"We've Always Been Kind of Kicked to the Curb": A Mixed-Methods Assessment of Discrimination Experiences among College Students.

Background: Experiences of discrimination are prevalent among minority populations, although often empirical evidence does not provide depth into the source and types of discrimination, such as racial/ethnic, gender-based, age, etc. The goal of this study was to assess the unique patterns, types, and sources of discrimination experiences that college students face and explore the role these experiences play in their mental health. Methods: An explanatory sequential mixed-methods study was utilized. Quantitative assessment of college students from a Hispanic and minority-serving institution was conducted to evaluate experiences of discrimination and its association to physical health and mental health (including psychological distress), as well as food insecurity, a marker for poverty. Next, qualitative data were thematically analyzed to further provide an in depth understanding on the sources of such experiences, types of discriminations, as well as the impact on mental health. Results: Results of the quantitative assessment highlight that discrimination was prevalent among the population with a higher everyday discrimination score significantly associated with serious psychological distress, low mental health status, low physical health status, and being food insecure. Further, most of the participants reported that they felt discriminated due to their appearance, with race/ethnicity and skin color as next most commonly cited reasons. Qualitative assessment further demonstrates distinct types of discrimination experiences from a variety of sources. Within a family, colorism and having an American accent while speaking a native language was a predominant source, while among peers, having a non-American accent was a primary source of discrimination experiences. Such experiences based on elitism, gender, and age (being younger) from the workplace were prevalent among the target population. Finally, feelings of isolation, not belonging, as well as negative impact on self-efficacy and self-worth were noted. Conclusion: Experiences of discrimination are prevalent among college students, including from within family and peers. To improve mental health outcomes of such a population, campus-based measures are needed to promote resiliency and social support, as well as community-based initiatives to promote workplace training to create inclusive environments for younger generations entering the workforce.

Celebrity Politics and Democratic Elitism.

Is there good reason to worry about celebrity involvement in democratic politics? The rise of celebrity politicians such as Donald Trump and Vladimir Zelensky has led political theorists and commentators to worry that the role of expertise in democratic politics has been undermined. According to one recent critique (Archer et al. 2020), celebrities possess a significant degree of epistemic power (the power to influence what people believe) that is unconnected to appropriate expertise. This presents a problem both for deliberative and epistemic theories of democratic legitimacy, which ignore this form of power, and for real existing democracies attempting to meet the standards of legitimacy set out by these theories. But do these critiques apply to democratic elitism? In this paper, we argue that recognition of celebrity epistemic power in fact represents a valuable resource for supporting the legitimacy and practice of democratic elitism, though these benefits do come with certain risks to which elite theories are particularly vulnerable.

Mitigation of ocular artifacts for EEG signal using improved earth worm optimization-based neural network and lifting wavelet transform.

An Electroencephalogram (EEG) is often tarnished by various categories of artifacts. Numerous efforts have been taken to improve its quality by eliminating the artifacts. The EEG involves the biological artifacts (ocular artifacts, ECG and EMG artifacts), and technical artifacts (noise from the electric power source, amplitude artifacts, etc.). From these physiological artifacts, ocular activities are one of the most well-known over other noise sources. Reducing the risks of this event and avoid it is practically very difficult, even impossible, as the ocular activities are involuntary tasks. To trim down the effect of ocular artifacts overlapping with EEG signal and overwhelm the subjected flaws, few intelligent approaches have to be developed. This proposal tempts to implement a novel method for detecting and preventing ocular artifacts from the EEG signal. The developed model involves two main phases: (a) Detection of Ocular artifacts and (b) Removal of ocular artifacts. For detecting the ocular artifacts, initially, the EEG is subjected to decomposition process using 5-level Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and Empirical Mean Curve Decomposition (EMCD). Next to the decomposition process, the features like kurtosis, variance, Shannon's entropy, and few first-order statistical features are extracted. These features will be helpful for the detection process in the classification side. For detecting the ocular artifacts from the decomposed signal, the extracted features are subjected to a machine learning algorithm called Neural Network (NN). As an improvement to the conventional NN, the training algorithm of ANN is improved by the improved Earth Worm optimization Algorithm (EWA) termed as Dual Positioned Elitism-based EWA (DPE-EWA), which updates the weight of NN to improve the performance. In the Removal phase, the optimized Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT) is deployed, in which the improvement is made on optimizing the filter coefficients using the proposed DPE-EWA. Thus, the integration of optimized NN and optimized LWT suggests a potential possibility to accommodate the detection and removal of ocular artifacts that exist in the EEG signals.

