RESUMO
We investigated the diversity of the foliar endophytes of Korean ginseng. Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy leaves of mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and field-cultivated ginseng (FCG) at 4 sites in Chungbuk Province. A total of 24 species of fungal endophytes were identified using molecular approaches. Additionally, the diversity of these endophytic fungi was compared between MCG and FCG. The major isolated endophytes were Edenia gomezpompae and Gibberella moniliformis in the MCG and FCG samples, respectively. The results suggest that ginseng endophytes have different community structures in different environments, and this understanding may prove useful in ginseng cultivation.
RESUMO
In a search for natural herbicides, we investigated the action mechanism of the naphthoquinone spiroketals, isolated from the endophytic fungus Edenia gomezpompae: preussomerins EG1 (1) and EG4 (2), and palmarumycins CP17 (3), and CP2 (4) on the photosynthesis light reactions. The naphthoquinone spiroketals 1-4 inhibited the ATP synthesis in freshly lysed spinach thylakoids from water to MV, and they also inhibited the non-cyclic electron transport in the basal, phosphorylating and uncoupled conditions from water to MV. Therefore, they act as Hill reaction inhibitors. The results suggested that naphthoquinone spiroketals 1-4 have two interactions and inhibition site on the PSII electron transport chain. The first one involves the water splitting enzyme inhibition; and, the second on the acceptor site of PSII in a similar way that herbicide Diuron, studied by polaroghaphy and corroborated by fluorescence of the chlorophyll a of PSII. The culture medium and mycelium organic extracts from four morphological variants of E. gomezpompae were phytotoxic, and the culture medium extracts were more potent than mycelium extracts. They also act as Hill reaction inhibitors.
Assuntos
Ascomicetos/metabolismo , Compostos de Epóxi/farmacologia , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/farmacologia , Luz , Fotossíntese/efeitos dos fármacos , Ascomicetos/química , Clorofila/química , Clorofila A , Diurona/toxicidade , Transporte de Elétrons/efeitos dos fármacos , Transporte de Elétrons/efeitos da radiação , Compostos de Epóxi/química , Compostos de Epóxi/isolamento & purificação , Furanos/química , Furanos/isolamento & purificação , Furanos/farmacologia , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/química , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/isolamento & purificação , Micélio/química , Micélio/metabolismo , Naftoquinonas/química , Compostos Orgânicos/química , Complexo de Proteína do Fotossistema II/antagonistas & inibidores , Complexo de Proteína do Fotossistema II/metabolismo , Spinacia oleracea/metabolismo , Compostos de Espiro/química , Compostos de Espiro/isolamento & purificação , Compostos de Espiro/farmacologia , Tilacoides/metabolismoRESUMO
We investigated the diversity of the foliar endophytes of Korean ginseng. Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy leaves of mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and field-cultivated ginseng (FCG) at 4 sites in Chungbuk Province. A total of 24 species of fungal endophytes were identified using molecular approaches. Additionally, the diversity of these endophytic fungi was compared between MCG and FCG. The major isolated endophytes were Edenia gomezpompae and Gibberella moniliformis in the MCG and FCG samples, respectively. The results suggest that ginseng endophytes have different community structures in different environments, and this understanding may prove useful in ginseng cultivation.
