Actitudes hacia el endeudamiento y estrés financiero en adultos emergentes: rol mediador de las compras planificada e impulsiva / Attitudes toward debt and financial stress in emerging adults: mediating role of planning and impulsive buying

Resumen Introducción: la preocupación por las finanzas es una de las principales causas de estrés financiero, especialmente en grupos poblacionales con ingresos y trabajos inestables. El objetivo de este artículo fue determinar si las actitudes austera y hedonista hacia el endeudamiento se relacionan directamente con el estrés financiero e indirectamente a través de las actitudes de compra planificada e impulsiva en adultos emergentes. Método: el diseño fue transversal, con un alcance correlacional-explicativo. Se aplicaron escalas de autorreporte en formato en línea a una muestra conformada por 624 adultos emergentes (63.1 % mujeres). El promedio de edad fue 20.44 (DE = 3.35). Resultados: el análisis de ecuaciones estructurales reveló que las actitudes austeras se vinculan directamente con el estrés financiero, y también indirectamente a través de la compra planificada. En cuanto a las actitudes hedonistas, se encontró una asociación directa con la compra impulsiva, pero no con el estrés financiero. Conclusiones: el estrés financiero aumenta cuando los adultos emergentes tienen actitudes de compra más austeras y planificadas. Por lo tanto, tales actitudes pueden presionarlos a hacer un uso más eficiente del dinero. Sería interesante en futuros estudios tener muestras de otros rangos etarios que permitan comparar la evidencia encontrada para contribuir al desarrollo de estrategias de educación financiera basadas en la evidencia científica.

Abstract Introduction: Worry about finances is one of the main causes of financial stress, especially in population groups with unstable income and jobs. This article aimed to determine whether austere and hedonistic debt attitudes are directly related to financial stress and indirectly through planned and impulsive buying attitudes in emerging adults. Method: The design was cross-sectional, with a correlational-explanatory scope. Self-report scales were answered online by a sample of 624 emerging adults (63.1 % women) with an average age of 20.44 (SD = 3.35). Results: Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that austere attitudes are directly linked to financial stress, and indirectly through planned purchases. Regarding hedonistic attitudes, a direct association with impulsive buying was found, but no relationship with financial stress was observed. Conclusion: Financial stress increases when emerging adults have more austere and planned purchasing attitudes, therefore, they may feel pressure to make more efficient use of money. It would be interesting in future studies to have samples from other age ranges that allow comparing the evidence found to contribute to the development of Financial Education strategies based on scientific evidence.

Adaptation and Validation of the Perception of Anomie Scale in Chilean University Students.

The Perception of Anomie Scale (PAS) is a measure used to evaluate the state of society and whether it is disintegrated and deregulated. Although widely used, the psychometric properties of reliability, validity, and measurement invariance according to sex have not been studied in the Chilean university population. To explore these properties, a cross-sectional study was carried out with 383 students from public (45.7%) and private (54.3%) universities, with a mean age of 21.5 years (SD = 3.3). A CFA and ESEM were performed, which confirmed the two-factor correlated structure, achieving better goodness-of-fit indices by eliminating five items (RMSEA = 0.09; CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.95). This also provided evidence of reliability and measurement invariance according to sex. This study provides evidence of the psychometric quality of the PAS scale, thus allowing its use in the Chilean university context.

Movilidad estudiantil y adultez emergente: Un estudio exploratorio sobre la construcción de identidad en jóvenes universitarios

La presente investigación buscó comprender la relación entre los procesos de movilidad estudiantil y la construcción de la identidad en estudiantes de la Universidad Católica de Temuco. El estudio fue desarrollado a partir de una metodología cualitativa. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a estudiantes que participaron de una movilidad estudiantil internacional saliente. Los resultados demostraron que el proceso de movilidad estudiantil constituye un hito que permite el autoconocimiento y la construcción de un yo ideal. Lo anterior daría cuenta del aporte de la movilidad estudiantil en aspectos académicos, profesionales y en la construcción del yo del estudiante.

A presente pesquisa buscou compreender a relação entre os processos de mobilidade estudantil e a construção da identidade em estudantes da Universidade Católica de Temuco. A investigação desenvolveu-se a partir de uma metodologia qualitativa. Foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com estudantes que realizaram uma mobilidade estudantil internacional de saída. Os resultados revelaram que o processo de mobilidade estudantil constitui um marco que possibilitou o autoconhecimento e a construção de um eu ideal. Isso evidencia a contribuição da mobilidade estudantil em aspectos acadêmicos, profissionais e na construção do eu do estudante.

The aim of this research is to comprehend the relation between the student mobility procedures and the identity building of the students of Universidad Católica de Temuco. The methodology delivered in this research was a qualitative methodology following the grounded theory guidelines, considering the international outgoing mobility students. The results pointed out mobility procedures as a landmark that allows the self-knowledge and the construction of an ideal self. This confers the contribution of student mobility in academic and professional aspects as well as the construction of self of the student.

The Influence of Lifestyle on High-Density Lipoprotein Concentration among Mexican Emerging Adults.

