Exercise Addiction and Intimate Partner Violence: The Role of Impulsivity, Self-Esteem, and Emotional Dependence.

Given the scarcity of studies linking exercise addiction to intimate partner violence, the present study aims to analyze the relationship between these variables and examine the potential mediating roles of emotional dependence, impulsivity, and self-esteem. This is a non-experimental, cross-sectional correlational design study. The sample comprised 887 university students (86% women, mean age 20.82 years, SD = 3.63). Elevated levels of exercise addiction were associated with increased impulsivity, emotional dependence, and exerted violence, as well as decreased self-esteem and perceived violence. Mediation models were tested, explaining 7% of the variance in received violence, 13% of the variance in exerted violence, and 6% of the variance in perceived violence. Higher levels of exercise addiction were linked to increased received and exerted violence and decreased perceived violence, attributed to the positive impact of exercise addiction on emotional dependence. This study highlights the mediating roles of self-esteem and impulsivity in the relationship between exercise addiction and partner violence. Identifying risk or vulnerability factors such as emotional dependence, impulsivity, and self-esteem related to exercise addiction and interpersonal partner violence is especially relevant for designing and implementing preventive interventions in the general young population.

La regulación emocional como mediador en la relación entre esquemas disfuncionales tempranos y dependencia emocional en jóvenes españoles / Emotional regulation as a mediator in the relationship between early dysfunctional schemas and emotional dependence in young Spanish people

Diversos estudios demuestran que la dependencia emocional es un problema relevante por sus consecuencias en todos los ámbitos de la vida. Los esquemas cognitivos tempranos y las dificultades en la regulación emocional son unos de los factores implicados en su etiología. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la relación entre estas variables, hipotetizando que las dificultades en la regulación emocional median la relación entre los esquemas disfuncionales tempranos y la dependencia emocional. Participaron 711 españoles jóvenes, de entre 18 y 30 años, con una edad media de 21,32 años (DT= 2,94). Los resultados mostraron una correlación positiva entre las tres variables y que las dificultades en la regulación emocional mediaban la relación entre los esquemas disfuncionales tempranos y la dependencia emocional en el caso del Abandono, la Dependencia, la Subyugación, la Inhibición emocional, el Autocontrol insuficiente, la Defectuosidad y el Autosacrificio. Este estudio muestra cómo se pueden relacionar estas variables y proporciona información útil para ayudar a las personas con dependencia emocional.(AU)

Several studies show that emotional dependence is a relevant problembecause of its consequences in all areas of life. Early cognitive schemas anddifficulties in emotional regulation are some of the factors involved in itsaetiology. The aims of the present study were to analyse the relationship betweenthese variables, hypothesising that difficulties in emotional regulation mediate therelationship between early dysfunctional schemas and emotional dependence.The sample consisted of 711 young Spanish participants aged between 18-30years, with an average age of 21.32 years (SD= 2.94). The results showed apositive correlation between the three variables and that difficulties in emotionalregulation mediated the relationship between early dysfunctional schemas and emotional dependence in the case of Abandonment, Dependence, Subjugation,Emotional inhibition, Insufficient self-control, Defectiveness and Self-sacrifice. Thisstudy gives us a clearer picture of how these variables are related and providesinformation that could be of great use in assisting people with emotionaldependence.(AU)

Dating Violence and Emotional Dependence in University Students.

The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between dating violence and emotional dependence in young university students in Ecuador by identifying differences based on sex. Using purposive non-probabilistic sampling, 3203 students were selected, of which 35.7% were men and 64.3% were women aged 16 to 48 (M = 21.50; SD = 2.82). Two psychological scales were applied: Questionnaire on Violence in Couples (CUVINO) and Questionnaire on Emotional Dependence (EDQ). According to the results obtained, based on sex, it was found that dating violence is a severe problem that both men and women experience. With regard to emotional dependence, women scored higher than men. In addition, emotional dependence was linked to dating violence. The implications of the results obtained for further research and for prevention and intervention programmes are presented, and the strengths and limitations of this study are detailed.

