100 Years of the American Public Health Association's Public Health Education and Health Promotion Section: Celebrating the Past, Forging the Future.

The American Public Health Association's Public Health Education and Health Promotion (APHA PHEHP) Section celebrates its 100th anniversary by reflecting on its humble beginnings and early contributions to the field of health education. This article highlights the often-unsung history of our field and its fledgling beginnings, which is important to scholars and students alike. First codified as the Health Education and Publicity Section in the early 1920s, we trace the history and challenges of using new modes of publicity such as motion pictures and innovative exhibits to help curb the spread of infectious diseases (e.g., tuberculosis, venereal disease). Evart G. Routzahn, credited as the Section's father, worked tirelessly to increase the Section's visibility (renamed the Health Education Section in 1927 and the Public Health Education and Health Promotion Section in 1990) and in advancing the professionalization of health education during a time when there were no formal professional preparation programs in health education. Over the years, the Section has played significant roles in strengthening the practice of health education and communication; advancing APHA's overall leadership, infrastructure, and governance; and contributing to the unified voice and advocacy for the health education profession and health equity. We conclude by describing contemporary initiatives that reflect the continued spirit and vibrancy of the Section in setting the stage for the next 100 years.

The Effect of a 12-Week Physical Functional Training-Based Physical Education Intervention on Students' Physical Fitness-A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Children have received much attention in recent years, as many studies have shown that their physical fitness level is on the decline. Physical education, as a compulsory curriculum, can play a monumental role in contributing to students' participation in physical activities and the enhancement of their physical fitness. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of a 12-week physical functional training intervention program on students' physical fitness. A total of 180 primary school students (7-12 years) were invited to participate in this study, 90 of whom participated in physical education classes that included 10 min of physical functional training, and the remaining 90 were in a control group that participated in traditional physical education classes. After 12 weeks, the 50-m sprint (F = 18.05, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.09), timed rope skipping (F = 27.87, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.14), agility T-test (F = 26.01, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.13), and standing long jump (F = 16.43, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.08) were all improved, but not the sit-and-reach (F = 0.70, p = 0.405). The results showed that physical education incorporating physical functional training can effectively promote some parameters of students' physical fitness, while at the same time providing a new and alternative idea for improving students' physical fitness in physical education.

Early Childhood Education: Health, Equity, and Economics.

Many low-income and minority children in the United States and globally are at risk of poor educational trajectories and, consequently, diminished life courses, because their households and neighborhoods lack resources to adequately support learning and development prior to formal schooling. This review summarizes evidence on center-based early childhood education (ECE) for three- and four-year-olds as a means of assuring school readiness in cognitive and socioemotional skills. While the details of ECE programs merit further research, it is clear that ECE can benefit children, especially those most disadvantaged, with additional societal benefits and positive long-run economic returns. Universal ECE is not a cure-all, and its success requires ongoing alignment with subsequent education and attention to child household and community conditions. Because resource deprivation is concentrated in low-income and minority communities, publicly funded universal ECE can also be a powerful instrument for the promotion of social equity.

Vigilância civil em saúde, estudos de população e participação popular / Civilian health surveillance, population studies and participation

RESUMO Em meados dos anos 1990, Victor Valla propôs a incorporação da participação da população à prática da vigilância em saúde, por meio da educação popular de Paulo Freire. Esse contraponto às práticas tradicionais da vigilância, nomeadas vigilância civil da saúde, somam-se à concepção ampliada de saúde, e possuem forte ligação com a perspectiva crítica da epidemiologia enquanto meio de compreender a relação dialética entre classes sociais e seus espaços vividos. A prática da vigilância civil pretende superar lacunas importantes deixadas pelos métodos tradicionais de investigação em saúde pública, como falta de atenção aos contextos socioculturais, construção do risco localizada somente no indivíduo e representação de agendas de saúde pública que privilegiam e patologizam certos comportamentos. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho debate o conceito de vigilância civil da saúde, o locus de discussão dos estudos de população na reificação do papel do efeito contextual para a explicação da produção social da saúde e a incorporação da participação popular à vigilância em saúde como elemento de transformação social. O aprofundamento dessa discussão, no limite, permite uma construção participativa de novos modelos de saúde concentrados na redução efetiva das iniquidades em saúde e, consequentemente, universalização efetiva do direito à saúde.

ABSTRACT In the mid-1990s, Victor Valla proposed to incorporate the population participation in the practice of health surveillance, through Paulo Freire's popular education. This counterpoint to traditional surveillance practices, called civil health surveillance, added to the expanded concept of health, and has a strong connection with the critical perspective of Epidemiology as a means to understand the dialectical relationship between social classes and their lived spaces. The practice of civil surveillance aims to overcome essential gaps left by traditional methods of public health investigation. It includes a lack of attention to socio-cultural contexts, the construction of risk located only in the individual, and the representation of public health agendas that privilege and pathologize certain behaviors. This paper discusses the concept of civil health surveillance, the locus of discussion of population studies in the reification of the role of the contextual effect in explaining the social production of health and the incorporation of popular participation in health surveillance as an element of social transformation. The deepening of this discussion allows a participatory construction of new health models focused on the effective reduction of health inequities and, consequently, the effective universalization of the right to health.