Previous studies have highlighted the role of lifestyle on HDL-C concentrations in adults. To our knowledge, the health and nutritional status of emerging adults have been understudied. The present study aimed to explore the most important lifestyle factors, including micronutrient intake adequacy and the percentage of energy from food processing, according to HDL-C concentrations in emerging adults. In this context, a cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 261 Mexican emerging adults who were apparently healthy. Lifestyle factors were collected through a structured survey and the prevalence of micronutrient intake inadequacy was estimated using the estimated average requirement cut-point method. The percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods was assessed using the NOVA system. HDL-C was determined using the enzymatic colorimetric method. Statistical analyses were conducted in SPSS. The results revealed that lifestyle factors do not differ according to HDL-C status. The participants showed a poor nutritional diet that was energy-dense and micronutrient-inadequate. Nearly half of their energy came from processed and ultra-processed foods. Most participants did not meet the recommendations for key nutrients (ϖ3 fatty acids and phytosterols) that promote a healthy lipid status. In conclusion, regardless of their HDL-C levels, emerging adults exhibited lifestyle-related risk factors. The persistence of these findings over time could contribute to the development of metabolic disorders in the future. It is crucial to increase understanding and to develop effective nutritional interventions during this critical phase of life.

Well-being, character strengths, and depression in emerging adults.

Introduction: Emerging adulthood is a period of transition between adolescence and adulthood, during which individuals explore different roles and possibilities. This period is often characterized by high levels of stress and uncertainty, which can increase the risk of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between emerging adulthood dimensions, well-being, character strengths and depression, as well as to verify the differences in the levels of these elements among different groups of depressive symptomatology. Methods: Participants were 1,060 individuals (741 females, 305 males) between the ages of 18 and 30 years (M = 22.3, SD = 3.72). Spearman's correlation, linear regression, and Kruskal- Wallis with pairwise post-hoc analyses were used to analyze the data. Results: There were significant positive correlations between emerging adulthood dimensions, well-being, and character strengths, and negative correlations between these variables and depression. There were also significant differences in the means of the evaluated constructs among the symptomm groups. Discussion: The findings suggest that emerging adulthood dimensions, well-being, and character strengths are all associated with depression in emerging adults and have important implications for the provision of interventions in health and education for emerging adults. The study provides a deeper understanding of the factors influencing depression during emerging adulthood and emphasize the importance of promoting positive psychology elements and developing personalized interventions for emerging adults. This also suggest that public policies related to mental health and education should take into account the unique needs of emerging adults.

Analysis of the Mental and Physical Health Symptomatology Scale in a Sample of Emerging and Migrant Adults in Chile.

Health inequities exist in groups of greater psychosocial vulnerability such as emerging adults and migrants. The study aimed to generate evidence of the validity of the mental and physical health symptomatology scale in two samples of vulnerable groups: emerging university adults, who report high levels of mental health problems, and migrants, who report high levels of physical and mental health problems. Using non-probability sampling, in the first study, evidence of construct validity of the scale was reported in 652 emerging adults and, in the second, evidence of validity was provided from associations with the depression, stress and anxiety scale (DASS-21) among 283 migrants. The results indicate that in Study 1 the two-factor model had adequate indicators of fit and adequate reliability; only the mental health factor presented evidence of convergent validity. In Study 2, the mental health factor showed positive and large associations with the DASS-21, which decreased when the physical health symptoms factor was considered. These analyses provide evidence of validity for the scale, which is an easy-to-use instrument that allows for the assessment of health from an integral perspective.

Propósito vital y su relación con las actividades extracurriculares y laborales en estudiantes universitarios

Resumen: El inicio de los estudios universitarios constituye un momento de transición y crisis. Poseer un propósito vital (PV) puede contribuir a la adaptación de los estudiantes. Las actividades extracurriculares y laborales son contextos con potencial para el desarrollo del PV. Este trabajo se propone indagar la relación entre la participación en actividades extracurriculares y laborales con el sentido de PV de estudiantes que inician sus estudios universitarios. Como objetivo secundario se realizó la validación de la Escala de Propósito Vital para Estudiantes Universitarios (EPVE). Por lo tanto, esta investigación se dividió en dos fases. En total participaron 232 estudiantes de ambos sexos (mujeres, 60.3%). En la primera fase se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas de la EPVE. Los resultados indican que posee una adecuada validez de contenido y factorial, y una buena consistencia interna. En la segunda fase, se seleccionaron de la muestra total a los estudiantes que iniciaban sus estudios universitarios y se encontraban en la adultez emergente (n = 160). Se comparó el sentido de PV en función de la participación en las actividades, y se analizó la relación entre el PV y el grado de vinculación percibida entre las actividades y la carrera. Los resultados indicaron que la participación en actividades laborales se asocia a una menor identificación de PV. Sin embargo, cuando se perciben vinculadas a la carrera universitaria, se asocia a una mayor identificación de PV.

Abstract: The beginning of university studies constitutes a moment of transition and crisis. Having a purpose in life (PL) can contribute to students' adaptation. Extracurricular and work activities are contexts with potential for the development of PL. This work aims to investigate the relationship between participation in extracurricular and work activities with the sense of PL in students who begin their university studies. As a secondary objective, the validation of the Purpose in Life Scale for University Students (PLSS) was carried out. Therefore, this research was divided in two stages. A total of 232 students of both sexes participated (women, 60.3%). In the first stage, the psychometric properties of the PLSS were analyzed. The results indicate that it has adequate content and factor validity, and good internal consistency. In the second stage, students who were beginning their university studies and were emerging adults (n = 160) were selected from the total sample. The sense of PL was compared based on the participation in activities, and the relationship between PL and the degree of perceived link between activities and career was analyzed. The results indicated that the participation in work activities was associated with a lower identification of PL. However, when it was perceived as linked to a university career, it was associated with a greater identification of PL.