Validez basada en la estructura interna, validez convergente y confiabilidad del Inventario de Dependencia Emocional (IDE) en adultos jóvenes / Validity based on internal structure, convergent validity and reliability of the Emotional Dependency Inventory (IDE) in young adults

La dependencia emocional es un constructo que está generando mayor interés por una parte de la comunidad científica. Por ello, es importante disponer de instrumentos que reúnan propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para su medición. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las evidencias de validez basado en la estructura interna, validez convergente y medida de confiabilidad del Inventario de Dependencia Emocional (IDE). Participaron 1,401 adultos jóvenes (M =21 años, DE = 2.7; 24.2% varones y 75.8% mujeres), residentes en la ciudad de Lima, Perú. Se usó análisis factorial confirmatorio y medidas de asociación bivariada. Los resultados sugieren que el IDE presenta evidencias de validez de estructura interna para un modelo de siete factores oblicuos; dispone de evidencias de validez basado en la relación con violencia de pareja y satisfacción con la vida; y las dimensiones que la conforman presentan medidas de confiabilidad satisfactorias. Estos hallazgos pueden respaldar el uso del IDE en evaluación e investigación. (AU)

Emotional dependence is a construct that is generating greater interest by a part of the scientific community. For this reason, it is important to have instruments that have adequate psychometric properties for their measurement. The objective of the study was to analyze the evidence of validity based on the internal structure, convergent validity and reliability measure of the Emotional Dependency Inventory (IDE). A total of 1,401 young adults (M = 21 years old, SD = 2.7; 24.2% male and 75.8% female), residing in the city of Lima, Peru, participated. Confirmatory factor analysis and bivariate association measures were used. The results suggest that the IDE presents evidence of internal structure validity for a model of seven oblique factors; it has evidence of validity based on the relationship with intimate partner violence and satisfaction with life; and the dimensions that comprise it present satisfactory reliability measures. These findings may support the use of the IDE in evaluation and research. (AU)

"I Can't Do without You": Treatment Perspectives for Affective Dependence: A Scoping Review.

Affective Dependence (AD) is a problematic model of the love relationship that is becoming increasingly prevalent and evident in the context of couple relationships. Similarly, the phenomenon is being observed with growing frequency in daily clinical practice, making it increasingly necessary to identify treatment guidelines that can help clinicians in dealing with AD, while waiting for the literature to reach a consensus on its definition and nosographic profile. The main objective of this work is to explore the existing evidence of effectiveness regarding feasible treatments for Affective Dependence through a scoping review of the international literature carried out using the main scientific databases and following the PRISMA-ScR (PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. Seven studies were included in this review, and the results show that several pharmaceuticals, as well as different types of individual and group therapies, are proposed as treatment plans for AD. However, there is a lack of clinical trials that can verify the efficacy of the AD treatments reported so far in the literature. Some reflections that may help to distinguish a "healthy" addiction from a dysfunctional or markedly pathological one are considered alongside potential prevention perspectives.

Emotional dependence as a predictor of emotional symptoms and substance abuse in individuals with gambling disorder: differential analysis by sex.

INTRODUCTION: Emotional dependence, anxious-depressive symptoms and substance use have been associated with gambling disorder (GD). Although anxiety and depression have been predominantly related to female gamblers and substance abuse to male gamblers, the role of emotional dependence in GD is unknown. Moreover, sex differences remain underexplored. OBJECTIVES: First, to explore possible differences in emotional dependence, anxious-depressive symptoms and substance abuse by group (GD and non-GD) and sex (women vs men). Second, to analyse the predictive role of emotional dependence in alcohol and drug abuse and anxious-depressive symptoms in patients with GD as a function of sex. METHODS: Instruments to measure gambling (SOGS), emotional dependence (CDE), anxious-depressive symptoms (SCL-90-R) and substance abuse (MULTICAGE CAD-4) were administered to 108 people with GD diagnosis (60 women and 48 men) and 429 without GD (342 women and 87 men). STUDY DESIGN: The research is an analytical cross-sectional study. RESULTS: The results showed that the group with GD scored significantly higher than the non-GD group on alcohol abuse, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and emotional dependence, but not on drug abuse. In the group with GD, emotional dependence predicted alcohol and drug abuse in women, and emotional dependence predicted anxiety and depressive symptoms in men. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that women with GD who consume alcohol or drugs would benefit from therapies addressing loneliness, borderline expression, attention-seeking and affective expression. Men with GD who report anxious-depressive symptomatology would benefit from therapeutic strategies to deal with separation anxiety and attention-seeking.

Love Addiction - Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Paradigms in Clinical Psychology. (v2).

