Juegos tradicionales para niños con discapacidad visual: un conocimiento necesario en educación médica / Traditional games for visually impaired children: a necessary knowledge in medical education

Fundamento: los juegos tradicionales resultan motivantes y de fácil ejecución para los escolares con necesidades educativas especiales porque favorecen la movilidad y orientación espacial de niños con discapacidad visual. Objetivo: proponer un grupo de juegos tradicionales adaptados para mejorar la movilidad y orientación espacial de niños con discapacidad visual en la Escuela Especial "Fructuoso Rodríguez" de Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, entre los meses de mayo-septiembre de 2021. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo e histórico-lógico; y empíricos: análisis de documentos, observación, cuestionario y entrevista. Resultados: el diagnóstico realizado corroboró que los sujetos estudiados presentaban dificultades en la movilidad y la orientación espacial; desconfianza, inseguridad y pocas iniciativas relacionadas con la recreación en su cotidianeidad familiar, por lo que se adaptaron 10 juegos tradicionales conocidos, pero poco jugados por los niños con discapacidad visual, con el fin de alcanzar otras vías que contribuyan a mejorar su movilidad y orientación espacial, luego de una etapa de confinamiento provocada por la Covid-19. Conclusiones: la propuesta de juegos tradicionales adaptados responde a la necesidad detectada y potencia la recreación e inclusión de estos infantes en actividades escolares y extraescolares después de la pandemia.

Background: traditional games are motivating and easy to play for schoolchildren with special educational needs because they favor the mobility and spatial orientation of visually impaired children. Objective: to propose a group of traditional games adapted to improve the mobility and spatial orientation of visually impaired children at "Fructuoso Rodríguez" Special School in Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, from May to September 2021. Theoretical methods were used: analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive and historical-logical; and empirical ones: document analysis, observation, questionnaire and interview. Results: the diagnosis made corroborated that the subjects studied presented difficulties in mobility and spatial orientation; distrust, insecurity and few initiatives related to recreation in their family daily life, for which 10 known traditional games were adapted, but little played by children with visual disabilities, in order to reach other ways that contribute to improving their mobility and orientation space, after a stage of confinement caused by Covid-19. Conclusions: the proposal of adapted traditional games responds to the detected need and enhances the recreation and inclusion of these infants in school and extracurricular activities after the pandemic.

Oral health in visually impaired patients: a literature review. / [Salud bucal en la población con discapacidad visual: revisión de literatura.]

Introduction: Even though oral diseases are highly prevalent in people with visual impairment (VI) and this population faces access barriers to dental services and is exposed to risk factors that increase their vulnerability, the existing literature on oral health in this population is scarce. Objective: To conduct a literature review in order to describe studies on oral health in persons with VI and provide health care professionals who treat and educate these patients with relevant information. Methods: This is a literature review with a descriptive approach. A total of 26 original articles were included. The selected studies were published in the last six years (2014-March 2020) in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. The search was conducted in the Virtual Health Library, SciELO, PubMed, Scopus, and Clinical Key databases. Keywords combined with Boolean operators "AND" and "OR" were used. Results: Few studies address the use of dental services by people with VI. There is evidence of poor levels of knowledge on oral health and related practices, which increases vulnerability to risk factors for developing diseases compared to the general population. Caries and periodontal disease are reported as the most prevalent oral diseases. Health promotion and education intervention should involve parents, caregivers, and guardians to increase the success rate. Conclusions: People with VI may develop oral diseases easily; therefore, they require dental care and health promotion interventions adapted to their needs.

