Direct versus indirect measures of mixed emotions in predictive models: a comparison of predictive validity, multicollinearity, and the influence of confounding variables.

Mixed emotions have been assessed using both direct measures that utilize self-report questionnaires as well as indirect measures that are computed from scores of positive and negative emotions. This study provides a pre-registered methodological examination on the use of direct and indirect measures of mixed emotions in predictive models. Two samples (N = 749) were collected, and path analyses were performed to compare direct measures and indirect measures in predicting psychological conflict, receptivity, and well-being, controlling for demographics, positive emotions, and negative emotions. We also tested whether trait dialecticism, need for cognition, social desirability, or acquiescence could account for these associations. In both samples, results suggest that indirect measures may be more susceptible to multicollinearity when controlling for positive and negative emotions. Specifically, variance inflation factors (VIF) were consistently higher for indirect measures calculated using the minimum index (MIN; VIFSample-1 = 3.53; VIFSample-2 = 9.46) than direct measures (VIFSample-1 = 2.52; VIFSample-2 = 1.68). Direct measures remained consistently associated with increased conflict and reduced coherence upon controlling for positive and negative emotions, while indirect measures remained consistently associated only with increased conflict. We found little evidence that response biases explained associations between direct measures or indirect measures with each of the outcomes. Specifically, associations between mixed emotions with psychological conflict, receptivity, and well-being largely remained unchanged in models that controlled for trait dialecticism, need for cognition, social desirability, or acquiescence. Implications and recommendations based on our findings are discussed.

Antecedents to Consumers' Green Hotel Stay Purchase Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The influence of green consumption value, emotional ambivalence, and consumers' perceptions.

When traveling for tourism purposes during the COVID-19 pandemic, some consumers might want to stay at green hotels because of these products' images and practices. At the same time, these green establishments also need consumer support to remain in business once the virus is under control. This study explores green hotels' challenges and opportunities by examining the factors that contribute to consumers' green hotel stay purchase behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 429 participants completed questionnaires, and the answers revealed that consumers' perceived health risks and green hotels' perceived persuasiveness can affect their emotional ambivalence that, in turn, can affect their green purchase behavior of hotel stays. Furthermore, the relationship between emotional ambivalence and purchase behavior can be moderated by consumers' green consumption values. The findings of this research contribute to the tourism literature and green product consumption research. In addition, implications for green hotel practitioners are discussed.

Mixed emotional variants of gratitude: antecedent situations, cognitive appraisals, action tendencies, and psychosocial outcomes.

This research provides an exploratory investigation of whether gift/help-receiving contexts that elicit mixed emotional variants of gratitude can be distinguished from typical gratitude-eliciting situations in their associated appraisals, action tendencies, and psychosocial effects. We examined 473 participants (159 males, 312 females, 2 others; Mage = 31.07) using a one-way four-conditions between-subjects experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to complete recall tasks describing four different gratitude-eliciting situations. Emotions, cognitive appraisals, action tendencies, and general psychosocial outcomes were assessed. Relative to a control condition involving receiving a gift or help (gift/help condition), receiving something at the expense of a benefactor (benefactor-inconvenience condition) elicited gratitude-guilt; receiving something with an expectation of return (return-favour condition) elicited gratitude-disappointment and gratitude-anger; while receiving a disliked gift or receiving assistance that made things worse (backfire condition) primarily elicited gratitude-disappointment while also eliciting gratitude-anger and gratitude-guilt. Each condition was differentiable from control in their appraisals, action tendencies, and psychosocial effects. Notably, contexts which elicited mixed emotional variants of gratitude were characterised by the co-occurrence of conflicting appraisals such as pleasantness and unpleasantness or goal-congruence and goal-incongruence. Additionally, the return-favour and backfire conditions were most dissimilar from control, and were associated with the most negative action tendencies and psychosocial outcomes.

Diamonds and rust: The affective ambivalence of Nostalgia.

Affective ambivalence is the simultaneous experience of oppositely valenced emotions, such as happiness and sadness. Historic writings on the valence of nostalgia have proposed that nostalgia can best be conceptualized as an ambivalent emotion. A growing body of research provides empirical evidence for this proposal. Here, I review and summarize this evidence that nostalgia is an ambivalent emotion, albeit more positive than negative. I end by discussing implications and future research directions.

Specificity in the Study of Mixed Emotions: A Theoretical Framework.