Background: We have investigated and analyzed the latest research on love addiction in the fields of clinical psychology, diagnosis, psychotherapy and treatment. Methods: From 30 November 2021 to July 2022 a review was conducted aimed at identifying the current diagnostic paradigms associated with this new behavioral dependence, investigating in depth what has not yet emerged, searching for strong and weak correlations with related theoretical constructs, comorbidities, investigate which evaluation scales are currently used and outline a guiding design that allows you to move between current scientific discoveries, searching for relevant studies in the databases PubMed, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), PsycINFO, MDPI, APA, ScienceDirect, and ReserchGate. Results: We identified a total of 102 unique articles. Among these, 22 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 5 of these met the eligibility criteria and were, therefore, included in the final systematic review. Conclusions: Group psychotherapy has proved to be a valid alternative, in fact the scientific landscape suggests that most group therapies are successful because these dynamics involve the reward and attachment systems in the brain in most subjects. Although there is currently no official classification for this type of addiction, the continuing interests of clinical psychology open up new scenarios for achieving greater psychophysical well-being.

Buying-shopping disorder, impulsivity, emotional dependence and attachment in adolescents.

In recent years, several studies have shown that the incidence of buying-shopping disorder (BSD) is increasing. Impulsivity is one of the factors involved in its aetiology and is related to emotional dependence. In addition, early affective deprivation may trigger emotional dependence. The aims of the present study weresal: to compare the types of attachment, levels of emotional dependence, impulsivity and BSD according to sex; to determine whether the proposed relational model is fulfilled; and analyse possible differences in this model in terms of the sample's sex. The sample consisted of 1498 adolescents (53.8% men and 46.2% women) from Ecuador whose age ranged from 14 to 18 years (M = 15.77, SD = 1.21). The results showed that a preoccupied attachment style is indirectly related to a higher risk of BSD due to emotional dependence when impulsivity levels are medium or high because emotional dependence is moderated by impulsivity. The study variables are related in the same way in men and women but boys show higher levels of preoccupied attachment, impulsivity, emotional dependence and BSD. This study gives us a clearer picture of how these variables are related and provides information that could be of great use in assisting people with BSD. This knowledge could be applied to improve both the treatment and prevention of this problem.

Dependencia emocional, celos románticos y ciberviolencia en parejas jóvenes: vigilancia y control emocional / Emotional dependence, romantic jealousy and cyber violence in young couples: surveillance and control

Antecedentes: La dependencia emocional se sustenta sobre una visión desadaptativa e idealizada de la relación de pareja y de los mitos románticos y está vinculada al empleo de mecanismos de control y vigilancia. Se toleran así conductas inadecuadas que se ven agravadas por la minimización de los celos, relacionados, a su vez, con comportamientos de control reflejados en los entornos virtuales, especialmente entre los más jóvenes. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre dependencia emocional, celos y ciberviolencia en parejas jóvenes. Método: Han participado 263 jóvenes con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 30 años (M = 22.86, DT = 2.71), de los cuales el 57.4 % son mujeres y con predominancia de estudios universitarios (68.8 %) y orientación heterosexual (85.9 %). Resultados: Se ha confirmado la existencia de relación entre la dependencia emocional, los celos y la ciberviolencia. Se ha hallado una mayor manifestación en hombres, participantes de entre 24 y 30 años, no universitarios, personas heterosexuales, con dos o más parejas esporádicas y una o ninguna pareja estable. Conclusiones: La dependencia emocional es un factor de relevancia en las manifestaciones de celos y ciberviolencia en parejas jóvenes. (AU)

Background: Emotional dependence is based on a maladaptive and idealized vision of the couple’s relationship and romantic myths and linked to the use of control and surveillance mechanisms. Inappropriate behaviors that are aggravated by jealousy minimization are tolerated, relationed also with control comportments that are reflexeted in virtual spaces, specially between youths.Objective: To analyze the relationship between emotional dependence, jealousy and cyber violence in young couples. Method: 263 young people between the ages of 18 and 30 (M = 22.86, SD = 2.71) participated, of which 57.4 % are women and with a predominance of university studies (68.8 %) and heterosexual orientation (85.9 %). Results: The results determined the existence of a relation between emotional dependence, jealousy and cyberviolence. A higher representation was found in men, participants between 24 and 30 years old, not university students, heterosexuals, with two or more sporadic relationships and one or non stable relationship. Conclusions: Emotional dependence is a relevant factor in the manifestations of jealousy and cyber violence in young couples.

Mediating Role of Intimate Partner Violence Between Emotional Dependence and Addictive Behaviours in Adolescents.

