A tale of a threshing machine: Images of the Voigt-Leibniz mathematical-agricultural machine at the beginning of the 18th century.

This paper examines how a certain threshing machine was developed and improved by Jobst Heinrich Voigt and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz between 1699 and 1700. While this machine was based on various mechanical principles and instruments, including the pinned drum mechanism first noted by Georg Philipp Harsdörffer, it was later reconceptualized as a 'mathematical' machine. I claim that such a positioning was not unique to this machine, but part of a wider movement during the 18th century that considered various artisanal instruments as mathematical, as well as agricultural and artisanal knowledge as scientific. Examining the development and subsequent reception of this machine, I show that during the first decades of the 18th century these conceptions gave rise to a double image of this machine, and hence of agricultural knowledge in general: on the one hand, this machine was considered as more efficient and productive (while still in need of improvement); on the other hand, it was viewed, either implicitly or explicitly, as something that should be studied by mathematicians, thus reflecting a changing image of mathematics.

GLOBAL MENTAL HEALTH ENLIGTENMENT2.0 IN ACTIONFOR GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY, PEACE AND EMPATHIC CIVILIZATION.

Mental health as a crucial global public good requires action of all scientific, political, social and cultural disciplines and sectors in our VUCA (volatile, uncertain, complex, ambiguous) world. Empathy based on love as life philosophy and a way of being in the world is the most essential and basic core element in human communications which leads to healthy, creative, flourishing, and well-functioning families, communities, nations, societies, and civilizations. Culture of empathy is an essential part of the new 2.0 Enlightenment which is a mental, social, spiritual and political movement that inspires aspiration towards global human spirit, collective mind and humanistic self, public and global mental health, cosmopolitism and empathic civilization.

Sleep in a 1-year diary from the mid-18th century.

A 1-year systematic diary was kept by an anonymous diarist in Hamburg in the year 1755-1756. Sleep, activities, food intake, urine volume, and meteorological data were documented daily. The systematic recording of sleep and naps, with an accuracy of a quarter of an hour allowed analysis of the placement, duration, and consistency of sleep. The mean (range) night sleep duration was 6 (3-9) h. The distribution of sleep interruptions showed two peaks, short (≤30 min) and long (≥45 min) interruptions. The latter indicted nights with segmented sleep. Time in bed was subject to strong seasonal variations. Bedtime and rise time were earlier in summer than in winter and sleep latency was shorter in summer than in winter. However, sleep duration displayed a large spread in all seasons and did not differ substantially between summer and winter. Seasonal variations of sleep timing were related to the varying daylight hours during the year. Finally, the results of this individual case may prompt a more detailed investigation of the variability of sleep behaviour in the pre-industrial period.

Fascism as a recurring possibility: Zeev Sternhell, the anti-Enlightenment, and the intellectual history of European modernity.

The article offers an overview and a critical assessment of the work of Zeev Sternhell, focussing on the questions of fascism and of the anti-Enlightenment tradition. It claims that the career of the Israeli historian revolves around the intuition of a history of European modernity marked by a central opposition: that between the Enlightenment and the anti-Enlightenment. I show how the idea is already present in his initial works, and argue that it produces a specific kind of intellectual history, concerned with the unity of traditions over large temporal horizons. I claim that it has the advantage of offering an historically grounded reading of fascism which nonetheless is capable to account for its emergence in apparently very dissimilar contexts. After having examined some of the shortcomings of this approach, I offer an historical explanation for the type of intellectual history practiced by Sternhell, arguing that it must be tied to his political activism in Israel.

Britain's harnessing of Thames river from the perspective of peace studies and its enlightenment-research based on the background of great stink in London.

In recent years, novel coronavirus has been rampant all over the world, and environmental pollution has increasingly become an unavoidable problem. The history of human development seems to be always accompanied by environmental pollution. In 1858, the appearance of the big stink in London reflected the serious pollution of Thames River in the process of industrialization. The pollution of the Thames River has aroused widespread concern of all groups in Britain, and the long road of pollution control in Britain has brought profound historical lessons. However, what future generations need to really learn from it is to get rid of the dilemma of pollution before treatment. This study takes the Thames River as an analogy, positioning human destruction of nature as the intertwined of history, and pushing the debate on environmental science, peace science, and history to a climax in order to reach wise recommendations on environmental protection, which is very necessary on the contemporary stage. While promoting the progress of human civilization, strengthening the protection of the environment may be the best way to break the traditional dilemma.