Resumo: O início dos estudos universitários constitui um momento de transição e crise. Possuir um propósito vital (PV) pode contribuir para a adaptação dos alunos. As atividades extracurriculares e laborais são contextos com potencial para o desenvolvimento da PV. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a relação entre a participação em atividades extracurriculares e laborais com o sentido de PV de estudantes que iniciam seus estudos universitários. Como objetivo secundário, foi realizada a validação da Escala de Propósito Vital para Estudantes Universitários (EPVE). Portanto, esta pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases. No total, participaram 232 alunos de ambos os sexos (mulheres, 60,3%). Na primeira fase, foram analisadas as propriedades psicométricas do EPVE. Os resultados indicam que possui validade de conteúdo e fatorial adequada e boa consistência interna. Na segunda fase, foram selecionados do total da amostra alunos que estavam iniciando seus estudos universitários e em fase adulta emergente (n = 160). Comparou-se o sentido de PV em função da participação nas atividades, e analisou-se a relação entre PV e o grau de vínculo percebido entre atividades e carreira. Os resultados indicam que a participação em atividades laborais está associada a uma menor identificação de PV. No entanto, quando percebidos como vinculados a uma carreira universitária, associa-se a uma maior identificação de PV.

Análisis factorial confirmatorio de la Escala de Dificultades en la Regulación Emocional Estado en una muestra argentina / Confirmatory Factor Analysis of State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale in an Argentine Sample

Resumen La desregulación emocional es un constructo multidimensional determinado por formas poco adaptativas de responder frente a las emociones. Las personas adultas emergentes (i.e., entre 18 y 25/30 años de edad), particularmente universitarias, son vulnerables a involucrarse en comportamientos riesgosos en contextos emocionales. La Escala de Dificultades en la Regulación Emocional Estado (S-DERS) resulta adecuada para medir dimensiones de desregulación emocional momentánea en esta población; sin embargo, no se conocen estudios confirmatorios de su estructura factorial ni estudios de adaptación al idioma español. El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la S-DERS. Se evaluaron 178 adultos emergentes universitarios argentinos (18-28 años; 53.9% mujeres; Medad= 22.03; DE ±2.06). Se analizó la estructura y la consistencia interna del modelo original (S-DERS; cuatro factores: aceptación, conciencia, claridad y modulación) y un modelo alternativo (S-DERS-R; 3 factores) sin el factor claridad. Ambos modelos presentaron un ajuste satisfactorio de su estructura factorial y valores aceptables de consistencia interna, a excepción de la subescala claridad. Mayormente, para las subescalas aceptación y modulación y puntajes totales de ambos modelos, se obtuvieron evidencias de validez convergente con dos escalas de desregulación emocional rasgo concurrente con una escala de afecto positivo y negativo y predictiva con una medida de activación emocional. Los resultados muestran propiedades psicométricas adecuadas. S-DERS-R, que prescinde del factor claridad, mejora el ajuste y mantiene valores de consistencia interna aceptables respecto a S-DERS. Se espera que este instrumento sea útil en estudios transversales y longitudinales de la desregulación emocional estado en universitarios.

Abstract: Emotion dysregulation is a multidimensional construct determined by maladaptive ways of responding to emotions. Emerging adults (i.e., aged from 18 to 25/30), particularly college students, are vulnerable to involvement in risky behaviors under emotions. The State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS) became suitable to measure facets of momentary emotion dysregulation in this population; however, there are no confirmatory studies or studies of adaptation to the Spanish language. The aim of this study was to examine psychometric properties of S-DERS. A sample of 178 Argentine emerging college-age adults was evaluated (18-28 years old; 53.9% women; Mage= 22.03; DE ± 2.06). Internal structure and consistency of the original model (i.e., S-DERS; four factors: Nonacceptance, Awareness, Clarity, Modulation) and an alternative model without Clarity (i.e., S-DERS-R; three factors) was analyzed. Both models presented a factor structure with satisfactory fit and acceptable values of internal consistency, with the exception of the Clarity subscale. Mainly to Nonacceptance and Modulation subscales, we observed evidence of convergent validity with two-trait emotion dysregulation scales, concurrent validity with a positive and negative affect scale, and predictive validity with an emotion arousal measure. Results show suitable sychometric properties. The S-DERS-R model (i.e., without Clarity factor) improves the model fit and maintains acceptable internal consistency values with respect to the S-DERS model. This instrument is expected to be useful in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of state emotion dysregulation in college students.

What do you really want? Change in goals and life satisfaction during Emerging Adulthood in Brazil / ¿Tienes ganas de qué? Cambios en las metas y en la satisfacción de vida en adultos emergentes en Brasil

Abstract Aim and Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate how different types of goals may affect the satisfaction in life of Brazilian emerging adults in different developmental stages and, what characteristics they associate with adulthood. Method: Participants were 970 Brazilian youth aged from 18 to 30 years old (M = 22.8; SD = 3.4). The instruments we used were a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Aspiration Index and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis to elicit the characteristics related with becoming an adult, as well as ANOVAs to test if there was a difference between the endorsement of intrinsic or extrinsic goals based on sociodemographic characteristics; and if there was a difference, did it affect their satisfaction with life. Results: Results showed that the most important characteristic to be considered an adult was to be financially independent and to be responsible for oneself, while the least important were to be married and to have children. There was a significant difference in the importance participants gave to intrinsic goals based on sex and age. Consistently with previous research, we found that giving greater importance to intrinsic goals had a positive and significant effect on life satisfaction. However, different sets of goals were deemed important according to the developmental stage youth were in, and these changes had in turn a significant effect on life satisfaction. Conclusions: Finally, we found that prioritizing intrinsic goals contributes to greater life satisfaction in general. This study acknowledges that there are individual and contextual factors that may propel youth to choose their goals in order to attend these demands, regardless of their impact on life satisfaction.