Objective: Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been related to emotional dependence and addictive disorders. This study aims to provide a global approach to analyse the relationship between these variables and to determine the factors underlying permanence in violent relationships. Methods: It is a non-experimental, cross-sectional correlational design study. Participants had to have at least one dating relationship for at least 1 month to complete the questionnaire, which included the following instruments: emotional dependence scale (DEN), scale of violence in dating relationships (VREP) and impulse control disorders scale (MULTICAGE CAD 4). Results: The sample consisted of 1.533 adolescents, 53.9% were male (n = 826) and 46.1% female (n = 707), between 14 and 18 years. Emotional dependence correlated significantly with received violence (r = 0.37, p < 0.001). Compulsive spending is strongly associated with emotional dependence (r = 0.21, p < 0.001), whereas sex addiction is associated with received violence to a greater extent (r = 0.18, p < 0.001). Received violence mediates on emotional dependence and addictions. Conclusion: IPV is a risk factor for the perpetuation of addictive behaviours. It is advisable to promote affective education for developing resilience and adequate coping.

La intolerancia a la incertidumbre, la tendencia a experimentar preocupaciones y el pesimismo como factores intervinientes en la relación entre la dependencia emocional y la violencia / Intolerance to uncertainty, the tendency to experience worry and pessimism as factors in the relationship between emotional dependence and violence

Las personas con dependencia emocional presentan preocupaciones constantes sobre el posible abandono o traición por parte de la pareja. De esta forma, ponen en marcha un gran abanico de estrategias retentivas dirigidas a cubrir la gran necesidad de controlar la relación. Además, sienten insatisfacción y frustración en la relación ya que sienten que nunca conseguirán lo que quieren o esperan de ella. Por esto, los objetivos del estudio se dirigen a analizar la posible relación entre la dependencia emocional, la intolerancia a la incertidumbre, la tendencia a las preocupaciones y el pesimismo. Asimismo, se comprueba el papel mediador de estos factores en la relación entre la dependencia emocional y la permanencia en relaciones de pareja violentas debido a la elevada prevalencia de darse conjuntamente en una misma relación. Participaron 258 personas, 77.1% mujeres y 22.9% hombres con edades que oscilaron entre los 18 y 67 años (M = 32.63; DT = 11.66). Los resultados reflejaron relaciones positivas entre la dependencia emocional, la intolerancia a la incertidumbre, la tendencia a las preocupaciones y el pesimismo. Igualmente, se comprueba que la dependencia emocional conduce a la permanencia en relaciones violentas a través de los factores mencionados.(AU)

People with emotional dependence present constant concerns about possible abandonment or betrayal by their partner. In this way, they implement a wide range of retention strategies aimed at covering the great need for control in the relationship. In addition, they feel dissatisfaction and frustration in the relationship since they feel they will never get what they want or expect from it. Therefore, the objectives of the study are aimed at analyzing the possible relationship between emotional dependence, intolerance to uncertainty, tendency to worry and pessimism. Also, the mediating role of these factors in the relationship between emotional dependence and permanence in violent relationships is verified due to the high prevalence of occurring jointly in the same relationship. A total of 258 people participated, 77.1% women and 22.9% men with ages ranging from 18 to 67 (M= 32.63; SD= 11.66). The results reflected positive relationships between emotional dependence, intolerance to uncertainty, tendency to worry andpessimism. Likewise, it is proven that emotional dependence leads to permanence in violent relationships through the factors mentioned.(AU)

La dependencia emocional hacia la pareja agresora y su relación con la ansiedad social, el miedo a la evaluación negativa y el perfeccionismo disfuncional / [Emotional dependence on the aggressor partner and its relationship with social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and dysfunctional perfectionism]

Los objetivos del estudio fueron evaluar la relación entre la dependencia emocional y la ansiedad social, el miedo a la evaluación negativa y el perfeccionismo disfuncional, así como su papel mediador en la relación entre las influencias paternas perfeccionistas y la violencia física recibida por parte de la pareja. Participaron 258 personas (77,1% mujeres) de entre 18 y 67 años (M= 32,63; DT= 11,66). Los hallazgos sugirieron que la dependencia emocional estaba positivamente asociada a la violencia de pareja recibida, ansiedad social, miedo a la evaluación negativa y perfeccionismo disfuncional. A su vez, la violencia de pareja recibida estaba positivamente asociada al perfeccionismo disfuncional. La dependencia emocional explicó el 16,55% de la relación entre las influencias paternas perfeccionistas, referidas a la percepción de las figuras parentales abiertamente críticas y con expectativas elevadas y la permanencia en relaciones de pareja violentas físicamente. En conclusión, se menciona la necesidad de investigar e incluir estos factores en las intervenciones psicológicas dirigidas a tratar ambas problemáticas como son la dependencia emocional y la permanencia en relaciones violentas.

