FA) com índices antropométricos e pressão arterial (PA) em crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Este estudo transversal nacional foi feito em uma amostra de várias etapas de 14.880 estudantes entre seis e 18 anos de 30 províncias do Irã. Foi pedido que os pais relatassem o consumo alimentar das crianças, como a frequência de grupos e/ou itens alimentares. A FA foi definida como a soma da frequência de consumo diária das principais refeições e lanches. A associação entre FA e disfunções do peso, obesidade abdominal e PA elevada foi avaliada com diferentes modelos de regressão logística ajustados pelos possíveis fatores de confusão. Resultados: Foi constatada uma alimentação mais frequente (≥ 6 em comparação com ≤ 3) entre estudantes mais novos (11,91 em comparação com 3,29 anos) (P < 0,001). Estudantes que relataram quatro [razão de chance (RC): 0,67; intervalo de confiança (IC): 0,57-0,79], cinco (RC: 0,74; IC: 0,62-0,87) e seis (RC: 0,54; IC: 0,44-0.65) refeições apresentaram menores chances de se tornar obesos em comparação com os que apresentaram FAs ≤ 3. FA de quatro (RC: 0,82; IC: 0,71-0,94), cinco (RC: 0,86; IC: 0,74-0,99) e ≥ sei (RC: 0,73; IC: 0,63-0,85) foi associada a menor prevalência de adiposidade abdominal. Conclusão: A FA mais alta foi associada à redução nos valores médios das medidas antropométricas e de PA, bem como à menor prevalência de obesidade generalizada e abdominal em crianças e adolescentes. São necessários estudos longitudinais para avaliar os efeitos de longo prazo da FA sobre a composição corporal na faixa etária pediátrica.

Association of eating frequency with anthropometric indices and blood pressure in children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to explore the association of eating frequency (EF) with anthropometric indices and blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents. METHODS: This nationwide cross-sectional study was performed on a multi-stage sample of 14,880 students, aged 6-18 years, living in 30 provinces in Iran. Parents were asked to report dietary intake of children as frequency of food groups and/or items. EF was defined as the sum of the daily consumption frequency of main meals and snacks. Association of EF with weight disorders, abdominal obesity, and elevated BP was assessed using different logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Eating more frequently (≥ 6 vs. ≤ 3) was found among students who were at younger age (11.91 vs. 13.29 years) (p<0.001). Students who reported an EF of 4 (OR: 0.67, CI: 0.57-0.79), 5 (OR: 0.74, CI: 0.62-0.87), and 6 (OR: 0.54, CI: 0.44-0.65) had lower odds of being obese compared to those who had EF ≤ 3. Having EF of 4 (OR: 0.82, CI: 0.71-0.94), 5 (OR: 0.86, CI: 0.74-0.99), and ≥ 6 (OR: 0.73, CI: 0.63-0.85) was related to lower prevalence of abdominal adiposity. CONCLUSION: Higher EF was associated with lower mean values of anthropometric and BP measures, as well as with lower prevalence of generalized and abdominal obesity in children and adolescents. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of EF on body composition in the pediatric age group.

Porções de alimentos e número de refeições realizadas por adultos e idosos do muncípio de São Paulo: relação com excesso de peso e perfil lipídico / Food portion sizes and eating frequency of adults and elderly of São Paulo relationship with overweight and lipid profile

As contribuições do tamanho das porções dos alimentos e do número de refeições realizadas por dia para o aumento da prevalência do excesso de peso e para alterações no perfil lipídico em populações consumindo dieta ad libitum ainda não são bem estabelecidas, visto que a literatura apresenta resultados contraditórios. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre porções dos alimentos e o número de refeições realizadas com o excesso de peso e o perfil lipídico de adultos e idosos residentes do município de São Paulo. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados do estudo transversal de base populacional ISA - Capital 2008, referentes à amostra probabilística de residentes do município de São Paulo com 20 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos. As informações, como dados socioeconômicos, antropométricos, de estilo de vida e inquérito alimentar, foram coletadas entre 2008 e 2010 por meio de visitas domiciliares e inquérito telefônico. No primeiro manuscrito da presente dissertação, os 1042 indivíduos foram classificados segundo o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) em duas categorias: com e sem excesso de peso. Dados de consumo alimentar foram obtidos por dois recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas (R24h). Os alimentos citados foram classificados em grupos e avaliados. Foi calculada a mediana da porção, percentual de relato e contribuição energética para homens e mulheres com e sem excesso de peso...

The contribution of food portion sizes and eating frequency to the rising prevalence of overweight and to lipid profile changes in populations consuming ad libitum diet is not well established, as contradictory results are presented in literature. Objective: Verify the association between food portion sizes, eating frequency, being overweight and lipid profile in a representative population sample of adults and elderly in São Paulo. Methods: The study considered data from cross-sectional population-based ISA-Capital 2008 with random sample of residents of São Paulo aged above 20 years and both sexes. Socioeconomic, anthropometric, lifestyle and diet information was collected between 2008 and 2010 in personal or phone interviews. In the first article of this dissertation, 1042 individuals were classified according to Body Mass Index (BMI) into two categories: with and without excess body weight. Food consumption data were obtained by two 24-hour food recall (R24h). The reported foods were classified into groups and evaluated. The median portion, reported percentage and energy contribution for men and women with and without EBW were calculated. Logistic Regression models were used to evaluate the association of food portion sizes with being overweight...

Diferencias étnicas y de aculturación en el consumo de alimentos en la Región de la Araucanía, Chile / Ethnic and acculturation differences in food consumption of the Araucania Region of Chile

In order to detect differences in consumption habits according to ethnic background and degree of acculturation in mapuche people, a survey with a sample of 400 people, stratified by ethnicity, was performed in the city of Temuco, Araucania Region. Taking the food groups covered by the Family Budget Survey in consideration, the monthly amount spend is lower in mapuche households compared to non/mapuche. Differences were observed in the consumption frequency of milk, cheese, eggs and herbal tea according to ethnicity. However, ethnic origin is strongly associated only with the consumption of herbal tea. The degree of acculturation did not reveal any differences in the consumption frequency of these foods, but acculturation is strongly associated with the consumption offish and seafood, herbal tea and soft drinks. The degree of acculturation is also strongly associated with the consumption of foods traditional to the ethnic group; bicultural mapuches have higher probability of consuming traditional foods than acculturated mapuches.

Con el objetivo de detectar diferencias en los hábitos de consumo y gasto en alimentos según la etnia del consumidor y grado de aculturación en personas mapuche, se aplicó una encuesta personal a una muestra de 400 personas, estratificada por etnia con afijacion simple, en la ciudad de Temuco, Región de La Araucanía. Considerando los grupos de alimentos que contemplan las Encuestas de Presupuestos Familiares, el gasto mensual en alimentos es menor en los hogares mapuche. Según etnia se observaron diferencias en la frecuencia de consumo de leche, queso y huevos y hierba mate. No obstante, el origen étnico se asocia significativamente sólo al consumo de hierba mate. Según el grado de aculturación no se observaron diferencias en la frecuencia de consumo de estos alimentos, pero la aculturación está significativamente asociada al consumo de pescados y mariscos, hierba mate y bebidas. El grado de aculturación está significativamente asociado al consumo de alimentos tradicionales de la etnia, los mapuche biculturales tienen mayor probabilidad de consumir estos alimentos que los mapuche aculturados.