Introducción: la literatura publicada relacionada con la salud bucal de las personas con discapacidad visual (DV) es escasa, esta población presenta barreras para el acceso a servicios odontológicos, tiene alta prevalencia de enfermedades bucodentales y está expuesta a factores de riesgo que aumentan su vulnerabilidad. Objetivo: realizar una revisión de la literatura científica para describir los estudios que abordan la salud bucal en personas con DV que sirva como insumo a los profesionales de la salud que atienden y educan a esta población. Métodos: revisión bibliográfica con enfoque descriptivo, se incluyeron 26 artículos originales. Los estudiosseleccionados fueron publicados en los últimos seis años (2014-2020 marzo) en inglés, portugués y español. Las bases de datos usadas fueron Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, SciELO, PubMed, Scopus y Clinical Key. Se usaron palabras clave combinadas con operadores booleanos "AND" y "OR". Resultados: existen pocos estudios sobre la asistencia de las personas con DV a los servicios odontológicos. Se evidencian deficientes niveles de conocimientos y prácticas en salud bucal, lo que aumenta la vulnerabilidad frente a factores de riesgo para adquirir patologías en comparación con la población en general. La caries y enfermedad periodontal se reportan como las patologías bucales más prevalentes. En las intervenciones en promoción y educación para la salud se recomienda involucrar a padres, cuidadores y tutores para aumentar la tasa de éxito. Conclusiones: las personas con DV adquieren con facilidad patologías bucales, por lo tanto requieren atención odontológica e intervenciones de promoción de la salud adaptadas a sus necesidades.

Jogo de tabuleiro sobre drogas psicoativas para pessoas com deficiência visual / Juego de tablero sobre drogas psicoactivas para personas con discapacidad visual / Board game about psychoactive drugs for visually disabled people

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o aprendizado de pessoas com deficiência visual após participação em jogo educativo sobre drogas psicoativas. Métodos Pesquisa quase-experimental, realizada em uma associação de cegos e em laboratório experimental de ensino de saúde de uma universidade, com 60 cegos maiores de 18 anos, com cegueira ou baixa visão, alfabetizados em Braille ou capazes de ler textos com letras ampliadas. Foi aplicado o jogo educativo de tabuleiro "Drogas: jogando limpo", que contempla conteúdo sobre o conceito, tipos de drogas, prejuízos, fatores de risco, situações envolvendo o uso das drogas e fatores de proteção/prevenção. Aprendizagem foi avaliada em entrevista individual, antes e após aplicação do jogo com questões organizadas por níveis de complexidades. Comparação do número de acertos avaliados pelo teste McNemar. Resultados Questões de baixa complexidade apresentaram diferença significativa (p=0,0001) nos acertos após uso do jogo e elevado índice de acertos antes e após (81,7% e 98,3%). Não houve diferença estatística nas questões de média e alta complexidade. Conclusão O jogo Drogas: jogando limpo, contribuiu, de forma significativa, para a aprendizagem das pessoas com deficiência visual, representando estratégia de inclusão de individuos com deficiência no acesso à informação.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el aprendizaje de personas con discapacidad visual después de la participación en juego educativo sobre drogas psicoactivas. Métodos Investigación cuasi experimental, realizada en una asociación de ciegos y en un laboratorio experimental de enseñanza de salud de una universidad, con 60 ciegos de más de 18 años, con ceguera o con baja visión, alfabetizados en Braille con capacidad para leer textos con letras ampliadas. Se aplicó un juego educativo de tablero "Drogas: jugando limpio", que contempla contenidos sobre el concepto, tipos de drogas, perjuicios, factores de riesgo, situaciones que involucran el uso de drogas y factores de protección/prevención. El aprendizaje fue evaluado en entrevista individual, antes y después de la aplicación del juego con preguntas organizadas por niveles de complejidad. Comparación del número de aciertos evaluados por la prueba McNemar. Resultados Preguntas de baja complejidad presentaron diferencias significativas (p=0,0001) en los aciertos después del uso del juego y elevado índice de aciertos antes y después (81,7 % y 98,3 %). No hubo diferencia estadística en las preguntas de mediana y alta complejidad. Conclusión El juego Drogas: jugando limpio, contribuyó, de forma significativa, para el aprendizaje de las personas con discapacidad visual, lo que representa una estrategia de inclusión de personas con discapacidad para el acceso a la información.

Abstract Objective Evaluate the learning of visually disabled people after participating in an educational game about psychoactive drugs. Methods Quasi-experimental research, conducted in an association of the blind and in an experimental laboratory of health teaching at a university, involving 60 blind people over the age of 18, blind or with low vision, literate in Braille or able to read texts with enlarged letters. The educational board game "Drugs: playing fair" was applied, which covers content on the concept, types of drugs, harms, risk factors, situations involving the use of drugs and protection/prevention factors. Learning was evaluated in an individual interview, before and after the application of the game, with questions organized by levels of complexity. Comparison of the number of hits evaluated using the McNemar test. Results Questions of low complexity presented a significant difference (p=0.0001) in the hits after using the game and a high index of hits before and after (81.7% and 98.3%). There was no statistical difference in the medium and high complexity questions. Conclusion The game Drugs: playing fair, significantly contributed to the learning of people with visual disabilities, representing a strategy to include individuals with disabilities in the access to information.