Contribución de la priorización curricular de educación física y salud en la formación académica de los estudiantes / Contribution of the curricular prioritization of physical education and health in the academic training of students / Contribuição da priorização curricular de educação física e saúde na formação académica dos estudantes

RESUMEN Los procesos educativos han sufrido muchos cambios debido a la pandemia de Covid-19 intentando mantener la continuidad de los mismos a través de clases virtuales, para facilitar esta labor, el Ministerio de Educación de Chile establece la Priorización Curricular que tiene como propósito responder a las diversas dificultades y problemas del ámbito educativo que emergen debido a la paralización de las clases presenciales causado por la crisis sanitaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer si la priorización curricular en Educación Física y Salud es una contribución para la formación académica de los estudiantes, para ello, se utilizó una metodología con enfoque cuantitativo, no experimental, a través de la cual se recogió información que permitió conocer la percepción de los profesores en ejercicio. Los resultados indican que su principal contribución es en el ámbito conceptual, sin embargo, presenta carencias en cuanto a algunos aspectos relevantes para un buen desarrollo del aprendizaje. Se concluye que esta organización de objetivos ha sido medianamente bien recibida por los profesores, aunque representa en su aplicación una contribución al proceso formativo.

ABSTRACT The educational processes have undergone many changes due to the Covid-19 pandemic, trying to maintain their continuity through virtual classes, to facilitate this work, the Ministry of Education of Chile establishes the Curricular Prioritization that aims to respond to the various difficulties and problems in the educational environment that emerge due to the paralysis of face-to-face classes caused by the health crisis. The objective of this study was to know if the curricular prioritization in Physical Education and Health is a contribution to the academic training of students, for this, a methodology with a quantitative, non-experimental approach was used, through which information was collected that allowed to know the perception of practicing teachers. The main results indicate that its main contribution is in the conceptual field; however, it presents deficiencies in terms of some relevant aspects for a good development of learning. It is concluded that this organization of objectives has been fairly well received by teachers, although in its application it represents a contribution to the training process.

RESUMO Os processos educacionais sofreram muitas mudanças devido à pandemia de Covid-19, tentando manter sua continuidade por meio de aulas virtuais. Para facilitar este trabalho, o Ministério da Educação do Chile estabelece a Priorização Curricular que visa responder às várias dificuldades e problemas no campo educacional que surgem devido à paralisação das aulas presenciais causadas pela crise da saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi saber se a priorização curricular em Educação Física e Saúde é uma contribuição para a formação acadêmica dos alunos, para isso, foi utilizada uma metodologia com abordagem quantitativa, não experimental, por meio da qual foram coletadas informações que permitiu conhecer a percepção dos professores atuantes. Os resultados indicam que sua principal contribuição está no campo conceitual, porém, apresenta deficiências em alguns aspectos relevantes para um bom desenvolvimento da aprendizagem. Conclui-se que esta organização de objetivos tem sido moderadamente bem recebida pelos docentes, embora represente um contributo para o processo de formação na sua aplicação.

Examining educational attainment and allostatic load in non-Hispanic Black women.

BACKGROUND: Research suggests that non-Hispanic Black (henceforth, Black) women and people with lower educational attainment have higher levels of allostatic load (AL). This study sought to determine the association between educational attainment and AL among a large sample of Black women. METHODS: We analyzed data among 4177 Black women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey years 1999-2018. AL score was defined as the total for abnormal measures of eight biomarkers. We further categorized participants with AL score greater than or equal to 4 as having high AL. We calculated mean estimates of total allostatic load scores using generalized linear models. We performed modified Poisson Regression models with robust variance estimation to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) of high allostatic load and their associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by educational attainment. RESULTS: Black women with a college degree or higher had the lowest prevalence of high allostatic load (31.8% vs. 42.7%, 36.3%, 36.6%), and age adjusted mean allostatic load scores (mean = 1.90 vs. mean = 2.34, mean = 1.99, mean = 2.05) when compared to Black women with less than a high school diploma, high school diploma or GED, and some college or associates degree respectively. Even after accounting for age, poverty-to-income ratio, smoking, congestive heart failure, and heart attack, Black college graduates had an 14.3% lower prevalence of high allostatic load (PR = 0.857, 95% CI 0.839-0.876) when compared to Black women with lower educational attainment. CONCLUSIONS: Black women with a baccalaureate degree or higher educational attainment had lower allostatic load compared to Black women with less than a high school education. This finding further confirms higher education is a social determinant of health. Future research should explore differences in AL by more granular degree types.

Critical perspective of social participation in health surveillance / Vigilância civil em saúde, estudos de população e participação popular

Many barriers impede the defense of health equity, especially those that hinder social participation in health. In the mid-1990s, Victor Valla proposed incorporating the population's participation into health surveillance through Paulo Freire's popular education. This counterpoint to traditional surveillance practices, then called civil health surveillance, is added to the expanded concept of health, and has a strong connection with the critical perspective of epidemiology to understand the dialectical relationship between social classes and their lived spaces. The practice of civil surveillance aims to overcome essential gaps left by traditional methods of public health investigation. It includes a lack of attention to socio-cultural contexts, the construction of risk located only in the individual, and the representation of public health agendas that privilege and pathologize certain behaviors. In this sense, this paper discusses concept of civil health surveillance, the locus of discussion of population studies in the reification of the role of the contextual effect in explaining the social production of health and the incorporation of popular participation in health surveillance as an element of social transformation. The deepening of this discussion allows a participatory construction of new health models focused on the effective reduction of health inequities and, consequently, the effective universalization of the right to health.