Research on mixed emotions is yet to consider emotion-specificity, the idea that same-valenced emotions have distinctive characteristics and functions. We review two decades of research on mixed emotions, focusing on evidence for the occurrence of mixed emotions and the effects of mixed emotions on downstream outcomes. We then propose a novel theoretical framework of mixed-emotion-specificity with three foundational tenets: (a) Mixed emotions are distinguishable from single-valenced emotions and other mixed emotions based on their emotion-appraisal relationships; (b) Mixed emotions can further be characterized by four patterns that describe relationships between simultaneous appraisals or appraisals that are unique to mixed emotions; and (c) Carryover effects occur only on outcomes that are associated with the appraisal characteristics of mixed emotion. We outline how mixed-emotion-specific effects can be predicted based on the appraisal tendency framework. Temporal dynamics, the application of mixed-emotion-specificity to individual difference research, methodological issues, and future directions are also discussed.

Torn Between Valences: Mixed Emotions Predict Poorer Psychological Well-Being and Job Burnout.

Conflicting perspectives on whether mixed emotions are adaptive states which promote integrative processes or uncomfortable states which are agonizing make divergent predictions on whether mixed emotions in daily life are conducive towards psychological well-being. We examined this across three studies. Study 1 (N = 335, 135 males; M age = 41.31) examined associations between state mixed emotions and psychological well-being. Study 2 (N = 389; 160 males; M age = 40.86) examined associations between workplace-specific mixed emotions and workplace ill-being assessed based on burnout. Both direct measures and indirect measures were examined in Study 1 and 2, allowing some comparison of methodological issues related to their predictive validity. Study 3 (N = 3444; 1587 males; M age = 55.34) examined bidirectional relationships between an index of emotional ambivalence and psychological well-being about ten years later, controlling for baselines. Demographic covariates, positive emotions, and negative emotions were controlled for in all studies. Analyses were performed using latent variable structural equation modelling. After adjusting for all covariates, the direct measures of mixed emotions predicted poorer psychological well-being (Study 1) and greater burnout (Study 2). However, indirect measures were found to suffer from relatively greater multicollinearity and poorer predictive validity upon controlling for positive and negative emotions. In Study 3, emotional ambivalence predicted poorer long-term psychological well-being, while psychological well-being also predicted lower emotional ambivalence, supporting bidrectionality. The findings provide preliminary evidence that naturalistically experienced mixed emotions may be conflicting and unpleasant, with potentially negative implications for psychological well-being over and above positive and negative emotions. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10902-021-00493-z.

Consumers' luxury restaurant reservation session abandonment behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: The influence of luxury restaurant attachment, emotional ambivalence, and luxury consumption goals.

The purpose of this research is to examine how consumers' attachment to luxury restaurants and their emotional ambivalence contribute to their reservation session abandonment during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In addition, the moderating effect of luxury consumption goals (e.g., self-presentation motives, status consumption, and need for uniqueness) is examined. A total of 408 participants completed questionnaires, and the results reveal that luxury restaurant attachment significantly influences consumers' emotional ambivalence, which in turn causes them to not complete their reservation sessions. Furthermore, the moderating effects of status consumption and need for uniqueness are supported.

Adesão a movimentos totalitários e de massas: contribuições da teoria crítica da sociedade / Accession to totalitarian and masses movements: contributions of critical theory of society / Adhesión a los movimientos totalitarios y de masas: aportes de la teoría crítica de la sociedad

O artigo tem como referencial a Teoria Crítica da Sociedade nos moldes propostos por T. W. Adorno e H. Marcuse. Foram analisadas três obras de Freud com o objetivo de demonstrar como algumas contradições culturais tornam-se subjetividade na obra desse autor e como algumas de suas formulações antecipam os processos regressivos engendrados nos indivíduos pelo capitalismo monopolista, principalmente o fenômeno das massas. O conceito freudiano de ambivalência emocional serve de subsídio à compreensão da adesão de indivíduos a ideais que lhes seriam contrários. Assim, libido e agressividade são manejadas pela cultura visando à adesão das massas e coletividades. Adorno e Marcuse tomam a psicanálise como instrumento de análise da realidade social e a articulam com suas análises sobre o capitalismo em uma perspectiva marxiana.