Resumen Objetivo e introducción: El objetivo de este artículo fue investigar como diferentes tipos de metas pueden afectar la satisfacción con la vida de adultos emergentes brasileños en diferentes etapas de su desarrollo, y definir qué características ellos asocian con la edad adulta. Método: Participaron 970 jóvenes brasileños con edades entre 18 y 30 años (M = 22.8; DE = 3.4). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el Índice de Aspiraciones y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida. Ejecutamos un análisis descriptivo para elucidar cuáles fueron las características asociadas con volverse adultos. Luego, ANOVAs para verificar si había diferencia en su endoso de metas intrínsecas o extrínsecas basada en sus características sociodemográficas; y en caso de que la hubiese, si esta afectaba su nivel de satisfacción con la vida. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la característica más importante para ser considerado un adulto es ser financieramente independiente y ser responsable de sí mismo, mientras que las menos importantes fueron estar casados y tener hijos. Hubo una diferencia significativa en la importancia que los participantes dieron a las metas intrínsecas, con base en el sexo y la edad. Consistentemente con investigaciones previas, encontramos que dar mayor importancia a metas intrínsecas está positiva y significativamente relacionado con la satisfacción con la vida. Sin embargo, diferentes grupos de metas fueron encontradas como más importantes en diferentes etapas del desarrollo de los jóvenes, y esos cambios, a su vez, tuvieron un efecto significativo en la satisfacción con la vida. Conclusiones: Finalmente, aunque dar importancia a las metas intrínsecas está asociada con una mayor satisfacción con la vida en general. Este estudio contribuyó a reconocer que existen factores individuales y contextuales que impulsan a los jóvenes hacia la elección de dichas metas para atender estas demandas, independientemente de su impacto en la satisfacción con la vida.

Adultez e o fenômeno nem-nem: gênero, educação e mercado de trabalho / Adulthood and the neet phenomenon: gender, education and labor market / Adultez y el fenómeno nini: género, educación y mercado de trabajo

O presente estudo objetivou investigar os fatores relacionados à condição "nem-nem" entre jovens à luz do conceito de adultez emergente e das transformações ocorridas no mundo do trabalho. A amostra foi composta de 224 jovens que não estudam e nem trabalham. Os instrumentos foram um questionário sociodemográfico e duas questões abertas sobre os motivos dos jovens estarem sem estudar e trabalhar, e sobre suas perspectivas de futuro. As respostas provenientes das questões abertas foram submetidas a estatísticas textuais. Os resultados revelaram que jovens na condição nem-nem vivenciam aspectos típicos da adultez emergente, e que essas vivências são atravessadas por aspectos como gênero, escolaridade, experiência de trabalho, pela precariedade do mercado de trabalho e a forma como a mesma afeta a juventude em particular.

The present study aimed to investigate the factors related to the neither-nor condition among young people in the light of the concept of emerging adulthood and the transformations that occurred in the world of work. The sample consisted of 224 young people who neither study nor work. The instruments were a sociodemographic questionnaire and two open questions about why young people are not studying and working, and about their future prospects. Answers from open questions were submitted to textual statistics. The results revealed that young people in the neither-nor condition experience typical aspects of emerging adulthood, and that these experiences are crossed by aspects such as gender, education, previous work experience, the precariousness of the labor market and the way it is affects youth in particular.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los factores relacionados con la condición de ni-ni entre los jóvenes a la luz del concepto de adultez emergente y las transformaciones ocurridas en el mundo laboral. La muestra estuvo formada por 224 jóvenes que ni estudian ni trabajan. Los instrumentos fueron un cuestionario sociodemográfico y dos preguntas abiertas sobre por qué los jóvenes no estudian ni trabajan, y sobre sus perspectivas de futuro. Las respuestas de las preguntas abiertas se enviaron a las estadísticas textuales. Los resultados revelaron que los jóvenes en la condición ni-ni experimentan aspectos típicos de la adultez emergente, y que estas experiencias son atravesadas por aspectos como el género , la educación, la experiencia laboral previa, la precariedad del mercado laboral y la forma en que se encuentra afecta a los jóvenes en particular.

Preditores das Crenças de Autoeficácia de Jovens Frente aos Papéis de Adulto / Predictors of Young People's Self-Efficacy Beliefs Regarding Adult Roles

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi testar um modelo de predição para as crenças de autoeficácia de jovens face aos papéis de adulto, identificando seus recursos e de seus contextos. Participaram 434 jovens de ambos os sexos (idade entre 18 e 29 anos), provenientes majoritariamente do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Escala de Autoeficácia face aos Papéis de Adulto; Inventário de Habilidades Sociais; Índice de Solidariedade Intergeracional; Inventário de Dimensões da Adultez Emergente; Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil. Resultados indicaram que as variáveis sexo, foco em si, instabilidade, valores familiarese habilidades sociais de expressão de sentimentos positivospredisseram as crenças de autoeficácia dos jovens.São discutidas as implicações desses resultados para pesquisas de avaliação e intervenção.