The objectives of the study were to evaluate the relationship between emotional dependence and social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and dysfunctional perfectionism, as well as its mediating role in the relationship between perfectionistic parental influences and physical violence received from the partner. A total of 258 people (77.1% female) aged 18-67 years (M= 32.63, SD= 11.66) participated. The findings suggested that emotional dependence was positively associated with intimate partner violence received, social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, and dysfunctional perfectionism. In turn, intimate partner violence received was positively associated with dysfunctional perfectionism. Emotional dependence explained 16.55% of the relationship between perfectionist parental influences, referring to the perception of openly critical parental figures with high expectations, and the permanence in physically violent intimate partner relationships. In conclusion, the need to investigate and include these factors in psychological interventions aimed at treating both problems such as emotional dependence and permanence in violent relationships is mentioned.

Concept of Affective Dependence and Validation of an Affective Dependence Scale.

Background: There is a degree of affective interdependence that is considered normal and only becomes pathological if it causes excessive suffering, both for the subject and for those close to them. Our objective was to introduce and psychometrically validate a short and effective affective dependency scale, the Affective Dependence Scale (ADS-9). Methods: We used a sample of 762 participants (clinical: emotional dependent subjects n = 212, comparison: non-emotionally-dependent addicted subjects n = 272, and general population n = 278) to assess the factor structure, the psychological construct validity and the measurement invariance for the ADS-9 by means of independent exploratory factor analyses for each sample group and subsequent multigroup confirmatory factor analyses. Results: Our results confirm that ADS-9 is a psychometrically consistent instrument, with construct and clinical validity, as well as configural, metric and scalar invariance across different sample groups (clinical, comparison and general population). A hypothesized two-dimensional structure was confirmed by means of factor analyses. Both sub-scales of this abbreviated form, Submission and Craving, showed a good agreement with the previously validated Relationships and Sentimental Dependencies Inventory (IRIDS-100). Conclusion: The ADS-9 is a brief instrument that appears to reliably detect the dependent and pathological components of affective dependence. It consists of two sub-scales, describing Submission (adaptation, accommodation, and subjugation) and Craving (imperative need for the other with the presence of disturbing states). We suggest that it is a versatile scale that may be useful for clinicians and researchers.

Dependencia emocional y violencia en mujeres atendidas en la Fundación Nosotras con Equidad, de Riobamba / Emotional dependence and violence in women treated at the FundaciónNosotras con Equidad, of Riobamba

RESUMEN Introducción: la violencia es un fenómeno psicosocial, considerado un problema de salud pública que genera graves consecuencias en las mujeres. La dependencia emocional podría ser un factor esencial para que una mujer tolere situaciones de violencia. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre la dependencia emocional y la violencia en mujeres atendidas en la Fundación Nosotras con Equidad, de Riobamba, Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, prospectivo, transversal, analítico, bivariado y de nivel relacional, en una población de 300 mujeres de 18 a 65 años de la Fundación Nosotras con Equidad, de Riobamba, durante el primer semestre de 2020. Para el procesamiento de datos de dependencia emocional y violencia se utilizó el programa IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0; para el análisis estadístico-descriptivo gráficos de barras agrupadas, y para el análisis bivariado el coeficiente de correlación tau-b de Kendall. Resultados: se evidenció que 237 mujeres presentaron dependencia emocional moderada (79,0 %) y que 279 indicaron haber sufrido violencia de pareja severa (93,0%). La correlación entre la dependencia emocional y la violencia psicológica es media positiva (0.473). Conclusiones: en las mujeres víctimas de violencia se hallaron altos niveles de dependencia emocional y se evidenció una correlación media positiva entre la violencia psicológica y la dependencia emocional. En la variable de dependencia emocional se observaron como indicadores relevantes el miedo a la soledad, a ser abandonada, lo que representa una forma de rechazo a su autoestima, manteniéndose sumergida en una relación violenta (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: violence is a psychosocial phenomenon, considered a public health problem that generates serious consequences for women. Emotional dependence could be an important factor for a woman to tolerate situations of violence. Objective: to determine the relationship between emotional dependence and violence in women attended at the FundaciónNosotras con Equidad, of Riobamba, Ecuador. Materials and methods: an observational, prospective, cross-sectional, analytical, bivariate and relational study was conducted in a population of 300 women aged 18 to 65 years from the FundaciónNosotras con Equidad, of Riobamba, during the first semester of 2020. The IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 program was used for processing emotional dependence and violence data; for statistical-descriptive analysis, grouped bar graphs, and for bivariate analysis, the correlation coefficient tau-b of Kendall. Results: it was shown that 237 women had moderate emotional dependence (79.0%) and 279 reported that they had suffered severe partner violence (93.0%). The correlation between emotional dependence and psychological violence is average positive (0.473). Conclusions: high levels of emotional dependence were found in women victims of violence and an average positive correlation between psychological violence and emotional dependence was evident. In the variable of emotional dependence, the fear of loneliness, of being abandoned, was observed as relevant indicators, which represents a form of rejection of their self-esteem, remaining immersed in a violent relationship (AU).

