Neighborhood eviction trajectories and odds of moderate and serious psychological distress during pregnancy among African American women.

African American mothers are unjustly burdened by both residential evictions and psychological distress. We quantified associations between trajectories of neighborhood evictions over time and the odds of moderate and serious psychological distress (MPD and SPD, respectively) during pregnancy among African American women. We linked publicly available data on neighborhood eviction filing and judgment rates to preconception and during-pregnancy addresses from the Life-course Influences on Fetal Environments (LIFE) Study (2009-2011; n = 808). Multinomial logistic regression-estimated odds of MPD and SPD during pregnancy that were associated with eviction filing and judgment rate trajectories incorporating preconception and during-pregnancy addresses (each categorized as low, medium, or high, with two 9-category trajectory measures). Psychological distress was measured with the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) (K6 scores 5-12 = MPD, and K6 scores ≥13 = SPD). MPD was reported in 60% of the sample and SPD in 8%. In adjusted models, higher neighborhood eviction filing and judgment rates, as compared with low/low rates, during the preconception and pregnancy periods were associated with 2- to 4-fold higher odds of both MPD and SPD during pregnancy among African American women. In future studies, researchers should identify mechanisms of these findings to inform timely community-based interventions and effective policy solutions to ensure the basic human right to housing for all. This article is part of a Special Collection on Mental Health.

Climate change and the adverse impact on the health and well-being of women and girls from the Women's Health Expert Panel of the American Academy of Nursing.

Climate change has measurable adverse impact on the general and reproductive health of women and girls. Multinational government organizations, private foundations, and consumer groups identify anthropogenic disruptions in social and ecological environments as the primary threats to human health this century. Drought, micronutrient shortage, famine, mass migration, conflict over resources, and effects on mental health resulting from displacement and war are challenging effects to manage. The most severe effects will be felt by those with the least resources to prepare for and adapt to changes. Climate change is a phenomenon of interest to women's health professionals because women and girls are more vulnerable to the effects due to a combination of physiologic, biologic, cultural, and socioeconomic risk factors. Nurses, with our scientific foundation, human-centered approach, and position of trust in societies can be leaders in efforts at mitigation, adaptation, and building resilience in response to changes in our planetary health.

Effect of Social Environments on Cardiovascular Disease in the United States.

Background This study aims to examine the effect of time-variant perceived neighborhood social cohesion, perceived neighborhood physical disorder, and local crime on cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence from 2006 through 2016. Methods and Results We obtained data from the Health & Retirement Study. Respondents aged ≥50 years and with no recorded history of CVD until 2006 (N=8826) were included and followed for 10 years. Cox proportional hazards models were estimated with CVD incidence as an outcome variable and time-variant social environment factors (perceived neighborhood social cohesion, perceived neighborhood physical disorder, and local crime) as exposures, after controlling for sociodemographic factors and CVD-related risk/protective factors. Our results showed that perceived neighborhood social cohesion was associated with CVD among Black respondents, but not Hispanic and White respondents. Perceived neighborhood physical disorder and local crime rates were not associated with CVD incidence across all racial and ethnic groups. Conclusions The results demonstrate that perceptions of favorable social environments need to be considered to reduce CVD risk among Black adults. Further research is needed to identify different pathways through which living in favorable social environments benefits cardiovascular health by racial and ethnic groups.

Mapping the Way to Good Health: The Interdisciplinary Challenges of Geographers in Medical Research.

Geography has an important role to play in shaping the direction of medical research. In particular, its tools and theory provide essential understanding to the impacts of place on health behaviors and outcomes. Understanding some of its evolution-particularly into the subfield of medical geography-is therefore useful both for geographers and medical researchers. In this paper, we present some of the debates that geographers have grappled with, the growth of GIS (particularly in the context of medical research), some important methodological considerations that geographers help center, and some recommendations for future work at this nexus. Throughout, we speak from the perspective of geographers who have worked nearly exclusively in the health sciences since obtaining our PhDs.

An ego-centred approach for the evaluation of spatial effects on health in urban areas based on parametric semi-variogram models: concept and validation.