Muitas barreiras impedem a defesa da equidade na saúde, especialmente aquelas que dificultam a participação popular. Em meados dos anos 90, Victor Valla propõe a incorporação da participação da população à prática da vigilância em saúde, por meio da educação popular de Paulo Freire. Este contraponto às práticas tradicionais da vigilância, nomeadas vigilância civil da saúde, se somam à concepção ampliada de saúde, e possuem forte ligação com a perspectiva crítica da epidemiologia enquanto meio de compreender a relação dialética entre classes sociais e seus espaços vividos. A prática da vigilância civil pretende superar lacunas importantes deixadas pelos métodos tradicionais de investigação em saúde pública, como falta de atenção aos contextos socioculturais, a construção do risco localizada somente no indivíduo e a representação de agendas de saúde pública que privilegiam e patologizam certos comportamentos.  Neste sentido, o presente trabalho debate o conceito de vigilância civil da saúde, o locus de discussão dos estudos de população na reificação do papel do efeito contextual para a explicação da produção social da saúde e a incorporação da participação popular à vigilância em saúde como elemento de transformação social. O aprofundamento desta discussão, no limite, permite uma construção participativa de novos modelos de saúde focados na redução efetiva das iniquidades em saúde e, consequentemente, universalização efetiva do direito à saúde.

Importance of Mediation against Addictive, Affective-Emotional, and Sexual Behavior in Adolescents. Educational System versus Associations.

This article analyzes health mediation among equals as an educational strategy against risk behaviors in young people from both the educational and associative systems in Seville (Spain), based on qualitative research, with the aim of assessing and comparing its impact in those areas. To this end, interviews with 49 professionals and 427 adolescents were conducted in discussion groups. Results acknowledge mediation as individual or group intervention accepted by young people as advice and information on health issues and conflict resolution, but also as a method for data collection in order to obtain a community health diagnosis. The educational system implements this strategy, but in associations it seems to work better, particularly in the psycho-emotional and sexual spheres. Unfortunately, intervention programs are usually discontinuous due to lack of resources and territorial variability. And this is why mediators' support is highly valued by the target users, with preference for a male figure in the case of boys, and larger predisposition towards a female mediator in girls, except in cases where this agent has a special social relevance.

O agir pedagógico na construção do apoio matricial: caminhos possíveis no compartilhamento do cuidado / The pedagogical action in the construction of matrix support: possible paths in the sharing of care

O apoio matricial se configura como uma retaguarda assistencial e pedagógica, de perspectiva interdisciplinar, facilitadora da articulação entre saberes e práticas pela interprofissionalidade, se aproximando dos problemas de saúde e sua complexidade atribuídas ao campo da saúde coletiva. A sua materialização constitui-se como um desafio as equipes da Atenção Básica em Saúde (ABS), sobretudo pela dificuldade em estabelecer níveis colaborativos que promovam, efetivamente, a cogestão do cuidado compartilhado. Defende-se, que o apoio matricial na perspectiva da Educação Popular em Saúde (EPS) pode ser um diferencial nesse processo, transformando os saberes e as práticas dos profissionais de saúde e contribuindo para a qualificação da ABS. Neste sentido, delineou-se como objetivo para este estudo, analisar a dimensão pedagógica do apoio matricial, a partir dos saberes e práticas das equipes do Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (NASF) do Município de Paraíba do Sul/ RJ, considerando os princípios da EPS e sua contribuição para a qualificação da ABS. Trata-se, portanto, de uma pesquisa participante, de natureza qualitativa, realizada a partir da realidade vivenciada pelos trabalhadores da ABS. A interação com os trabalhadores ocorreu no período de setembro a dezembro de 2019, com adesão de 32 profissionais das equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) e NASF. A coleta de dados se deu de forma participativa e integrada, por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada de autopreenchimento, duas oficinas utilizando a técnica de World Café, e pela observação participante do trabalho interativo entre as equipes, pelo apoio matricial. A análise dos dados foi feita a luz da hermenêutica dialética, através da qual foi possível confirmar a tese de que o apoio matricial desenvolvido na perspectiva da EPS transforma saberes e práticas, contribuindo para a qualificação da ABS. Constatou-se que o reconhecimento e a articulação entre os saberes científico e popular precisam estar alinhados com a realidade de vida da população adscrita ao território, como um processo sistêmico, e organicamente complexo, para a concretização do diálogo e do compartilhamento efetivo; Que a dimensão pedagógica do apoio matricial tem a propriedade de um agir pedagógico capaz de transformar os saberes e as práticas profissionais por meio da ação crítica característica da EPS; E que, de fato, as transformações ocorridas em todas as etapas do processo de trabalho no âmbito da ABS, promovidas pela materialização do apoio matricial, contribuem para o aumento da resolutividade, qualificando este nível de atenção no Sistema Único de saúde (SUS). Conclui-se que a EPS apresenta subsídios promissores para a concretização do apoio matricial, apontando o diálogo, o compartilhamento de saberes, a problematização, a empatia e os processos populares e democráticos como caminhos possíveis a cogestão do cuidado.