A popularização do perfil dos estudantes de Psicologia no Brasil / The popularization of the profile of Psychology students in Brazil / La popularización del perfil de los estudiantes de Psicología en Brasil

Objetiva-se com o estudo realizar uma análise longitudional do perfil sociodemográfico dos estudantes de Psicologia no Brasil, a partir das informações dos concludentes que participaram do Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes do Ensino Superior (Enade) nos anos de 2009, 2012 e 2015. O estudo contou com 28.227 concluintes respondentes, assim distribuídos: 5.190 em 2009, 6.993 em 2012 e 16.044 em 2015. A análise foi feita em duas etapas utilizando-se do software Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 21, com base na análise de frequência e do tipo two-step cluster das principais variáveis que caracterizam o perfil dos estudantes. Conclui-se, dentre os perfis formados, que ao longo dos três ciclos avaliativos do Enade houve significativa ascensão do grupo do tipo mais popular entre os estudantes de Psicologia, devido ao processo de expansão do ensino superior, alterando o histórico perfil elitista que tanto caracterizou a formação de psicólogos no Brasil

This study aims to conduct a longitudinal analysis of the sociodemographic profile of Psychology students in Brazil from information of final year students who took part in the National Assessment of Higher Education Students Performance (Enade) in the years 2009, 2012 and 2015. The study included 28,227 final year students, distributed as follows: 5,190 in 2009, 6,993 in 2012 and 16,044 in 2015. The analysis was conducted in two phases using the software Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21, performing frequency analysis and two-step cluster analysis of the variables of the profile of the students. It was concluded that, among the formed profiles, throughout the three Enade cycles considered, there was a significant increase of the groups considered less elitist among psychology students due to the process of expansion of higher education, changing the historically elitist profile that has been characteristic of psychologists in Brazil

Se pretende con el estudio realizar un análisis longitudinal del perfil sociodemográfico de los estudiantes de Psicología en Brasil, a partir de las informaciones de los concluyentes que participaron del Examen Nacional de Desempeño de los Estudiantes de la Enseñanza Superior (Enade) en los años 2009, 2012 y 2015. El estudio contó con 28.227 concluyentes respondedores, distribuidos: 5.190 en 2009, 6.993 en 2012 y 16.044 en 2015. El análisis se realizó en dos etapas utilizando el software Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versión 21, basado en el análisis de frecuencia y del tipo two-step cluster de las principales variables que caracterizan el perfil de los estudiantes. Se concluye, entre los perfiles formados, que a lo largo de los tres ciclos evaluativos del Enade hubo significativa ascensión del grupo del tipo más popular entre los estudiantes de Psicología, debido al proceso de expansión de la enseñanza superior, cambiando el histórico perfil elitista que tanto caracterizó la formación de psicólogos en Brasil

Modelling Evolutionary Algorithms with Stochastic Differential Equations.

There has been renewed interest in modelling the behaviour of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) by more traditional mathematical objects, such as ordinary differential equations or Markov chains. The advantage is that the analysis becomes greatly facilitated due to the existence of well established methods. However, this typically comes at the cost of disregarding information about the process. Here, we introduce the use of stochastic differential equations (SDEs) for the study of EAs. SDEs can produce simple analytical results for the dynamics of stochastic processes, unlike Markov chains which can produce rigorous but unwieldy expressions about the dynamics. On the other hand, unlike ordinary differential equations (ODEs), they do not discard information about the stochasticity of the process. We show that these are especially suitable for the analysis of fixed budget scenarios and present analogues of the additive and multiplicative drift theorems from runtime analysis. In addition, we derive a new more general multiplicative drift theorem that also covers non-elitist EAs. This theorem simultaneously allows for positive and negative results, providing information on the algorithm's progress even when the problem cannot be optimised efficiently. Finally, we provide results for some well-known heuristics namely Random Walk (RW), Random Local Search (RLS), the (1+1) EA, the Metropolis Algorithm (MA), and the Strong Selection Weak Mutation (SSWM) algorithm.

Simbolização e objetos na vida psíquica: os objetos tutores / Symbolization and objects in psychic life: objects that tutor / Simbolización y objetos en la vida psíquica: los objetos tutores / Symbolisation et objets dans la vie psychique: les objets tuteurs

Neste trabalho, o autor sustenta a hipótese da presença daquilo que denomina como objeto tutor - cujo estatuto difere do objeto transicional - e o relaciona com os processos de simbolização presentes no bebê, no adulto e na arte. Para tanto, apresenta vinhetas de observação de bebês, de um caso clínico e exemplos extraídos da arte, por meio de pinturas e de poemas que plasmariam também a hipótese. O objeto tutor emergiria como uma forma de cocriação psíquica com o outro, revelando a especial importância a intersubjetividade nesse processo. O autor desenvolve o conceito de expansão do objeto tutor numa futura função de testemunho, ou seja, como objeto portador de uma memória afetiva do sujeito que possibilitaria uma certa vivência de continuidade psíquica