Abstract In this study, we tested a predictive model for young people's self-efficacy beliefs regarding adult roles to identify their resources and resources of their contexts in the transition to adulthood. Participants were 434 young men and women (aged between 18 and 29 years) from the State of Rio de Janeiro. The instruments used were: Self-efficacy Scale regarding Adult Roles; Social Skills Inventory; Intergenerational Solidarity Index; Inventory of Emerging Adulthood Dimensions; Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria. Results indicated that the variables as gender, self-focus, instability, family values, and expressing positive feelings predicted young people's self-efficacy beliefs. We discuss the implications of these results for research on evaluation and intervention.

Eventos de vida e Construção da Identidade na Adultez Emergente / Life Events and Building Identity during Emerging Adulthood / Eventos de Vida y Construcción de Identidad en la Adultez Emergente

Durante o período da adultez emergente, a forma como eventos vividos são compreendidos é afetada pela narrativa de história de vida internalizada pelo indivíduo. A investigação dos tipos de experiências mais frequentes nessa fase contribui para a compreensão da forma como histórias de vida e identidades são construídas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar temáticas frequentes nos eventos de vida considerados importantes por jovens universitários. Participaram 287 universitários, com idades entre 18 e 35 anos (M = 22,55; DP = 5,88) que responderam a um questionário no qual relataram sete eventos mais importantes de suas vidas. Valência emocional, importância, prevalência e idade na qual ocorreu foram atribuídos pelos participantes aos seus eventos de vida. Os eventos citados foram, em sua maioria, considerados positivos, resultado condizente com a literatura sobre memória autobiográfica. As três categorias mais citadas envolveram temáticas relacionadas à exploração identitária e de possibilidades, características marcantes da adultez emergente. (AU)

During the emerging adulthood life period, the way that the events are understood is influenced by the internalized life story narrative. The investigation of the kind of experience that is most frequent in this period contributes to the understanding of the way life stories and identities are built. The goal of this study was to investigate the most frequently found themes in the events considered the most important ones by Brazilian undergraduates. Participants were 287 college students, with ages between 18 and 35 years (M = 22,55; SD = 5.88), who completed a questionnaire about the seven most important events that happened in their lives. Participants also rated each event for valence, importance, prevalence, and the age in which it occurred. The events mentioned were mostly positive, a result in line with the literature on autobiographical memory. The three most mentioned categories were related to the exploration of identity and possibilities that are characteristic of the emerging adulthood. (AU)

Durante el periodo de la adultez emergente, la forma como se comprenden los eventos vividos es afectada por la narrativa de historia de vida internalizada por el individuo. La investigación de los tipos de experiencias más frecuentes de esta fase contribuye para la comprensión del modo en que las historias de vida y las identidades son construidas. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar temáticas frecuentes en los eventos de vida considerados importantes por jóvenes universitarios. Participaron 287 universitarios con edades entre 18 y 35 años (M = 22,55; DE = 5,88), respondiendo a un cuestionario en el que relataron los siete eventos más importantes de sus vidas. Valencia emocional, importancia, prevalencia y edad en la que ocurrieron los eventos fueron atribuidos por los participantes a sus eventos de vida. Los eventos citados fueron considerados positivos en su mayoría, un resultado congruente con la literatura sobre memoria autobiográfica. Las tres categorías más citadas comprenden temáticas relacionadas a la exploración de la identidad y de las posibilidades, características marcantes de la adultez emergente. (AU)

Evaluación de la adultez emergente en Chile: validación del IDEA - extendido en universitarios chilenos / Assessment of emerging adulthood in Chile: validation of the extended - IDEA in Chilean university students

Resumen La adultez emergente es un nuevo periodo evolutivo, que abarca de los 18 a los 29 años. El instrumento más utilizado para evaluarla es el Inventario de Dimensiones de Adultez Emergente (IDEA). El objetivo general del estudio fue evaluar la pertinencia cultural y las características psicométricas del IDEA y de 25 ítems culturales/émicos en una muestra de 589 de universitarios chilenos. Análisis factoriales exploratorios demostraron que el IDEA tiene una estructura similar a la señalada por otro estudio chileno, y los ítems culturales conforman una estructura de tres factores. El análisis factorial confirmatorio arrojó un modelo unifactorial de seis indicadores, tres contienen 21 ítems originales del IDEA, y tres conservan 24 ítems culturales formando un solo instrumento, denominado IDEA - extendido, con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas. Este instrumento caracteriza la adultez emergente como una sola etapa de vida, que contiene aspectos éticos y émicos, dando un panorama integrado de sus características.

Abstract Emerging adulthood is a new evolutionary period ranging from 18 to 29 years. The most used instrument to evaluate it is the Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA). The general objective of the study was to evaluate the cultural relevance and psychometric characteristics of the IDEA and 25 cultural/ emic items in a sample of 589 Chilean university students. Exploratory factorial analysis showed that the IDEA has a similar structure to one indicated by another Chilean study, and the cultural items form a three-factor structure. Confirmatory factorial analysis threw a unifactorial model of six indicators, three of them contain 21 original items of the IDEA, and three conserve 24 cultural items forming a single instrument, called extended - IDEA, with adequate psychometric properties. This instrument characterizes the emerging adulthood as a single stage of life, which contains ethical and emic aspects, giving an integrated view of its characteristics.