Exercise Addiction and Muscle Dysmorphia: The Role of Emotional Dependence and Attachment.

Background: Both exercise addiction (EA) and muscle dysmorphia (MD) primarily involve the compulsive practice of physical exercise and are classified as behavioral addictions in different lines of research. These types of addictions are frequently comorbid with other addictive pathologies, such as emotional dependence (ED), which is closely related to childhood attachment. This study is presented to address the scarcity of research relating EA and MD with other behavioral addictions. The aims are to analyze the sex differences found in emotional dependence, attachment dimensions, EA and MD; to analyze the association between EA and MD and other behavioral addictions, such as emotional dependence and attachment dimensions; and to analyze the possible role that childhood attachment plays in mediating the interaction between emotional dependence and EA and MD. Method: The sample comprised 366 participants (54.6% women) aged 17-31 (M = 23.53; SD = 6.48). Results: There are sex differences, with men scoring higher in EA, MD, and ED. The positive relationship between EA and ED (values between 0.16 and 0.28), MD (presenting values between 0.42 and 0.70), and attachment styles based on preoccupation, interference, permissiveness, and value of parental authority (values between 0.11 and 0.14) is highlighted. On the other hand, MD was positively related to ED (values ranging from 0.24 to 0.36) and attachment styles based on the value of parental authority, self-sufficiency, and resentment toward parents (between 0.17 and 0.18), and negatively related to secure attachment (values between -0.13 and -0.18). Likewise, the predictive role of ED and attachment styles in EA and MD was tested. And it was observed how attachment styles mediated the relationship between EA and ED, as well as the relationship between MD and ED. Thus, it has been shown that people with EA and MD present attachment styles that may influence negatively the decision-making process when choosing inappropriate strategies to achieve adequate emotional regulation, even selecting inappropriate goals for physical exercise with negative consequences. Conclusions: The dissemination of the findings among mental health and sports science professionals is necessary to develop prevention and intervention strategies for people affected by EA and MD.

Codependencia: una adicción o un patrón de relación inadecuado / Codependency: addiction or inadequate relationship pattern

La codependencia es un problema que afecta a cada vez más personas, siendo esta la que caracteriza frecuentes estados de insatisfacción y sufrimiento personal, donde la persona se encuentra enfocada en atender las necesidades de su pareja y/o de otras personas, sin tomar en cuenta las propias, a partir de una necesidad de que la conducta de otra persona se desarrolle desde las propias expectativas, al tiempo que se vive la imposibilidad de expresarlo de manera clara y asertiva en el día a día. Terapéuticamente esta problemática ha sido y sigue siendo motivo de consulta en contextos de rehabilitación y procesos de recuperación en adicciones, estando representada en la naturaleza de los vínculos que se establecen al interior de una familia o de una pareja. De ahí la importancia del abordaje terapéutico de la red de apoyo del adicto, ya que esta tiende a considerar la adicción como un asunto único de la persona en rehabilitación. Desde hace algo más de 20 años, este tema ha sido motivo de investigación de terapeutas, psicólogos, psiquiatras y consejeros, quienes han propiciado discusiones a la luz de establecer un concepto de codependencia y qué elementos de esta merecen la pena tener en cuenta al momento de establecer líneas o planes de tratamientos para las personas que sufren esta condición

Codependency is a problem that affects more and more people, being this the one that characterizes frequent states of dissatisfaction and personal suffering, where the person is focused on meeting the needs of their partner and / or other people, without taking into account their own, from a need for the behavior of another person to develop from their own expectations, while experiencing the impossibility of expressing it clearly and assertively on a day-to-day basis. Therapeutically, this problem has been and continues to be a reason for consultation in the context of rehabilitation and recovery processes in addictions, being represented in the nature of the bonds that are established within a family or a couple. Hence the importance of the therapeutic approach of the addict's support network, since it tends to consider addiction as a unique issue for the person in rehabilitation. For a little over 20 years, this topic has been the subject of research by therapists, psychologists, psychiatrists and counselors, who have fostered discussions in the light of establishing a concept of codependency and what elements of it are worth taking into account at the time of establish treatment lines or plans for people who suffer from this condition