BACKGROUND: Neighbourhood is a complex structure but of high relevance for health. Its operationalisation remains however a challenge.The aim of this work is to present a new application of the use of semi-variograms as an approach for the evaluation of spatial effects on health. For this, we propose to estimate two parameters providing a measure of an average neighbourhood or spatial effect at city level without having to predefine any notion of physical neighbourhood. METHODS: We present the statistical method to estimate the parameters of this correlation neighbourhood by fitting an exponential model to the empirical semi-variogram at short distances. With a simulation study, we show for which sample size and sampling density the method performs well and illustrate how to use the method with data from a birth cohort using the outcome birthweight. RESULTS: For small sample sizes (500) the method provides reliable estimates if the density of observations is high. For larger sample sizes other parameters influencing the quality of estimates are the maximal distance at which the semi-variograms are estimated. CONCLUSIONS: Given the complexity of spatial scales relative to neighbourhood spatial processes, our approach offers the possibility to incorporate existing approaches to the operationalisation of neighbourhood in quantitative analyses while providing a measure of the part of health inequalities which could be possibly due to unmeasured spatial exposure as well as a measure of their spatial scale.

Variabilidad y cambio climáticos: su repercusión en la salud / Variability and climatic changes: their influence on health

A lo largo de la historia la tierra ha experimentado cambios en los parámetros climáticos de temperatura, humedad, presión, vientos, precipitaciones, nubosidad, entre otros. Inicialmente, a esos cambios que dependen fundamentalmente de la naturaleza se les llamaba variabilidad natural del clima, pero desde hace varios años en estos ha incidido la acción del hombre, por lo que se ha usado también la expresión cambio climático antropogénico. Al respecto, los impactos del cambio climático en sistemas humanos y naturales se prevén graves, de largo alcance y capaces de afectar desproporcionadamente a los sectores de la población más vulnerables física y económicamente; por ello muchos países, entre ellos Cuba, han trabajado para minimizar las consecuencias de este. Los autores de este artículo consideraron importante describir los efectos actuales y futuros de la variabilidad y el cambio climáticos en la salud.

Along history the earth has experienced changes in the climatic parameters of temperature, humidity, pressure, winds, rains, nubosity, among others. Initially, those changes which depend fundamentally on nature were called natural variability of climate, but for several years the man's action has impacted on them, so that the expression anthropogenic climatic change has also been used. On this respect, the impacts of the climatic change on human and natural systems are considered severe, of long reach and able to affect disproportionately the physically and economically more vulnerable population's sectors; so that many countries, among them Cuba, have worked to minimize its consequences. The authors of this work considered important to describe the current and futures effects of the variability and the climatic change in health.

Efectos de los plaguicidas sobre el ambiente y la salud / Effects of pesticides on health and the environment

Desde las épocas tempranas del surgimiento y desarrollo del hombre, se tuvo la necesidad de combatir las plagas que afectaban sus cultivos y productos con el uso de sustancias capaces de eliminarlos. El objetivo de este artículo es exponer los aspectos fundamentales de los plaguicidas relacionados con la salud humana y el ecosistema. Las temáticas abordadas incluyeron: la historia de su uso, la clasificación, los usos más frecuentes, los efectos sobre el medio ambiente y la salud humana y las alternativas de su empleo. Se ha acumulado suficiente evidencia de los riesgos que conlleva el uso excesivo e indiscriminado de los plaguicidas para la salud y el ambiente(AU)

Ever since early stages in the development of mankind, there has been a need to fight pests affecting crops and products with the use of substances capable of eliminating them. A presentation is provided of the main effects of pesticides on human health and the ecosystem. The following topics are dealt with: history of the use of pesticides, classification, most common uses, effects on the environment and human health, and alternatives to their employment. Enough evidence has been gathered about the risks posed by the excessive, indiscriminate use of pesticides for health and the environment(AU)

Efectos de los plaguicidas sobre el ambiente y la salud / Effects of pesticides on health and the environment

Desde las épocas tempranas del surgimiento y desarrollo del hombre, se tuvo la necesidad de combatir las plagas que afectaban sus cultivos y productos con el uso de sustancias capaces de eliminarlos. El objetivo de este artículo es exponer los aspectos fundamentales de los plaguicidas relacionados con la salud humana y el ecosistema. Las temáticas abordadas incluyeron: la historia de su uso, la clasificación, los usos más frecuentes, los efectos sobre el medio ambiente y la salud humana y las alternativas de su empleo. Se ha acumulado suficiente evidencia de los riesgos que conlleva el uso excesivo e indiscriminado de los plaguicidas para la salud y el ambiente.(AU)