The relationship between social life and emotions. Adam Ferguson and sociology.

Adam Ferguson has a leading position among those who have developed a sociological interpretation of modernity that dismiss metaphysics without following the echoes of rationalism. Ferguson outlines a vision of social life that correlates the analysis of individual behavior to the study of social context and institutions. Consistently with this approach, the Scottish scholar emphasizes the multidimensionality of human beings without forgetting the non-rational features of social behavior. This essay aims to discuss Ferguson's thought with a special attention to the importance of the emotions in social life, so as to enhance the contribution of classical sociology to the analysis of the emotionality. Ferguson, in fact, argues that emotions have a leading role in shaping the behaviors and values of individuals. Developed in the context of Scottish Enlightenment, Ferguson's sociology shows how the study of modern society can be reconciled with a reasonable as well as emotional approach to social life.

Norwegian climatology, the Republic of Letters and the Nordic Enlightenment.

Although natural philosophers of Enlightenment Europe shared common ideals, like reliance on reason and natural philosophy, to promote what they deemed to be progress; there were national differences in attitude and disciplinary focus. This paper takes various eligibility criteria as a starting point from which to define a Nordic Enlightenment science; and situates endeavours in climate science within visions of useful science and international conventions for scientific practice. Two perspectives are explored: the make-up of the Nordic Enlightenment science; and the Nordic natural philosopher's various platforms for work and knowledge transfer. While historians differ as to what constitutes Enlightenment thought and spirit, I establish the existence of a Nordic Enlightenment science by identifying and examining several of its indicators. The paper concludes with a more specific discussion of climate science in Norway in which I show how climate observations performed during the eighteenth century by a sample of Norway's clergymen and civil servants bear testimony to an internationally-oriented science, through articles produced for science journals and conventions followed for data presentation and instrumentation. The findings corroborate existing knowledge of a progress-driven, Enlightenment science in Nordic countries; reveal differences between countries, and present Norway's early-modern climate science in an international light.

College Graduates' Negative Life Experiences, Coping Strategies and Enlightenment During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study in China.

Objective: The current study aimed to explore comprehensively college graduates' negative life experiences, coping strategies, and enlightenment in a qualitative way. Methods: This was a qualitative study. Purposeful sampling was used to select 31 college graduates majoring in various subjects from a Chinese University. The one-on-one semi-structured interviews were conducted online through Tencent QQ/WeChat and were recorded and transcribed verbatim. A phenomenological approach was used to guide this research in the data collection and analysis. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes across interviews around their negative life experiences, coping strategies, and enlightenment. Results: College graduates' negative life experiences were mainly focused on three aspects: negative work experience (eg, lack of adaptation, busy schedule, low salary), negative personal life experience (eg, multiple pressure, psychological problems, the hardship of life), and negative social life experience (eg, the incomprehension of those around you, complex interpersonal relationship, social complexity). The coping strategies they used can be classified into two categories: emotion-focused strategies (eg, accepting reality, self-persuasion, keeping a positive attitude), and problem-focused strategies (eg, goal-setting, asking for help to solve the problem, persistence). As for life enlightenment, six themes emerged: accept life, strive to life, love life, cherish life, recognize life, and learn to live. Conclusion: College graduates' negative experiences came from multiple levels, and they use multiple coping strategies to deal with the challenges. Our results provide important guidance for researchers and policymakers to design effective and targeted intervention programs to improve college graduates' coping abilities in response to negative life experiences and help them better transition from school to work. Specifically, future research and intervention to promote college graduates' mental health should target various social-ecological levels, focus on promoting coping from an ecological perspective, as well as facilitate post-traumatic growth to help them grow from negative life experiences and cope positively.

Cultural Determinants and Parent-Child Communication as an Effective Tool to Prevent Child Sexual Abuse: A Quick Qualitative Study.