Emerging Adulthood Features in Brazilians from Differing Socioeconomic Status / Características de la Adultez Emergente en Brasileños de Diferentes Niveles Socioeconómicos

Abstract The present study aimed at investigating emerging adulthood features in Brazilians from low and high socioeconomic statuses (SESs). The sample was 547 Southern Brazilians; residents in the urban context, between 18 and 29 years old (Md = 22 years; IQR = 7), 64.2% females. From this sample, 13 participants were randomly selected to participate on the qualitative study. Instruments were the Brazilian Version of the Inventory of Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood, a Semi-structured interview, and the variable socioeconomic status (SES) from the Brazilian Adolescence and Youth Questionnaire. Analysis from Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) indicated no associations between SES and IDEA (Inventory of Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood) dimensions. Deductive thematic analysis revealed the presence of emerging adulthood features in Brazil (general Kappa = .83) and that economic disparities affected youth developmental trajectories. High SES individuals were more likely to experience EA features according to what has been observed in industrialized countries. Low SES individuals presented a divergent trend, because their opportunities to live a period of identity exploration would happen after another-focused period. The transition to adulthood considered as a nonlinear process influenced by the socioeconomic context is discussed.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las características emergentes de la edad adulta en brasileños de estados socioeconómicos (SES) bajos y altos. La muestra fue de 547 brasileños del sur; residentes en el contexto urbano, entre 18 y 29 años (Md = 22 años; IQR = 7), 64.2% mujeres. De esta muestra, 13 participantes fueron seleccionados al azar para participar en el estudio cualitativo. Los instrumentos fueron la versión brasileña del Inventario de dimensiones de la adultez emergente, una entrevista semiestructurada y el estatus socioeconómico variable (SES) del Cuestionario brasileño de adolescentes y jóvenes. El análisis del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) no indicó asociaciones entre las dimensiones SES e IDEA (Inventario de Dimensiones de Adultez Emergente; IDEA, Inventory of Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood). El análisis temático deductivo reveló la presencia de características emergentes de la edad adulta en Brasil (general Kappa = .83) y que las disparidades económicas afectaron las trayectorias de desarrollo de los jóvenes. Los individuos con un Nivel Socio-Económico (NSE) más alto tenían más probabilidades de experimentar características Emergentes de la Edad (EA) de acuerdo con lo observado en los países industrializados. Los individuos con bajo NSE presentaron una tendencia divergente, porque sus oportunidades de vivir un período de exploración de identidad ocurrirían después de un período centrado en otro. Se discute la transición a la edad adulta considerada como un proceso no lineal influenciado por el contexto socioeconómico.

Fathers and Perceptions of God Play an Important Role in Psychological Adjustment Among Emerging Adults in Guatemala and the United States.

Interpersonal acceptance-rejection theory posits that people require parental acceptance in childhood to develop healthy psychological adjustment. People's beliefs about and their relationship with deity also influences their psychological adjustment. The purpose of the present study was to investigate how both perceived parental acceptance and a relationship with deity are related to psychological adjustment for emerging adults in Guatemala and the United States. Participants (N = 189) from Guatemala and the United States completed measures of perceived parental acceptance-rejection, images of God, attachment to God, and psychological adjustment. Results indicate that perceived paternal acceptance-rejection was only a significant predictor of psychological adjustment in U.S. participants, and not in Guatemalan participants. In both samples, images of God did not predict psychological adjustment. However, an anxious attachment with God predicted psychological maladjustment for both groups. The findings suggest that two important factors to be considered by researchers, educators, and mental health professionals are adults' perceptions of their father's level of acceptance-rejection and the amount of anxiety they experience in their relationship with God.

Meaning in Life and Psychological Weil-Being in Spanish Emerging Adults / Sentido de vida e bem-estar psicológico em adultos emergentes espanhóis / Sentido de vida y bienestar psicológico en adultos emergentes españoles

Abstract Experiencing meaning in life (MiL) and psychological well-being (PWB) is an important developmental task in emerging adulthood, perhaps more than in any other period in life due to its transitional character and to the nature of its features, in Western societies. This study analyzes the relationship between MiL and PWB, as well as the differences in PWB according to the level of MiL (lack of meaning, indefinite meaning, and presence of meaning), in a sample of 333 Spanish emerging adults (224 women, 109 men), age ranged from 17 to 26 years, M = 21.06, SD = 2.23. Both Spanish versions of the Purpose-In-Life Test and the Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being were used. The Spearman's coefficient of correlation showed a positive, significant relationship between MiL and PWB (global and dimensions). The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences in PWB between lack of meaning, indefinite meaning, and presence of meaning groups, except in Autonomy, in which only the difference between the presence of meaning group and the indefinite meaning group was significant. MiL is associated to the cognitive, emotional, and motivational aspects that directly point to PWB: positive self-worth and self-acceptance, perception and experience of freedom, responsibility and self-determination, positive view of both life as a whole and future, purpose and commitment of significant existential goals, self-trascendence and opening up to the others, integrative but not resigned coping of the adversity, life satisfaction, and self-realization.