Matrix support is configured as an assistential and pedagogical backing, with an interdisciplinary perspective, facilitating the articulation between knowledge and practices through interprofessionality, approaching the health problems and their complexity attributed to the field of public health. Its materialization constitutes a challenge for the Primary Health Care (ABS) teams, mainly due to the difficulty in establishing collaborative levels that effectively promote the co-management of shared care. It is argued that matrix support from the perspective of Popular Education in Health (EPS) can be a differential in this process, transforming the knowledge and practices of health professionals and contributing to the qualification of ABS. In this sense, the objective of this study was to analyze the pedagogical dimension of matrix support, based on the knowledge and practices of the teams at the Family Health Support Center (NASF) in the city of Paraíba do Sul / RJ, considering the principles of EPS and its contribution to the qualification of ABS. It is, therefore, a participatory research, of a qualitative nature, carried out based on the reality experienced by ABS workers. The interaction with workers occurred from September to December 2019, with the participation of 32 professionals from the Family Health Strategy (ESF) and NASF teams. Data collection took place in a participatory and integrated way, through a semi-structured self-completed interview, two workshops using the World Café technique, and through the participant observation of the interactive work between the teams, by the matrix support. Data analysis was carried out in the light of dialectical hermeneutics, through which it was possible to confirm the thesis that the matrix support developed from the perspective of EPS transforms knowledge and practices, contributing to the qualification of ABS. It was found that the recognition and articulation between scientific and popular knowledge need to be aligned with the reality of life of the population assigned to the territory, as a systemic, and organically complex process, for the realization of dialogue and effective sharing; That the pedagogical dimension of matrix support has the property of a pedagogical action capable of transforming professional knowledge and practices through the critical action characteristic of EPS; And that, in fact, the changes that occurred in all stages of the work process within the scope of ABS, promoted by the materialization of matrix support, contribute to the increase in resolvability, qualifying this level of care in the Unified Health System (SUS). It is concluded that the EPS presents promising subsidies for the realization of matrix support, pointing to dialogue, knowledge sharing, problematization, empathy and popular and democratic processes as possible ways to co-manage care.

A Política Nacional de Educação Popular em Saúde em debate: (re) conhecendo saberes e lutas para a produção da Saúde Coletiva / La Política Nacional de Educación Popular en Salud en debate: (re) conociendo saberes y luchas para la producción de la Salud Colectiva / The National Policy of Popular Education in Health in debate: (re) knowing knowledge and struggles for the production of Collective Health

Este texto se constitui em reflexões sobre Educação Popular em Saúde (EPS) como campo de conhecimento, ação de sujeitos e política pública no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil. Com base no processo de institucionalização da EPS no Ministério da Saúde são apontadas condições de viabilidade da Política Nacional de Educação Popular em Saúde (PNEP-SUS), formulada em interlocução com movimentos populares, a partir de duas questões: Quais os reflexos desse processo na construção de políticas de saúde? Qual a viabilidade da PNEP-SUS no contexto atual? O debate emerge no diálogo desse processo com a participação social, concepção pedagógica da EPS, diálogos de saberes e produção de conhecimentos que permeiam a relação entre movimentos sociais, gestão do SUS e a PNEPS-SUS. (AU)

Este artículo propone reflexiones sobre Educación Popular y Salud (EPS) como campo de conocimiento, acción de sujetos y política pública en el Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS) en Brasil. Con base en el proceso de institucionalización de la EPS en el Ministerio de la Salud se señalan condiciones de viabilidad de la Política Nacional de Educación Popular en Salud (PNEP-SUS), formulada en interlocución con movimientos populares a partir de dos preguntas: ¿Cuáles son los reflejos de ese proceso en la construcción de políticas de salud? ¿Cuál es la viabilidad de la PNEP-SUS en el contexto actual? El debate surge en el diálogo de ese proceso con la participación social, concepción pedagógica de la EPS, diálogos de saberes y producción de conocimientos que atraviesan la relación entre movimientos sociales, gestión del SUS y la PNEPS-SUS. (AU)

Reflections on Popular Education and Health (EPS) as a field of knowledge, subject action and public policy in the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) in Brazil. Based on the process of institutionalization of EPS in the Ministry of Health, viability conditions of the National Policy for Popular Education in Health (PNEP-SUS) are pointed out, formulated in dialogue with popular movements, based on two questions: What are the consequences of this process in the construction of health policies? What is the viability of PNEP-SUS in the current context? The debate emerges in the dialogue of this process with social participation, pedagogical conception of EPS, dialogues of knowledge and production of knowledge that permeate the relationship between social movements, SUS management and PNEPS-SUS. (AU)

Gender disparities in the education gradient in self-reported health across birth cohorts in China.