Inclusão educacional da pessoa com deficiência visual no ensino superior / Educational inclusion for visually impaired persons in the higher education

Resumo Introdução O número de estudantes com deficiência visual que ingressam no ensino superior tem sido expressivo graças às políticas de ações afirmativas e às mudanças na educação básica destinadas a este grupo nos últimos anos. Em vista dessas mudanças, o acesso à informação e as condições de acessibilidade disponibilizadas nas Instituições de Ensino Superior devem ser prioridades para garantir a permanência desses estudantes na universidade. Objetivo Analisar a produção científica sobre a inclusão educacional das pessoas com deficiência visual, especificamente no que diz respeito à permanência em instituições de ensino superior. Método Revisão integrativa realizada nos ambientes virtuais de acesso público, como o Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e a Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), combinando os seguintes descritores: baixa visão, ensino superior, cegueira, acessibilidade, tecnologia assistiva e deficiência visual. Resultados 21 artigos foram selecionados, organizados e submetidos à análise, possibilitando a identificação de uma categoria: acesso e permanência de estudantes com deficiência visual no ensino superior; e duas subcategorias: formação docente para atuação com estudantes com deficiência visual; disponibilidade de recursos materiais nas instituições de ensino superior. Conclusão A análise do material indica que, embora o acesso ao ensino superior das pessoas com deficiência esteja legalmente amparado, é necessária uma efetiva inclusão desses estudantes nas instituições, evidenciando que não basta apenas possibilitar o ingresso, se não houver estruturas físicas adequadas e recursos materiais disponíveis e acessíveis que garantam a permanência do estudante com deficiência visual.

Abstract Introduction The number of students with visual impairment that have enrolled in higher education has been significant in recent years thanks to positive political action and designated changes in basic education. For that reason, access to information and accessibility conditions must be a priority, to ensure the continuation of these students within the university. Objective To analyze the scientific production on educational inclusion of the visually impaired, specifically concerning the continuation within higher education institutions. Method Integrated literature review in publicly accessible virtual environments, such as Brazil's Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), by combining the following descriptors: baixa visão, ensino superior, cegueira, acessibilidade, tecnologia assistiva e deficiência visual. Results 21 articles were identified, organized, and analyzed, enabling the identification of one category: access and continuation of visually impaired students within higher education; and two subcategories: teacher training aimed at working with visually impaired students and availability of material resources at higher education institutions. Conclusion The analysis of the resources indicates that, although access to higher education for people with disabilities is legally protected, actual inclusion is necessary within institutions. Hence, providing access is not enough if there are no suitable physical and material infrastructures to guarantee the continuation of the visually impaired student within the university.

Facilitators and barriers to education for chiropractic students with visual impairment.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to document the academic experiences of students with visual impairment in a doctor of chiropractic program. METHODS: Ten participants were recruited, including 3 students who are "legally blind," 2 student notetakers, 3 faculty members who taught students with visual impairment, and 2 staff members from the Disability Services Office. For this qualitative study, the students were recruited through the Disability Services Office. The participants were audiotaped during approximately 1-hour interviews conducted in a semistructured manner within a private setting (a quiet office) on the campus during office hours. Thematic analysis was conducted using a deductive method for codes and an inductive method for themes. RESULTS: We identified facilitators and barriers to the education of students with visual impairment. Notable facilitators were planning for accessible educational materials, accessibility of workable space, and support systems, such as notetakers and close interaction with faculty. Notable barriers were attitudes of students with visual impairment toward their education, lack of personnel training, and lack of disability awareness in the campus community. CONCLUSION: Meticulous planning of resources and communication are key to enriching academic experiences of students with visual impairment.