Resumo Sentir que a vida tem sentido e experimentar bem-estar psicológico são uma importante tarefa evolutiva na idade adulta emergente, talvez mais que em qualquer outra etapa evolutiva, devido a seu caráter transicional e a suas características nas sociedades ocidentais. Neste estudo, analisam-se as relações entre sentido de vida e bem-estar psicológico, bem como as diferenças em bem-estar psicológico em função do nível de sentido de vida (vazio existencial, indefinição de sentido e experiência de sentido) numa amostra de 333 adultos emergentes espanhóis (224 mulheres e 109 homens) com idade entre 17 e 26 anos (M=21.06, DT=2.23). Como instrumentos, foram utilizadas versões espanholas do teste Purpose-In-Life e das Escalas de Bem-estar Psicológico de Ryff. Como resultado, o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman mostrou uma relação positiva e significativa entre sentido de vida e bem-estar psicológico (global e dimensões), enquanto o teste de Kruskal-Wallis mostrou diferenças significativas em bem-estar psicológico entre os grupos de vazio existencial, indefinição de sentido e experiência de sentido, exceto na dimensão de Autonomia, na qual somente foi significativa a diferença entre experiência de sentido e indefinição de sentido. O sentido de vida se relacionou com os aspectos cognitivos, emocionais e motivacionais que apontam diretamente ao bem-estar subjetivo, isto é: autovalorização positiva e autoaceitação, percepção e experiência de liberdade, responsabilidade e autodeterminação, visão positiva da vida como um todo e do futuro, propósito e compromisso com metas existenciais importantes, autotranscedência e abertura aos demais, enfrentamento integrador, mas não resignado, da adversidade, satisfação vital e autorrealização.

Resumen Sentir que la vida tiene sentido y experimentar bienestar psicológico son una importante tarea evolutiva en la adultez emergente, quizá más que en cualquier otra etapa evolutiva, debido a su carácter transicional y a sus características en las sociedades occidentales. En este estudio se analizan las relaciones entre sentido de la vida y bienestar psicológico, así como las diferencias en bienestar psicológico en función del nivel de sentido de vida (vacío existencial, indefinición de sentido y experiencia de sentido) en una muestra de 333 adultos emergentes españoles (224 mujeres y 109 hombres) con edades entre 17 y 26 años, M = 21.06, DT = 2.23. Como instrumentos, se utilizaron versiones españolas del test Purpose-In-Life y de las Escalas de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff. Como resultado, el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman mostró una relación positiva y significativa entre sentido de vida y bienestar psicológico (global y dimensiones), mientras que el test de Kruskal-Wallis mostró diferencias significativas en bienestar psicológico entre los grupos de vacío existencial, indefinición de sentido y experiencia de sentido, excepto en la dimensión de Autonomía, en la cual solo fue significativa la diferencia entre experiencia de sentido e indefinición de sentido. El sentido de vida se relacionó con los aspectos cognitivos, emocionales y motivacionales que apuntan directamente al bienestar subjetivo, es decir: autovaloración positiva y autoaceptación, percepción y experiencia de libertad, responsabilidad y autodeterminación, visión positiva de la vida como un todo y del futuro, propósito y compromiso con metas existenciales importantes, autotrascendencia y apertura a los demás, afrontamiento integrativo pero no resignado de la adversidad, y satisfacción vital y autorrealización.

Brazilian version of the inventory of the dimensions of emerging adulthood: investigating the current transition to adulthood / Versão brasileira do inventário das dimensões da adultez emergente: investigando a atual transição para a vida adulta / Versión brasileña del inventario de las dimensiones de la adultez emergente: investigación de la actual transición para la vida adulta

The goal of the present study was to analyze the factor structure of the Inventory of Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA) in Brazil, in order to use the measure in subsequent studies in the country, and to provide data for comparison of the measure factor structure in different countries. The sample included 547 individuals; residents in Porto Alegre (RS), from low and high SESs, ranging in age from 18 to 29 years old. Results pointed out that the inventory presented a different structure when compared with the original measure. For instance, the item "separating from parents" migrated from the dimension Identity Exploration to Self-focused , influenced by Brazilian cultural specificities. The inventory examined IDEA presented a new factor structure, associated with Brazilian context and the structure of the items on the original measure. In conclusion, the measure is a satisfactory tool of investigation of the emerging adulthood phenomenon in Brazil and Latin America.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi de analisar a estrutura fatorial do Inventário de Dimensões da Adultez Emergente (IDEA) no Brasil, a fim de utilizar a medida em estudos subsequentes no país, e para fornecer dados para comparação da estrutura fatorial do instrumento em diferentes países. A amostra incluiu 547 indivíduos entre 18 e 29 anos, residentes em Porto Alegre (RS), de níveis socioeconômicos alto e baixo. Os resultados apontaram que o inventário apresentou uma estrutura diferente no Brasil quando comparado com a medida original. Por exemplo, o item "separar-se dos pais" migrou da dimensão "Exploração da Identidade" para a dimensão "Foco em si mesmo", fato influenciado por especificidades culturais brasileiras. O inventário examinado apresentou uma nova estrutura fatorial, associada com o contexto brasileiro e com características específicas da distribuição dos itens na estrutura original. Por fim, conclui-se que a medida pode ser usada satisfatoriamente como uma ferramenta de investigação do fenômeno adultez emergente no Brasil e na América Latina.

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la estructura factorial del Inventario de las dimensiones de la adultez emergente (IDEA) en Brasil, con el fin de utilizar la medida en estudios posteriores en el país, y para proporcionar datos para la comparación de la estructura factorial del instrumento en diferentes países. La muestra incluyó 547 individuos entre 18 y 29 años que viven en Porto Alegre (RS), niveles socioeconómicos alto y bajo. Los resultados mostraron que el inventario tenía una estructura diferente en Brasil cuando se compara con la medida original. Por ejemplo, el ítem «separarse de sus padres¼ emigró de la dimensión «Exploración de la identidad¼ para la medida «centrarse en sí mismo¼ y hecho de la influencia de las especificidades culturales de Brasil. El inventario examinado presenta una nueva estructura factorial, asociado con el contexto y las características específicas de brasileños y de la distribución de los elementos de la estructura original. Por último, se concluye que la medida puede utilizarse satisfactoriamente como una herramienta de investigación de la adultez emergente en Brasil y América Latina.