Evidências psicométricas do Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional (CDE) / Psychometric evidence for the Emotional Dependency Questionnaire (CDE) / Evidencias psicométricas del Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional (CDE)

Objetivou-se adaptar o Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional (CDE), reunindo evidências de validade e precisão, especificamente verificar o padrão de relação com autoestima. Para tanto, foram realizados dois estudos com participantes oriundos de uma capital do nordeste do Brasil. No primeiro (n = 244), foi realizado a adaptação do CDE e executada uma análise fatorial exploratória, a qual sugeriu uma estrutura unifatorial. No segundo (n = 236), executaram-se análises fatoriais confirmatórias testando modelos alternativos (uni e hexafatorial). Ademais, realizou-se a correlação de Pearson (r) que evidenciouuma relação negativa e estatisticamente significativa entre autoestima e a dependência emocional, indicando validade convergente. Ademais, constatou-se precisão satisfatória em ambos os estudos. Conclui-se que o CDE é válido e fidedigno, podendo auxiliar na avaliação de indivíduos que estão em relacionamentos amorosos e na busca de um consenso acerca do conceito e das dimensões da dependência emocional.(AU)

This study aimed to adapt the Emotional Dependency Questionnaire (Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional - CDE), gathering evidence of validity and accuracy, specifically to verify the relationship pattern with self-esteem. Accordingly, two studies were performed with participants from a city of the northeast of Brazil. In the first (n = 244) the adaptation of the CDE was carried out and exploratory factor analysis was performed, which suggested a single-factor structure. In the second (n = 236), confirmatory factor analyses were performed by testing alternative models (single factor and six factors). In addition, Pearson's correlation (r) was calculated, which showed a negative and statistically significant relationship between self-esteem and emotional dependence, indicating convergent validity. In addition, satisfactory accuracy was found in both studies. It was concluded that the CDE is valid and reliable and can help in the evaluation of individuals who are in loving relationships and in the search of a consensus about the concept and dimensions of emotional dependence.(AU)

Este estudio objetivó adaptar el Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional (CDE), reuniendo evidencias de validez y confiabilidad, específicamente averiguar el patrón de relación con autoestima. Para ello, se realizaron dos investigaciones con participantes oriundos de una capital de noreste de Brasil. En el primero (n = 244) se realizó la adaptación del CDE y se ejecutó un análisis factorial exploratorio, el cual sugirió una estructura unifactorial. En el segundo (n = 236), se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios probando modelos alternativos (uni y hexafactorial). Asimismo, se realizó la correlación de Pearson (r) que evidenció una relación negativa y estadísticamente significativa entre autoestima y dependencia emocional, indicando validez convergente. Además, se pudo constatar confiabilidad satisfactoria en ambos estudios. Se concluye que el CDE es válido y fiable, pudiendo auxiliar en la evaluación de individuos que están en relaciones sentimentales y en búsqueda de un consenso acerca del concepto y de dimensiones de la dependencia emocional.(AU)

Estilos de apego parental y dependencia emocional en las relaciones románticas de una muestra de jóvenes universitarios en Colombia / Parental attachment styles and emotional dependence in the romantic relationships of a sample of university students in Colombia

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como propósito identificar la relación entre los estilos de apego parental y la dependencia emocional en las relaciones románticas de un grupo de jóvenes universitarios en Colombia. Es un estudio cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo correlacional. La muestra a conveniencia fue de 500 estudiantes universitarios pertenecientes a 15 ciudades de Colombia, de la cual 34,2 % fueron hombres y 65,8 % mujeres entre los 18 y los 25 años. El cuestionario de recolección de datos estuvo conformado por 81 preguntas a partir de los siguientes instrumentos: datos sociodemográficos, Inventario de Apego con Padres y Pares modificado (IPPA modificado) y, Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional (CDE). Se encuentra una correlación positiva entre los estilos de apego parental y la dependencia emocional en las relaciones románticas de los jóvenes que componen la muestra, así como una correlación positiva entre el nivel socioeconómico y la variable sexo en las manifestaciones de dependencia emocional dentro de la relación romántica.