The article has as reference the Critical Theory of the Society in the molds proposed by T. W. Adorno and H. Marcuse. Three works by Freud were analyzed in order to demonstrate how some cultural contradictions become subjectivity in the work of this author and how some of his formulations anticipate the regressive processes engendered in the individuals by the monopoly capitalism, mainly the phenomenon of the masses. The Freudian concept of emotional ambivalence serves as a basis for understanding the adherence of individuals to ideals that would be contrary to them. Thus, libido and aggressiveness are managed by the culture aiming to join the masses and collectivities. Adorno and Marcuse take psychoanalysis as an instrument of analysis of social reality and articulate it with their analysis of capitalism in a Marxian perspective.

El artículo tiene como referencial la Teoría Crítica de la Sociedad en los moldes propuestos por T. W. Adorno y H. Marcuse. En ello se analizaron tres obras de Freud con el objetivo de demostrar cómo algunas contradicciones culturales se tornan subjetividad en la obra de ese autor y como algunas de sus formulaciones anticipan los procesos regresivos engendrados en los individuos por el capitalismo monopolista, principalmente el fenómeno de las masas. El concepto freudiano de ambivalencia emocional sirve de subsidio a la comprensión de la adhesión de individuos a ideales que les serían contrarios. Así, libido y agresividad son manejadas por la cultura visando la adhesión de las masas y colectividades. Adorno y Marcuse toman el psicoanálisis como instrumento de análisis de la realidad social y la articulan con sus análisis sobre el capitalismo desde una perspectiva marxiana.

Resistência / Resistance

Após caracterizar a noção de conflito estético, conceito desenvolvido por Donald Meltzer, o autor descreve uma experiência pessoal que exemplifica a natureza e a dinâmica desse conflito. Ele narra os movimentos afetivos contrastantes e alternantes, característicos desse conflito, que surgiram quando, inspirado pelo poema “To a poor old woman”, de William Carlos Williams, ele se dispôs a escrever uma releitura deste, que revela o impacto emocional que o poema lhe provocara.

After characterizing the notion of aesthetic conflict, a concept developed by Donald Meltzer, the author describes a personal experience that exemplifies the nature and the dynamics of this conflict. He narrates the alternating and contrasting affective movements, characterizing this conflict, which arose when, inspired by the poem “To a poor old woman”, by William Carlos Williams, he decided to write a re-reading of it, revealing the emotional impact that the poem provoked in him.

Resistência / Resistance

Após caracterizar a noção de conflito estético, conceito desenvolvido por Donald Meltzer, o autor descreve uma experiência pessoal que exemplifica a natureza e a dinâmica desse conflito. Ele narra os movimentos afetivos contrastantes e alternantes, característicos desse conflito, que surgiram quando, inspirado pelo poema “To a poor old woman”, de William Carlos Williams, ele se dispôs a escrever uma releitura deste, que revela o impacto emocional que o poema lhe provocara.(AU)

After characterizing the notion of aesthetic conflict, a concept developed by Donald Meltzer, the author describes a personal experience that exemplifies the nature and the dynamics of this conflict. He narrates the alternating and contrasting affective movements, characterizing this conflict, which arose when, inspired by the poem “To a poor old woman”, by William Carlos Williams, he decided to write a re-reading of it, revealing the emotional impact that the poem provoked in him.(AU)

Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness: psychometric evaluation of the AEQ-G18 in a representative German survey.

OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluates a questionnaire on ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, the AEQ-G18 [1], [2], with regard to its statistical parameters, the influence of socio-demographic variables, and its interrelationship with depression and quality of life. METHODS: A representative German sample (1009 participants from East Germany and 1034 participants from West Germany) completed the AEQ-G18 [1], [2], the depression screener DEP-2 [3], the Profile of Mood States POMS [4], the revised Beck Depression Inventory BDI [5], the short form of the Patient Health Questionnaire PHQ-9 [6] and the SF-36 health survey questionnaire [7]. RESULTS: Our study was only partially able to confirm the two factors effect ambivalence and competence ambivalence postulated by Traue et al. [1], [2]. Women scored somewhat higher on the scale effect ambivalence. Participants with a higher educational background exhibited less emotional ambivalence. Emotional ambivalence correlated positively with depression and reduced psychological state of health (depression, fatigue, and anger), whereas it correlated negatively with health-related quality of life and positive attitude (vigor). In addition to the scales of the AEQ-G18, we developed a short form, the AEQ-G10, and provide normative data for the AEQ-G18 and the AEQ-G10. CONCLUSION: This study presents normative data for two variations of a clinically relevant, valid, and time-efficient diagnostic instrument used for the evaluation of ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, the AEQ-G18 and its short form, the AEQ-G10.