Adultez emergente y características culturales de la etapa en universitarios chilenos / Emerging adulthood and cultural characteristics of the stage in Chilean university students

La Adultez Emergente es un periodo de vida entre los 18 y 29 años, culturalmente construido y no de carácter universal. Ante la escasez de estudios en esta etapa en Chile, el objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la Adultez Emergente, y determinar sus rasgos más relevantes en universitarios chilenos, a través de una aproximación cualitativa, desde los protagonistas. Seis grupos focales conformados por 60 universitarios a nivel nacional analizaron los ítems del Inventario de Dimensiones de Adultez Emergente o discutieron sus creencias sobre tres áreas definidas a priori: Identidad y Autoconcepto, Relación con los padres y salida del hogar, y Amor y sexualidad. Se evidencia la presencia de la Adultez Emergente en universitarios, pues las características centrales de la teoría están presentes en este grupo, y se obtiene evidencia de aspectos de carácter cultural propios de los universitarios chilenos, relacionados a la importancia de los vínculos familiares y sociales.

Emerging Adulthood is a period of life between 18 and 29 years old, culturally constructed and not universal. Given the paucity of studies about this developmental stage in Chile, the objective of this research was to characterize Emerging Adulthood and determine its most important features in Chilean university students using a qualitative approach, focused at the protagonists themselves. Six focus groups formed by 60 university students revised the items of the Inventory of Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA) or discussed their beliefs about three areas defined a priori: Identity and self-concept, Relationship with parents and leaving home, and Love and sexuality. The presence of the Emerging Adulthood stage in university students is evident since its central features are present in this group; also there is evidence of others aspects that belong to cultural characteristics of the own Chilean university students which are related to the importance given to the family and social relationships.

Habilidades sociais e fatores de risco e proteção na adultez emergente / Social skills and risk and protective factors in emerging adulthood / Habilidades sociales y factores de riesgo y de protección en la adultez emergente

Este estudo objetivou avaliar relações entre habilidades sociais e pensamentos negativos com fatores de proteção e de risco na adultez emergente. Participaram 521 adultos entre 18 e 30 anos (M = 22,68; DP = 3,21). Os participantes foram agrupados com base em seus escores de habilidades sociais e presença de pensamentos negativos frente a interações sociais. Foram desenvolvidas ANOVAS para comparação das médias entre os grupos. Comparações de grupos demonstraram diferenças significativas entre eles, em que o grupo socialmente competente apresentou medias superiores de fatores de proteção e inferiores nos fatores de risco em relação aos demais. Habilidades sociais podem ser consideradas fator de proteção, sua presença está associada a melhores índices de autoestima, autoeficácia e qualidade nos relacionamentos.

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between social skills, negative thoughts and protective and risk factors. The study included 521 emerging adults aged between 18 and 30 years (M = 22.68 years, SD = 3.21). To evaluate the relationship between variables, the participants were grouped based on their scores of social skills and presence of negative thoughts regarding social interaction. ANOVAS were conducted to compare means among groups. Results pointed out that the most socially skilled group had a greater presence of protective factors and lower of risk factors in relation to other groups. Social skills may be considered as a protective factor because they are related to increased self-esteem, self-efficacy and quality in relationships, helping in the formation of supportive networks.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las relaciones entre las habilidades sociales y los pensamientos negativos con factores protectores y de riesgo en la adultez emergente. Participaron 521 adultos entre 18 y 30 años (M = 22.68, SD = 3.21). Los participantes fueron agruparon en base a sus puntuaciones de las habilidades sociales y la presencia de pensamientos negativos en las interacciones sociales. ANOVAs fueron desarrollados para comparar las medias entre los grupos. Comparaciones de grupo mostraron diferencias significativas entre ellos, el grupo socialmente competente tuve mayores promedios de los factores de protección y más bajos en los factores de riesgo en relación con los demás. Las habilidades sociales pueden considerarse como un factor protector, su presencia se asocia con mejores niveles de autoestima, la autoeficacia y calidad en las relaciones.

Transmission of cultural values among Mexican-origin parents and their adolescent and emerging adult offspring.

The integration of the U.S. and Mexican culture is an important process associated with Mexican-origin youths' adjustment and family dynamics. The current study examined the reciprocal associations in parents' and two offspring's cultural values (i.e., familism and respect) in 246 Mexican-origin families. Overall, mothers' values were associated with increases in youths' values 5 years later. In contrast, youths' familism values were associated with increases in fathers' familism values 5 years later. In addition, developmental differences emerged where parent-to-offspring effects were more consistent for youth transitioning from early to late adolescence than for youth transitioning from middle adolescence to emerging adulthood. Finally, moderation by immigrant status revealed a youth-to-parent effect for mother-youth immigrant dyads, but not for dyads where youth were U.S.-raised. Our findings highlight the reciprocal nature of parent-youth value socialization and provide a nuanced understanding of these processes through the consideration of familism and respect values. As Mexican-origin youth represent a large and rapidly growing segment of the U.S. population, research that advances our understanding of how these youth develop values that foster family cohesion and support is crucial.