BACKGROUND: Variation in the relationship between education and health has been studied intensely over the past few decades. Although there is research on gender disparity and cohort variations in educational effect on health using samples from the U.S. and Europe, research about China's is limited. Given the specific social changes in China, our study is designed to analyze the gender and cohort patterns in the education-health gradient. METHOD: The latent growth-curve modeling was used to analyze the gender and cohort variations in the education gradient in self-rated health among Chinese respondents. The study employed longitudinal and nationally representative data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies from the years 2010 to 2016. Each cohort is specified according to their distinct periods of social change in China. Following the analysis, we used latent growth-curve model to illustrate gender and cohort differences in the age-graded education and health trajectories. RESULTS: Although Chinese men have reported to have better health than women in general, women reported 1.6 percentage points higher in self-reported health for each additional year of schooling compared to that of men (P < 0.001). The latent growth curve model showed women's extra education benefits were persistent overtime. Compared to the people born during the "Old China" (1908-1938), the education gradient in self-rated health did not change for cohorts born before 1955 and after 1977, but the education-health gap changed significantly in the 1956-1960 (O.R. = 1.038, P < 0.05), 1967-1976 (O.R. = 1.058, P < 0.001), and 1977-1983 (O.R. = 1.063, P < 0.001) cohorts. There was a gender difference for the cohort variations in the education-health gradient. For women, the education effect in the 1956-1960 (O.R. = 1.063, P < 0.05), 1967-1976 (O.R. = 1.088, P < 0.001) and 1977-1983 (O.R. = 1.102, P < 0.001) cohorts was significantly higher than that of the 1908-1938 cohort. On the contrary, the education-health gradient remained the same across all cohorts for men. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the education-health gradient varies across cohorts for women, but the size of education effect remains consistent for men across cohorts. The findings support the resource-substitution hypothesis and not the rising-importance hypothesis in China. We discussed the potential influences of the unique, social transformation and educational expansion in China.

A Call to Action. A Critical Review of Mental Health Related Anti-stigma Campaigns.

Using a knowledge-attitudes-behavior practice (KABP) paradigm, professionals have focused on educating the public in biomedical explanations of mental illness. Especially in high-income countries, it is now common for education-based campaigns to also include some form of social contact and to be tailored to key groups. However, and despite over 20 years of high-profile national campaigns (e.g., Time to Change in England; Beyond Blue in Australia), examinations suggest that the public continue to Other those with experiences of mental ill-health. Furthermore, evaluations of anti-stigma programs are found to have weak- to no significant long-term effects, and serious concerns have been raised over their possible unintended consequences. Accordingly, this article critically re-engages with the literature. We evidence that there have been systematic issues in problem conceptualization. Namely, the KABP paradigm does not respond to the multiple forms of knowledge embodied in every life, often outside conscious awareness. Furthermore, we highlight how a singular focus on addressing the public's perceived deficits in professionalized forms of knowledge has sustained public practices which divide between "us" and "them." In addition, we show that practitioners have not fully appreciated the social processes which Other individuals with experiences of mental illness, nor how these processes motivate the public to maintain distance from those perceived to embody this devalued form of social identity. Lastly, we suggest methodological tools which would allow public health professionals to fully explore these identity-related social processes. Whilst some readers may be frustrated by the lack of clear solutions provided in this paper, given the serious unintended consequences of anti-stigma campaigns, we caution against making simplified statements on how to correct public health campaigns. Instead, this review should be seen as a call to action. We hope that by fully exploring these processes, we can develop new interventions rooted in the ways the public make sense of mental health and illness.

The Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention Based on Theories and Models on Diabetes Outcomes: A Systematic Review.

Background & Introduction: Patient's self-management behaviors are essential to control diabetes. Studies have demonstrated that health educational interventions can improve some aspects of glycemic control and clinical outcomes, however, it is unclear which education theories underlying these interventions improve effectiveness. In this review of the literature, we aimed to assess the efficacy of health education and promotion theories, or models, to improve self-care and self- management behaviors among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods & Results: Eight scientific databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Magiran, Google Scholar, Medlib, ProQuest and Scientific Information Database) were searched to identify a published academic article from 2010 to 2019. We included quasi-experimental, clinical trial and randomized clinical trial studies. A total of 26 studies including data from 3879 patients with T2D met the inclusion criteria. We found that the PRECEDE (7/26, 26.92%) and Health Belief Models (7/26, 26.92%) were the most common models used to assess the efficacy of health education and health promotion models. Conclusion: Overall, health promotion and education theories and models have been used as a useful instrument for improving the self-care behaviors and self-management behaviors among patients with T2D.

Os vinte anos da Educação na Interface: trajetória, tendências e desafios / Twenty years of Education in Interface: trajectory, trends and challenges / Los veinte años de Educación en Interface: trayectoria, tendencia y desafíos

O texto resgata os vinte anos do eixo Educação na revista Interface e problematiza essa trajetória a partir de suas publicações. O olhar para esses trabalhos revela as tendências predominantes e reflete acerca dos desafios para as próximas décadas. As categorias de análise: Formação Profissional em Saúde; Políticas de Reorientação da Formação Profissional em Saúde/Docência em Saúde; Práticas Educativas em Saúde e Fundamentos Teóricos e/ou Metodológicos da Educação são acionadas para contemplar o conjunto de temáticas abordadas pelos autores no período histórico do estudo e nos diferentes espaços da revista, em estreita relação com suas finalidades no âmbito da socialização do conhecimento no campo da educação e saúde. Conclui-se que o periódico tem se mostrado espaço importante de sistematização e reflexões tanto dos desafios gerais da educação quanto dos específicos da educação em saúde, potencializando avanços qualitativos na formação profissional.(AU)