Abstract The purpose of the research was to identify the relationship between parental attachment styles and emotional dependence in the romantic relationships of a group of university students in Colombia. This is a quantitative study of descriptive correlational type. The sample selected, a convenience one, was 500 university students, of which 34.2 % were men and 65.8 % women between 18 and 25 years. The data collection questionnaire consisted of 81 questions. The questions were based on the following instruments: sociodemographic data, Parental Attachment Inventory (IPPA); Emotional Dependency Questionnaire (CDE). We found that there is a positive relationship between parental lifestyles and emotional dependence in romantic relationships, young people, the components, the sample, as well as the positive relationship between socioeconomic status and gender in the manifestations of emotional dependence within the romantic relationship.

O discursso do "amor" e da "dependência afetiva" no atendimento às mulheres em situação de violência / The speech "love" and "affective dependence" on call to women in violence situations / El discurso de "amor" y la "dependencia afectiva" de guardia a las mujeres en situación de violencia

O presente artigo analisa o discurso da dependência afetiva e em que medida ele interfere nas políticas de enfrentamento à violência cometida contra a mulher. É feito um percurso histórico da evolução legal e uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre os discursos que muitas vezes tentam justificar o porquê de muitas mulheres não procurarem o sistema de justiça criminal e, muitas vezes, terminam produzindo estigmas sobre às mulheres, o que impossibilita o processo de empoderamento e reconhecimento da cidadania feminina.(AU)

This article analyzes the discourse of emotional dependence and to what extent it interferes in the face of political violence committed against women. It made a historical course of legal developments and a literature search on the discourses that often try to justify why many women do not seek the criminal justice system and often end up producing stigmas about women, which makes the process of empowerment and recognition of women's citizenship.(AU)

En este artículo se analiza el discurso de la dependencia emocional y en qué medida interfiere en la cara de la violencia política contra las mujeres. Se hizo un recorrido histórico de la evolución jurídica y una búsqueda bibliográfica en los discursos que a menudo tratan de justificar por qué muchas mujeres no buscan el sistema de justicia criminal y, a menudo terminan produciendo estigmas acerca de las mujeres, lo que hace que el proceso de revalorización y el reconocimiento de la ciudadanía de las mujeres.(AU)

Esquemas desadaptativos tempranos en estudiantes universitarios con dependencia emocional / Early maladaptive schemas in university students with emotional dependency / Esquemas desadaptativos temporãos em estudantes universitários com dependência emocional

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los esquemas desadaptativos tempranos presentes en estudiantes universitarios con dependencia emocional hacia su pareja. Se tomó una muestra aleatoria estratificada de 569 universitarios (32.16% hombres y 67.84% mujeres, con edad media de 19.9 años de edad (DT= 2.43), a quienes se les aplicó el Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional y el Cuestionario de Esquemas (YSQ-11f). El análisis de regresión logística arrojó un modelo conformado por esquemas desadaptativos tempranos (EDT) de desconfianza/abuso e insuficiente autocontrol. Los esquemas encontrados explican la vulnerabilidad cognitiva de la dependencia emocional, evidenciando creencias sobre impredecibilidad de la satisfacción de necesidades afectivas y la necesidad de evitar el malestar, a expensas de la realización personal.

The objective of this study was to identify the early maladaptative thought schemas in university students with emotional dependence toward their affective partners. A random stratified sample of 569 university students was taken (32,16% males and 67,84% females, average age 19,9 years (E.D. 2,43), to whom the Emotional Dependence Questionaire (CDE) and the Early Maladaptative Schemas Questionaire (YSQ 11F) were administered. The logistic regression analysis showed a model formed by early maladaptive thought schemata of mistrust/abuse and insufficient self-control/self discipline. The schemas found explained the cognitive vulnerability of emotional dependency, evidencing beliefs about the unpredictability of satisfaction of affective needs as well as the tendency to avoid discomfort at the expense of personal fulfillment.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os esquemas adaptativos temporãos presentes em estudantes universitários com dependência emocional de seu (sua) namorado(a). Utilizou-se uma amostra aleatória estratificada de 569 estudantes universitários (32,16% do sexo masculino e 67,84% do sexo feminino, com média de 19,9 anos (DP = 2,43). Se lhes aplicou o Questionário de dependência emocional e o Questionário de Esquemas (YSQ-11f.). A análise de regressão logística gerou um modelo conformado por esquemas desadaptativos (EDT) de desconfiança/abuso e controle insuficiente, que explicam a vulnerabilidade cognitiva da dependência emocional e evidenciam crenças acerca da imprevisibilidade da satisfação de necessidades afetivas e a necessidade de evitar o mal-estar, em detrimento da realização pessoal.