Ever since early stages in the development of mankind, there has been a need to fight pests affecting crops and products with the use of substances capable of eliminating them. A presentation is provided of the main effects of pesticides on human health and the ecosystem. The following topics are dealt with: history of the use of pesticides, classification, most common uses, effects on the environment and human health, and alternatives to their employment. Enough evidence has been gathered about the risks posed by the excessive, indiscriminate use of pesticides for health and the environment.(AU)

El cambio climático y sus efectos en la salud / Climate change and its effects on health

El calentamiento global se ha acentuado en los últimos 50 años. El cambio climático es el efecto que percibimos de dicho calentamiento, el cual tiene alcance mundial, pero con comportamiento desigual en las diferentes latitudes. Los seres humanos son los responsables del cambio climático, el cual se traduce como cambios en la temperatura, la humedad, la velocidad del viento y la repercusión sobre todos los seres vivos, donde es la humanidad la que recibe los mayores daños a la salud. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir los efectos actuales y futuros que pudiera ocasionar el cambio climático en la salud. Se realizó una búsqueda automatizada en bases de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud: (MEDLINE, LILACS), y en el sitio de Scholar Google, donde se encontraron 45 publicaciones, de las que fueron utilizadas 20 por su actualidad, todas en idioma español. La mayoría de la literatura revisada ha sido publicada en los últimos cinco años. Se concluye que los efectos en la salud provocados por el cambio climático precisan de nuevas estrategias para mitigarlos, con enfoque multidisciplinario e intersectorial, donde las acciones de prevención y promoción de salud son imprescindibles en el abordaje de esta temática.

Global warming has increased in the last 50 years. Climate change is the perceivable effect of global warming. Though climate change affects the entire planet, its behavior varies between regions. Human beings are responsible for climate change, which takes the form of variations in temperature, humidity and wind speed. Climate change affects all species, but it is in human health where the greatest damage is observed. The paper is aimed at describing the potential current and future impact of climate change on health. Online search was conducted in databases from the Virtual Health Library (MEDLINE, LILACS) and in Google Scholar. Forty-five publications were found, all of them in Spanish, of which 20 were included due to their updatedness. Most of the bibliography reviewed was published in the last five years. It is concluded that the effects of climate change on health require new mitigation strategies with a multidisciplinary and intersectoral approach of which health prevention and promotion are indispensable components.

El cambio climático y sus efectos en la salud / Climate change and its effects on health

El calentamiento global se ha acentuado en los últimos 50 años. El cambio climático es el efecto que percibimos de dicho calentamiento, el cual tiene alcance mundial, pero con comportamiento desigual en las diferentes latitudes. Los seres humanos son los responsables del cambio climático, el cual se traduce como cambios en la temperatura, la humedad, la velocidad del viento y la repercusión sobre todos los seres vivos, donde es la humanidad la que recibe los mayores daños a la salud. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir los efectos actuales y futuros que pudiera ocasionar el cambio climático en la salud. Se realizó una búsqueda automatizada en bases de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud: (MEDLINE, LILACS), y en el sitio de Scholar Google, donde se encontraron 45 publicaciones, de las que fueron utilizadas 20 por su actualidad, todas en idioma español. La mayoría de la literatura revisada ha sido publicada en los últimos cinco años. Se concluye que los efectos en la salud provocados por el cambio climático precisan de nuevas estrategias para mitigarlos, con enfoque multidisciplinario e intersectorial, donde las acciones de prevención y promoción de salud son imprescindibles en el abordaje de esta temática.(AU)

Global warming has increased in the last 50 years. Climate change is the perceivable effect of global warming. Though climate change affects the entire planet, its behavior varies between regions. Human beings are responsible for climate change, which takes the form of variations in temperature, humidity and wind speed. Climate change affects all species, but it is in human health where the greatest damage is observed. The paper is aimed at describing the potential current and future impact of climate change on health. Online search was conducted in databases from the Virtual Health Library (MEDLINE, LILACS) and in Google Scholar. Forty-five publications were found, all of them in Spanish, of which 20 were included due to their updatedness. Most of the bibliography reviewed was published in the last five years. It is concluded that the effects of climate change on health require new mitigation strategies with a multidisciplinary and intersectoral approach of which health prevention and promotion are indispensable components.(AU)