The current study's sole specific goal was to use a qualitative approach, from the parents' emic perspective, to investigate the cultural determinants that influence using parent-child communication as an instrument to protect children from sexual abuse in the six electoral wards of Ife-East Local Government that covered the rural settlement of Ile-Ife. The study adopted a simple random sampling method to select a village from each ward and a convenient sampling method to select six parents from each village, making a total sample size of 36. The study utilized in-depth face-to-face interviews to garner the primary data and content analysis for data analysis. This study found and concluded that parents' economic activities, religious beliefs, fear of stigmatization or mockery, belief that giving a child sex education via parent-child communication promotes waywardness in the behavior of such a child, belief that sex education should be best confined to formal education, and overconfidence of the parents in their wards were among the cultural determinants influencing the efficacy of parent-child communication as a device to shield young ones from being victims of sexual abuse in the study location. The study recommended public enlightenment via various social institutions on dealing with these cultural determinants.

Optimal control model for criminal gang population in a limited-resource setting.

In this present paper, the principles of optimal control theory is applied to a non-linear mathematical model for the population dynamics of criminal gangs with variability in the sub-population. To decrease (minimize) the progression rate of susceptible populations with no access to crime prevention programs from joining criminal gangs and increase (maximize) the rate of arrested and prosecution of criminals, we incorporate time-dependent control functions. These two functions represent the crime prevention strategy for the susceptible population and case finding control for the criminal gang population, in a limited-resource setting. Furthermore, we present a cost-effectiveness analysis for crime control intervention-related benefits to ascertain the most cost-effective and efficient optimal control strategy. The optimal control functions presented herein are solved by employing the Runge-Kutta Method of order four. Numerical results are demonstrated for different scenarios to exemplify the impact of the controls on the criminal gangs' population.

Lower limb electromyographic characteristics and implications of taekwondo roundhouse kick "hit" and "miss" actions.

To compare the muscular characteristics of "hit" and "miss" actions in roundhouse kicks among taekwondo athletes, and explore the similarities, differences, and implications for training, motion tests were conducted on ten taekwondo athletes using Noraxon32 and VICON. The results showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in integrated electromyography (EMG) during the initiation and kicking phases between "miss" and "hit" actions. However, during the retraction phase, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the left rectus femoris, left peroneus longus, right biceps femoris, right semitendinosus, and right tibialis anterior muscles. The tibialis anterior muscle of the swinging leg was activated first in the "hit" action, while the biceps femoris was activated first in the "miss" action. The supporting-side rectus femoris was activated first in the "hit" action, whereas it was the biceps femoris in the "miss" action. In both techniques, the gluteus maximus was the last muscle to be activated. The "miss" action had a longer cycle, and the duration of muscle work was longer than in the "hit" action. During the retraction phase of the front leg roundhouse kick, the muscles worked more than during the kicking phase, with the erector spinae and tibialis anterior being the core force-producing muscles in both techniques, characterized by high EMG values and long activation times. In the "miss" action, the thigh muscles drove the calf muscles, while the "hit" action exhibited the opposite pattern. "Hit" actions had a faster cycle compared to "miss," with greater force generation in "miss." The hip flexors and knee extensors of the kicking leg were the core force-producing muscles during the kicking process, determining the effectiveness and completion of the action.

The cultivation and enlightenment of mental health nursing personnel in the United States / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The cultivation of mental health nurses in the United States is unique. This article summarizes the educational requirements, training objectives, curriculum settings, teaching forms, and clinical practice of the mental health nursing talents at all levels in America, including undergraduates, masters, doctors of nursing practice, and doctors of nursing philosophy, aiming to provide references for the cultivation of mental health nursing talents in our country.

Research progress and enlightenment of unplanned readmission in postoperative gynecologic malignancy patients / 中国实用护理杂志

The high incidence of unplanned readmission of postoperative patients with gynecologic malignancies not only seriously affects the quality of life of patients, but also increases the medical burden. This paper reviews the current situation, common causes, relevant factors and insights of unplanned readmission of postoperative gynecologic malignancy patients, and further explores the unplanned readmission of postoperative gynecologic malignancy patients in China by drawing on existing foreign studies and combining them with the actual situation in China, with the aim of providing a basis for clinical health care professionals to develop targeted intervention plans, so as to effectively reduce the unplanned readmission of postoperative gynecologic malignancy patients.