Acesso aos serviços de saúde por mães cegas: dos enfrentamentos aos ensinamentos / Acceso a los servicios de salud por madres ciegas: del enfrentamiento a la enseñanza / Access to health services by blind mothers: from coping to learning

Resumo Objetivo Conhecer na percepção e vivências de mães cegas como ocorre o acesso aos serviços de atenção básica de saúde em Fortaleza, Ceará. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa realizado na cidade de Fortaleza-Ceará, com vinte mães cegas que tinham filhos de zero a dez anos de idade. A coleta de dados ocorreu no primeiro semestre de 2017 por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. Utilizou-se o interacionismo simbólico como referencial teórico e a análise de conteúdo temática, segundo Bardin, como método de análise. Resultados A análise dos dados permitiu compreender como se dá a experiência de acessibilidade das mães cegas nas unidades de saúde, sendo que as categorias apreendidas no estudo foram: acessibilidade das mães cegas às unidades de saúde e o cuidado prestado às crianças nas unidades de saúde. A falta de habilidade dos profissionais para atender as pessoas com deficiência foi evidenciada, apontando um sério problema que necessita ser minimizado, com a preparação destes profissionais que atendem na rede pública de saúde, desde a sua formação acadêmica. Conclusão Considera-se, ainda, que muito necessita ser transformado nos serviços de saúde em busca da acessibilidade da pessoa com deficiência. Evidencia-se a necessidade de cumprir os padrões legais em busca do acesso facilitado a essas mães cegas e seus filhos aos serviços públicos.

Resumen Objetivo Conocer cómo es el acceso a los servicios de atención básica en salud según la percepción y vivencias de madres ciegas, en Fortaleza, estado de Ceará. Métodos Se trata de un estudio de enfoque cualitativo realizado en la ciudad de Fortaleza, estado de Ceará, con 20 madres ciegas que tenían hijos de 0 a 10 años de edad. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo el primer semestre de 2017 mediante entrevista semiestructurada. Se utilizó el interaccionismo simbólico como referencia teórica y el análisis de contenido temático, según Bardin, como método de análisis. Resultados El análisis de los datos permitió comprender cómo es la experiencia de accesibilidad de las madres ciegas en las unidades de salud, y las categorías captadas en el estudio fueron: la accesibilidad de las madres ciegas en las unidades de salud y los cuidados que reciben los niños en las unidades de salud. La falta de habilidad de los profesionales para atender a personas con discapacidad es evidente, lo que deja ver un serio problema que debe ser mitigado con la preparación de estos profesionales que atienden en el sistema de salud pública, desde su formación académica. Conclusión Se considera que aún hay mucho para cambiar en los servicios de salud para lograr la accesibilidad de la persona con discapacidad. Queda en evidencia la necesidad de cumplir los estándares legales para facilitar el acceso de estas madres ciegas y sus hijos a los servicios públicos.

Abstract Objective To know according to the perception and experiences of blind mothers how access to primary health care services occurs in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. Methods This is a qualitative study conducted in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, with twenty blind mothers who had children from zero to ten years old. Data collection took place in the first half of 2017 through semi-structured interviews. Symbolic Interactionism was used as a theoretical framework and thematic content analysis, according to Bardin, as a method of analysis. Results Data analysis allowed us to understand how the experience of accessibility of blind mothers in health units takes place. The categories learned in the study were: "Accessibility of blind mothers to health units" and "Children care in health units". The professionals' lack of ability to care for people with disabilities was evidenced, pointing out a serious problem that needs to be minimized, with the preparation of these professionals from public health network since their academic training. Conclusion It is also considered that much needs to be transformed in health services in search of accessibility for people with disabilities. The need to comply with legal standards in search of easier access for these blind mothers and their children to public services is evident.

Effect of specially designed oral health preventive programme on oral health of visually impaired children: use of audio and tactile aids.