In this paper, the author defends a hypothetical existence of a "tutoring" object - whose statute differs from the transitional object. The author relates this object to those processes of symbolization that happen to babies, adults, and art. He presents vignettes in which we can observe babies and a clinical case. He also brings some examples from art, by using paintings and poems to illustrate the hypothesis. The tutoring object would emerge as a way of psychic cocreation with the other, by revealing the particular importance of intersubjectivity in this process. The author develops the concept of spreading the tutoring object into a future function of testimony. In other words, it would be like an object that carries the subject's affective memory, which would enable a certain experience of psychic continuity

En este trabajo el autor sostiene la hipótesis de la presencia de lo que denomina "objeto tutor", diferente del objeto transicional, y su correlación con los procesos de simbolización presentes en el bebé, en el adulto y en el arte. Para eso, presenta viñetas de observación de bebés, de un caso clínico y ejemplos extraídos del arte, a través de pinturas y poemas que confirmarían, también, esa hipótesis. El objeto tutor emergería como una forma de co-creacíon psíquica con el otro, dándole así especial importancia al papel de la intersubjetividad. Desarrolla el concepto de la abertura de este "objeto tutor" hacia una futura función de testigo, como objeto portador de una memoria afectiva del sujeto, que daría una cierta vivencia de continuidad psíquica

Dans ce travail, l'auteur soutient l'hypothèse de la présence de ce qu'il appelle l'objet tuteur - dont le statut est différent de l'objet transitionnel - et il le met en rapport avec les processus de symbolisation chez le bébé, chez l'adulte et dans l'art, au moyen de peintures et de poèmes que figeraient aussi l'hypothèse. L'objet tuteur émergerait comme une façon de co-création psychique avec l'autre, en révélant l'importance spéciale de l'intersubjectivité dans ce processus. L'auteur développe le concept d'expansion de l'objet tuteur dans une future fonction de témoignage, soit, comme un objet porteur d'une mémoire affective du sujet qui rendrait possible une certaine expérience de continuité psychique

A formação pelo mundo: ideias, modelos e possibilidades de acesso / La formación psicoanalítica en el mundo ­ ideas, modelos y posibilidades de acceso / The worldwide training on psychoanalysis ­ ideas, models, and possibilities of access to psychoanalytic training / La formation par le monde ­ des idées, des modèles et des possibilités d'accès

Começando com um relato autobiográfico, a autora desenvolve considerações sobre a importância de se incluírem contingentes mais amplos de pretendentes à formação psicanalítica, possibilitando que o critério econômico não funcione como um gargalo que impediria a chegada de jovens promissores para nosso Instituto. Um inquérito realizado em 2012 entre os candidatos da APSA é usado para exemplificar como os problemas encontrados durante a formação são, em grande parte e não apenas no Brasil, de ordem econômica e podem impedir a qualificação final do psicanalista. Se a psicanálise pretende ser inovadora e romper o rótulo de elitista, deverá refletir seriamente a respeito de como possibilitar o acesso de pessoas não provenientes dos estratos mais ricos à formação. A autora finaliza formulando algumas propostas práticas para atender tal objetivo.

The author starts this paper from a self-biographic report. She makes considerations about the importance of increasing the number of applicants for psychoanalytic training by enabling promising young people, who could not afford an expensive training, to be part of our Institute. In other words, the author believes that economic factors should not stop good candidates from applying for psychoanalytic training. The author illustrates this issue with an inquiry from 2012 among the candidates to APSA. The results reveal that economic factors are a significant obstacle to overcome in order to accomplish psychoanalytic training, not only in Brazil, but also in the United States. If the psychoanalytic community intends to preserve the innovative character of psychoanalysis and wants to reject the label of elitist, it is vital to study ways to enable more people - other than only the economically privileged candidates - to access the psychoanalytic training. In the conclusion of the paper, the author suggests some practical measures in order to achieve her purpose.

Comenzando con un relato autobiográfico, la autora desarrolla consideraciones sobre la importancia de que se incluyan contingentes más amplios de pretendientes a la formación psicoanalítica, para que el criterio económico no funcione como un impedimento para la llegada de jóvenes promisores a nuestro Instituto. Utiliza una encuesta realizada en 2012 entre los candidatos de la APSA como ejemplo para mostrar que los problemas encontrados durante la formación son en gran parte de orden económica, no sólo en Brasil, y pueden impedir la calificación final del psicoanalista. Si el psicoanálisis pretende ser innovador y romper con el rótulo de ser elitista, debe reflexionar seriamente en lo que respecta a posibilitar el acceso a la formación de personas que no provienen de los estratos más ricos. La autora finaliza aportando algunas propuestas prácticas para alcanzar este objetivo.