The text provides an overview of the twenty years of the Education axis in the journal Interface and analyzes this trajectory based on its publications. The examination of the articles reveals the predominant trends and enables us to reflect on the challenges to the next decades. The categories of analysis: Professional Health Education, Reorientation Policies for Professional Health Education/Health Teaching, Educational Health Practices and Theoretical and/or Methodological Foundations of Education are employed to encompass the set of themes approached by the authors in the historical period of the study, in the journal's different spaces, in a close relationship to the journal's purposes in the sphere of socialization of knowledge in the field of education and health. The conclusion is that Interface has been an important space for the systematization of the general challenges of education and of the specific challenges of health education, as well as for careful reflection on them, potentializing qualitative advances in professional education.(AU)

El texto rescata los veinte años del eje Educación en la revista Interface y problematiza esa trayectoria a partir de sus publicaciones. La mirada hacia esos trabajos revela las tendencias predominantes y reflexiona sobre los desafíos para las próximas décadas. Las categorías de análisis: Formación Profesional en Salud; Políticas de Reorientación de la Formación Profesional en Salud/ Docencia en Salud; Prácticas Educativas en Salud y Fundamentos Teóricos y/o Metodológicos de la Educación se ponen en acción para contemplar el conjunto de temas abordados por los autores en el período histórico del estudio, en los diferentes espacios de la revista, en estrecha relación con sus finalidades en el ámbito de la socialización del conocimiento en el campo de la educación y de la salud. Se concluye que la revista ha mostrado ser un espacio importante de sistematización y reflexiones, tanto de los desafíos generales de la educación como de los específicos de la educación en salud, potenciando avances cualitativos en la formación profesional.(AU)

Educação Popular e Saúde nos processos formativos: desafios e perspectivas / Educación Popular y Salud en los procesos formativos: desafíos y perspectivas / Popular Education and Health in educational processes: challenges and perspectives

Em meio ao crescimento de um modelo neoliberal conservador na atual agenda pública brasileira, a Educação Popular em Saúde (EPS) apresenta-se como possibilidade para a produção de experiências direcionadas à constituição da saúde como direito; para mais, está também compromissada com o desenvolvimento do protagonismo das pessoas na busca pelo bem viver e pelo enfrentamento crítico às determinações sociais da saúde. O presente artigo aborda a EPS nos processos formativos, seus desafios e perspectivas. Centralmente, são problematizados aspectos como: a criticidade nos movimentos e nas práticas de EPS; os processos formativos críticos e mobilizadores do protagonismo; a ação em rede; e a articulação da luta dos movimentos e das práticas de EPS. Espera-se que essas reflexões contribuam com a alimentação do debate em torno da EPS e seu papel enquanto referencial teórico e metodológico para a formação na área da saúde.(AU)

En medio del crecimiento de un modelo neoliberal conservador en la actual agenda pública brasileña, la Educación Popular y Salud (EPS) se presenta como posibilidad para la producción de experiencias dirigidas a la constitución de la salud como derecho; además, también tiene compromiso con el desarrollo del protagonismo de las personas en la búsqueda por el buen vivir y por el enfrentamiento crítico a las determinaciones sociales de la salud. El presente artículo aborda la EPS en los procesos formativos, sus desafíos y perspectivas. Centralmente, se problematizan aspectos como: la criticidad en los movimientos y en las prácticas de EPS, los procesos formativos críticos y movilizadores del protagonismo; la acción en red y la articulación de la lucha de los movimientos y de las prácticas de EPS. Se espera que esas reflexiones contribuyan a la alimentación del debate alrededor de la EPS y su papel como factor referencial teórico y metodológico para la formación en el área de la salud.(AU)

Amidst the growth of a conservative neoliberal model in the current Brazilian public agenda, Popular Education and Health (EPS) presents itself as a possibility for the production of experiences directed to the constitution of health as a right; moreover, it is also committed to the development of people's role in the search for good living and for the critical confrontation with social determinations of health. The present article addresses EPS in formative processes, their challenges and perspectives. Centrally, it problematizes aspects such as: criticality in the movements and practices of EPS; the critical and mobilizing processes of protagonism; network action and the articulation of the struggle of movements and EPS practices. It is expected that these reflections will contribute to the debate on EPS and its role as a theoretical and methodological referential for training in the health area.(AU)

As Vozes das Professoras na Pedagogia Hospitalar: Descortinando Possibilidades e Enfrentamentos / The Voices of the Teachers in the Hospital Pedagogy: Unveiling Possibilities and Confrontations