INTRODUCTION: Contemporary methods of teaching oral hygiene for the removal of dental plaque are not beneficial for visually impaired children, who depend on tactile sensations and hearing for learning. The present study was conducted to educate and motivate visually impaired children to maintain their oral health using specially designed methods that are easy for these children to understand. Additionally, the study evaluated the effectiveness of these methods over a 6-month period. METHODOLOGY: The investigation was done on 148 visually impaired children who were residents of two institutes for the visually impaired. The efficacy of a specially designed oral health education programme and two different motivational techniques utilising tactile (Group I: braille + plastic models) or auditory sensations (Group II: audio story + JAWS® , i.e. Job Access With Speech) was evaluated over 6 months based on the children's plaque and gingival scores. RESULTS: Significant improvement in mean plaque and gingival scores was evident in both the groups at the 6-month evaluation, validating the effectiveness of both the programmes. In Group I, the mean plaque score decreased from 1.34 ±â€…0.29 at baseline to 1.09 ±â€…0.26 at 3 months, with a further decrease to 1.04 ±â€…0.31 at 6 months post-implementation (P < 0.01). The mean plaque score in Group II decreased from 1.24 ±â€…0.47 at baseline to 1.15 ±â€…0.15 at 3 months (P = 0.12), and further to 1.10 ±â€…0.17 at 6 months (P < 0.01) post-implementation of the educational programme. At baseline, 87.8% of the children in Group I had moderate gingivitis, whereas 52.7% of the children in Group II belonged to the mild category. At the end of 6 months, 52.7% of the children in Group I were in the mild category, and 62.2% children in Group II were in the moderate category. CONCLUSION: Tactile and auditory measures were found to be effective in educating and motivating visually impaired children regarding maintenance of oral hygiene.

The ways in which blind mothers cope with taking care of their children under 12 years old / Afrontamiento de madres no videntes que acompañan a sus niños menores de 12 años / Enfrentamento de mães cegas no acompanhamento dos filhos menores de 12 anos

This study was aimed at analyzing the ways in which blind mothers cope with taking care of their children under 12 years old and is focused on health promotion, risk prevention and education. This is a qualitative study held in Fortaleza, in the state of Ceará, at the homes of nine blind mothers. A semi-structured interview was performed, from which the core meanings emerged: suitability of the home environment in order to prevent domestic accidents; prevention and treatment of diseases and monitoring of education. Data analysis was based on the concepts of coping and symbolic interactionism. The fact that the mothers are aware of the suitability of the home environment was evident. The pursuit for health promotion was done through the demand for healthcare system. Concerning education, the mothers are aware of the importance of the study and of monitoring its development. Despite the limitations and difficulties, it was observed that they care for and educate their children with the intention of raising good natured and responsible people for the society.

Se objetivó analizar el enfrentamiento de las madres no videntes en el cuidado de los hijos menores de 12 años enfatizando en la promoción de la salud, prevención de riesgos y la educación. Estudio cualitativo desarrollado en la ciudad de Fortaleza-CE, en la casa de nueve madres no videntes. Se aplicó una entrevista semi-estructurada de la cual surgieron los núcleos de sentido: adecuación del ambiente del hogar para la prevención de accidentes; prevención y tratamiento de las enfermedades y seguimiento de la vida escolar. El análisis de datos se basó en los conceptos de enfrentamiento y en el interaccionismo simbólico. Se evidenció que las madres son conscientes de la adecuación del ambiente en el hogar. Con relación a la educación, las madres comprenden la importancia del estudio y de acompañar el desarrollo escolar. A pesar de las limitaciones y dificultades, se observó que ellas cuidan y educan sus hijos basados en buenos principios sociales.

Objetivou-se analisar o enfrentamento de mães cegas no cuidado dos filhos menores de 12 anos, com ênfase na promoção da saúde, prevenção de riscos e educação. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo desenvolvido em Fortaleza-CE, no domicílio de nove mães cegas. Aplicou-se uma entrevista semiestruturada, em que emergiram os núcleos de sentido: adequação do ambiente domiciliar para a prevenção de acidentes domésticos; e prevenção e tratamento de doenças e acompanhamento da vida escolar. A análise dos dados fundamentou-se nos conceitos de enfrentamento e interacionismo simbólico. Evidenciou o fato de que as mães têm consciência da adequação do ambiente domiciliar. A busca da promoção da saúde deu-se pela procura do sistema de saúde. Quanto à educação, as mães compreendem a importância do estudo e de acompanhar o seu desenvolvimento. Apesar das limitações e dificuldades, observou-se que elas cuidam e educam seus filhos com a intenção de formar pessoas de boa índole, responsáveis, para a sociedade.