Tout en commençant par un récit autobiographique, l'auteur développe des considérations sur l'importance d'inclure des contingents plus importants de prétendants à la formation psychanalytique, en créant des conditions pour que le critère économique ne fonctionne pas comme un goulot capable d'empêcher l'arrivée de jeunes prometteurs à notre institut. On emploie une enquête mené en 2012 entre les candidats de l' APSA pour exemplifier comment les problèmes retrouvés pendant la formation sont, en grande partie, et non seulement au Brésil, d'ordre économique, et comment ils peuvent empêcher la qualification final du psychanalyste. Si la psychanalyse prétend être innovatrice et faire disparaître la désignation d'élitiste, elle devra réfléchir sérieusement sur la façon de permettre l'accès à la formation aux personnes qui ne sont pas issues des couches sociales les plus riches. L'auteur termine en présentant quelques propositions pratiques pour atteindre cet objectif.

Quem é o estudante de psicologia do Brasil? / Who are the brazilian undergraduate psychology students?

O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir a tese da elitização do curso de graduação em Psicologia no Brasil, com base na análise dos dados sociodemográficos dos estudantes de Psicologia que participaram do ENADE-2006. O artigo está subdividido em três partes. Inicialmente, são delineadas as características sociodemográficas dos estudantes de Psicologia a partir do questionário socioeconômico que acompanhou o ENADE-2006. Em seguida, trata-se da questão da elitização do curso de Psicologia propriamente dita, buscando identificar percursos acadêmicos possíveis mediante uma análise classificatória multidimensional de um conjunto de dados socioeconômicos selecionados. Finalmente, as características sociodemográficas dos estudantes de Psicologia e os dois principais percursos acadêmicos delineados pela análise (elitizado e não-elitizado) são retomados e discutidos, em resposta à questão da elitização do curso de Psicologia.(AU)

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the restriction of access in Brazilian undergraduate academic formation in Psychology to socioeconomically privileged (elite) students. Data issued from socio demographic survey collected among students having participated in ENADE-2006 examination were analyzed for this discussion. The paper covers three sections: the first one summarizes socio demographic characteristics of undergraduate students of Psychology who answered the ENADE-2006 socioeconomic questionnaire; the second section discusses the very question of socioeconomic restriction of access to undergraduate academic formation in Psychology, trying to contribute to the identification of diverse academic paths through a multidimensional analysis of a selected socioeconomic set of data; finally, socio demographic characteristics of undergraduate Psychology students and the two main academic paths (elite vs. non-elite) which emerged from multidimensional analysis are discussed, in order to answer the triggering question about the socioeconomic restriction of access to Brazilian undergraduate academic formation in Psychology.(AU)

Quem é o estudante de psicologia do Brasil? / Who are the brazilian undergraduate psychology students?

O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir a tese da elitização do curso de graduação em Psicologia no Brasil, com base na análise dos dados sociodemográficos dos estudantes de Psicologia que participaram do ENADE-2006. O artigo está subdividido em três partes. Inicialmente, são delineadas as características sociodemográficas dos estudantes de Psicologia a partir do questionário socioeconômico que acompanhou o ENADE-2006. Em seguida, trata-se da questão da elitização do curso de Psicologia propriamente dita, buscando identificar percursos acadêmicos possíveis mediante uma análise classificatória multidimensional de um conjunto de dados socioeconômicos selecionados. Finalmente, as características sociodemográficas dos estudantes de Psicologia e os dois principais percursos acadêmicos delineados pela análise (elitizado e não-elitizado) são retomados e discutidos, em resposta à questão da elitização do curso de Psicologia.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the restriction of access in Brazilian undergraduate academic formation in Psychology to socioeconomically privileged (elite) students. Data issued from socio demographic survey collected among students having participated in ENADE-2006 examination were analyzed for this discussion. The paper covers three sections: the first one summarizes socio demographic characteristics of undergraduate students of Psychology who answered the ENADE-2006 socioeconomic questionnaire; the second section discusses the very question of socioeconomic restriction of access to undergraduate academic formation in Psychology, trying to contribute to the identification of diverse academic paths through a multidimensional analysis of a selected socioeconomic set of data; finally, socio demographic characteristics of undergraduate Psychology students and the two main academic paths (elite vs. non-elite) which emerged from multidimensional analysis are discussed, in order to answer the triggering question about the socioeconomic restriction of access to Brazilian undergraduate academic formation in Psychology.