RESUMO Esta pesquisa busca conhecer o processo pedagógico educacional em um ambiente hospitalar, na atuação das professoras, considerando as especificidades de crianças em tratamento de saúde, na cidade de Palmas, estado do Tocantins, Brasil. A investigação desenvolveu-se a partir da abordagem qualitativa de cunho descritivo. Como estratégia metodológica, utilizou-se o estudo de caso; e, como técnica de coleta de dados, a entrevista semiestruturada. No desenvolvimento, a pesquisa foi construída dando voz às professoras, em um caminhar que perpassou questões relativas à regulamentação e à prática docente para o atendimento educacional à criança hospitalizada. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a educação hospitalar oferece diferentes possibilidades educativas para o atendimento a essa criança. No campo de pesquisa, identificou-se a existência da brinquedoteca, que, em sua dinâmica, possibilita desenvolver ações ludoterapêuticas, contribuindo para amenizar o sofrimento, diminuir a ansiedade e elevar a autoestima da criança e seus familiares. Percebeu-se, ainda, a importância de pensar sobre a implantação das classes hospitalares, um direito legal, mas ainda não efetivado no contexto pesquisado. Ao conhecer o processo pedagógico hospitalar também foi possível observar a necessidade de aproximação do hospital com as experiências escolares, buscando oportunizar para as crianças em tratamento o acesso às atividades típicas da infância.

ABSTRACT This research seeks to deepen knowledge on the pedagogical education process in a hospital environment, in the teacher's enactment, considering the specificities of children in healthcare treatment, in the city of Palmas, state of Tocantins, Brazil. This investigation was developed from a descriptive qualitative approach. As methodological strategy, a case study was used; and as a data collection technique, a semi-structured interview. In its development, the research was built giving voice to the teachers, following a path that covered issues related to the regulation of the health care system and teaching practice for the educational service to the children in hospital treatment. The results show that hospital education offers different educational possibilities for these children. In the research field, the existence of a toy library was identified, which, in its dynamics, allows to develop ludic-therapeutic actions, contributing to soften the suffering, reducing anxiety and raise the self-esteem of the children and their families. It was also noticed the importance of thinking about the implementation of hospital classes, a legal right, but not yet effective in the researched context. When knowing the hospital pedagogical process, it was also possible to observe the need for strengthening the bonds between hospital and school experiences, seeking to give children, in treatment, access to the typical activities of childhood.

Interprofessional education in healthcare and health workforce (HRH) planning in Brazil: experiences and good practices.

We report a review of interprofessional education (IPE) for health in Brazil with the objective of identifying experiences and good practices related to the different contexts of changing education and health systems. Our approach is an integrative bibliographic review using surveys and analysis of documents related to IPE in the Virtual Health Library scientific data base. The Brazilian scenario on IPE is still rudimentary, lacking clarity in its definition and scientific progress. Records of successful experiences of IPE and collaborative practices show some growth, with a tendency toward great adherence of professionals, students and teachers in the training model reshuffle. Collaborative practices are strategically used as innovative pedagogical approaches to foster the establishment of integrated teaching-service-community curricula, which coexist with traditional ones. IPE initiatives and collaborative practices have existed in Brazil since the mid-twentieth century. However, the dynamics of training models have not been accompanied by the same pace of change in health services, even under pressure to expand the primary health care (PHC) network and international influence for changes in educational models. The main challenge in this context is to make changes in the three components of training programmes: theoretical orientation, pedagogical approach and scenarios of practices, responding to population health needs and improving people's quality of life.

An assessment for health education and health promotion in chronic disease demonstration districts: a comparative study from Hunan Province, China.

BACKGROUND: Cost-effective strategies of chronic disease control, integrated health education and health promotion play important roles in the programs of chronic disease demonstration districts in China. The performance of these districts can be directly assessed by their health education and promotion work. However, there have been only a few performance assessments done on these programs, most of which made without the inclusion of proper quality indicators. This study was designed to establish a framework of indicators for outcome evaluation of health education and promotion efforts in Chinese districts, and explore the factors involved in promoting these efforts. METHODS: A modified two-round Delphi survey was first used to construct quality indicators on a nine-point Likert scale. With those indicators, the rank sum ratio (RSR) method was then conducted through rank conversion and parametric statistics, to assess and classify the performance of ten districts or counties randomly chosen both from demonstration and non-demonstration districts in the Hunan province. RESULTS: The Delphi process produced seven themes and 25 sub-themes as quality indicators. The seven themes included organizational management, financial support, professional personnel, health education and promotion, residents' health awareness and behaviors, residents' satisfaction, and residents' health literacy. The districts were classified into four levels by RSR as follows: One demonstration district at the first-ranked level, five other demonstration districts at the second-ranked level, all non-demonstration districts at the third-ranked level. None were at the fourth-qualified level. DISCUSSION: Chronic disease demonstration districts performed better on the work of health education and health promotion than the non-demonstration districts. The work should be focused on the following measures of chronic diseases: organizational management, financial support, media-related broadcasting, technical support, community-based promotion and supportive environment, and people's enhanced awareness and health literacy.

Um currículo na integração ensino-serviço do programa mais médicos e possíveis efeitos culturais / A syllabus in the teaching-service integration of the more doctors program and possible cultural effects / Un currículo en la integración enseñanza-servicio del programa más médicos y posibles efectos culturales

Resumo O estudo teve como objetivo identificar mudanças em curso na formação de profissionais da medicina desencadeadas pelas demandas do Programa Mais Médicos. As discussões foram guiadas de acordo com formulações dos estudos culturais no campo do currículo. Analisaram-se artigos e relatórios de pesquisa sobre efeitos que conectam trabalho, aprendizado e mudanças nas práticas de médicos inseridos no Programa. O contexto de fortalecimento e construção do Sistema Único de Saúde, algumas reformas e agendas políticas que alcançam o currículo formal e, recentemente, a implementação do Programa Mais Médicos propriamente dito, são ações identificadas como possibilidades criadas e como espaços onde acontecem novas práticas no interior de uma cultura profissional ainda biomédica/flexneriana. Os resultados confirmaram micromudanças no Programas Mais Médicos que são tratadas como efeitos culturais, postas em prática na integração ensino-serviço, em que se verifica a aproximação de um trabalho mais humanizado.

Abstract The study had the goal of identifying current changes in the training of medicine professionals that have been brought about by the demands of the More Doctors Program ('Programa Mais Médicos,' in Portuguese) in Brazil. The discussions were guided by formulations of the cultural studies in the field of the syllabus. We analyzed articles and research reports on the effects that connect work, learning and changes in the practices of the doctors who integrate the Program. The context of strengthening and development of the Unified Health System ('Sistema Único de Saúde,' in Portuguese), certain reforms and political agendas that affect the formal syllabus, and, recently, the implementation of the More Doctors Program itself, are actions that are identified as possibilities created and as spaces where new practices take place within a professional culture that is still biomedical/flexnerian. The results confirmed micro changes in the More Doctors Program that are treated as cultural effects and put into practice in the teaching-service integration, in which the approach of a more humanized work is observed.

Resumen El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar cambios en curso en la formación de profesionales de la medicina desencadenadas por las demandas del Programa Más Médicos en Brasil. Las discusiones fueron guiadas de acuerdo con formulaciones de los estudios culturales en el campo del currículo. Se analizaron artículos e informes de investigaciones sobre efectos que conectan trabajo, aprendizaje y cambios en las prácticas de médicos insertados en el Programa. El contexto de fortalecimiento y construcción del Sistema Único de Salud, algunas reformas y agendas políticas que alcanzan el currículo formal y, recientemente, la implementación del Programa Más Médicos propiamente dicho, son acciones identificadas como posibilidades creadas y como espacios donde se realizan nuevas prácticas en el interior de una cultura profesional aún biomédica/flexneriana. Los resultados confirmaron microcambios en el Programa Más Médicos que son tratados como efectos culturales, postas en práctica en la integración enseñanza-servicio, en que se verifica la aproximación de un trabajo más humanizado.

Encontros na rua: possibilidades de saúde em um consultório a céu aberto / Encounters on the street: possibilities of health in a street health care center / Encuentros en la calle: posibilidades de salud en un consultorio a cielo abierto

O presente estudo debate o Consultório na Rua, envolvendo a cartografia do trabalho de uma equipe de saúde para "pensar": encontros na rua, redução de danos, respeito às pessoas em seus modos de ser/existir/constituir vida e inscrição em modelos próprios de saúde. Foram usados vídeos gravados na rua, atas de equipe e vivências dos autores. No desenvolvimento, foram construídos quatro âmbitos expressivos do contato com essa população: experiência do morar na rua, experiência do atuar com saúde na rua, experiência do aprender em ato de equipe multiprofissional/interdisciplinar e intercessão sociocultural proveniente do "encontro" com essa população. Na conclusão, destaca-se que a presença do consultório na rua não é simplesmente técnica, trata-se de uma presença política na esfera dos direitos, da equidade e da justiça, assim como intervenção política e cultural, respeitando modos de vida, promoção da saúde e defesa da multiplicidade na cidadania.(AU)

The present study discusses street health care and maps out the work of a health team to reflect about: encounters on the street, reducing harm, respecting people in their modes of being/existing/building a life, and the inscription of suitable healthcare models. Videos recordings, team annotations and the experiences of the authors were used for data analysis. The following expressive dimensions were constructed from our contact with the street population: the experience of living on the streets, the experience of working with health on the streets, the experience of on-the-job learning of a multiprofessional/interdisciplinary team, and the sociocultural intersection that originated from our "encounter" with this population. Providing health care on the streets is not a merely technical action, but represents a political presence involving the spheres of human rights, equity and justice, as well as political and cultural interventions. It is a way to respect ways of life, promote health, and defend multiplicity in citizenship.(AU)

En este articulo se discute el Consultorio en la Calle, envolviendo la cartografía del trabajo de un equipo de salud para "pensar": encuentros en la calle, reducción de daños, respeto a las personas en sus modos de ser/existir/constituir vida, e inscripción en modelos propios de salud. Se usaron videos grabados en la calle, actas del equipo y vivencias de los autores. En el desarrollo se constituyeron cuatro ámbitos expresivos del contacto con esta población: experiencia del vivir en la calle, experiencia del actuar con salud en la calle, experiencia del aprender en acto de equipo multi-profesional/inter-disciplinario e intercesión sociocultural proveniente del "encuentro" con esta población. En la conclusión, se subraya que la presencia del consultorio en la calle no es simplemente técnica, sino que se trata de una presencia política en la esfera de los derechos, de la equidad y de la justicia, así como una intervención política y cultural, respetando modos de vida, promoción de la salud y defensa de la multiplicidad en la ciudadanía.(AU)