Formulation Rules in Medical Heart Enlightenment for Treatment of Heart Pain from Perspective of "Tangye Jingfa Tu" / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the formulation rules for the treatment of heart pain in the Medical Heart Enlightenment （《医学心悟》） from the perspective of the "Tangye Jingfa Tu"， thereby providing a way of thinking about the treatment of heart pain in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and the study of the Medical Heart Enlightenment. MethodThe "Tangye Jingfa Tu" contained in the Secrets for Auxiliary Cultivation Life： The Essential Method of Using Herbal Medicine for the Differential Treatment of the Five Zang Organs （《辅行诀五脏用药法要》） was used to analyze the nine prescriptions for heart pain in Volume Ⅲ of the Medical Heart Enlightenment by CHENG Guopeng in the Qing dynasty. A "table for analyzing the formulation of the nine prescriptions for heart pain" was developed. The analysis diagrams for decoction and meridian rules in nine prescriptions for heart pain were plotted and the compatible structure of the medicinal flavors was analyzed. ResultThe composition of Chenxiang Jiangqisan for the treatment of Qi-induced heart pain is "five pungent， four bitter， and two sweet drugs"， the composition of Shouniansan for the treatment of blood-induced heart pain is "five bitter， four pungent， three sweet， and one salty drugs"， the composition of Qingzhongtang for the treatment of heat-induced heart pain is "six bitter， three pungent， and two sweet drugs”， the composition of Jiangfutang with Cinnamomi Cortex for cold-induced heart pain is "three pungent and two sweet drugs"， the composition of Xiaobanxia modified with Fuling Tang for treating fluid retention-induced heart pain is "two pungent and two sweet drugs"， the composition of Baohetang for treating heart pain due to dietary stagnation is "five sweet， four pungent， four bitter， and one sour drugs"， the composition of Guipitang for the treatment of deficiency-induced heart pain is "eight sweet， four bitter， three pungent， and one sour drugs"， the combination of Huachongwan for the treatment of worm-induced heart pain is "seven bitter， six pungent， and four sweet drugs"， the composition of Shenzhusan， Congbaijiu， and Shengjiangtang for the treatment of resistance-induced heart pain is "eight pungent， four bitter， and two sweet drugs". ConclusionFrom the perspective of the "Tangye Jingfa Tu"， the Medical Heart Enlightenment is based on the compatibility principle of "pungent-bitter-sweet drugs" in the treatment of heart pain， with heart deficiency treated with salty drugs for tonifying， or bitter-sweet-salty drugs， and heart excess treated with bitter drugs for purging， or sweet-pungent-bitter drugs， mostly applying the transformation rules of five medicinal flavors， i.e.， "sweet-pungent-bitter drugs" and promoting the action of the pungent and sweet drugs acting on the spleen into the heart to relieve and purge the heart. In most cases， the treatment focuses on harmonizing the heart， liver， spleen， and kidneys， with an emphasis on the mother-child relationship and the application of the principles of the five elements generating and controlling each other. If the progression of the disease involves both the mother and child organs， the formulation should adhere to the compatibility rule of "the child organ makes the mother organ excess and the mother organ makes the child organ deficient".

Survey on Web Contents Available for Education about Falsified Medicines / 医薬品情報学

Objective: Crimes related to falsified medicines for medical use are of international concern and becoming increasingly sophisticated. Therefore, in this study, we investigated information on education and training/enlightenment activities on falsified medicines worldwide that are open to the public on the Internet to contribute to medical/pharmaceutical professionals’ and consumers’ education regarding falsified medicines in Japan.Methods: In April 2023, we searched the information written in English and Japanese on education and training/enlightenment activities on falsified medicines using the Internet.Results: We surveyed several countries and obtained important findings. In particular, the World Medical Association (WMA), the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), and the World Health Professions Alliance (WHPA) released programs for healthcare professionals. The US news programs, the US Department of Justice, and the Council of Europe released consumer warning videos. Japan issued the “Guidelines for Good Distribution Practice (GDP)” to the pharmaceutical distribution industry in 2018. Additionally, US and UK medicine regulators and the International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO) offered programs for professionals such as police and customs officers, and public prosecutors.Conclusion: These programs contain useful information not only for medical/pharmaceutical professionals in Japan but also for consumers. However, many are provided by foreign governments or international organizations, while few are from Japan. Therefore, to prevent the distribution of falsified medicine in Japan, educational institutions must further strengthen education and training/enlightenment activities and develop and publish educational tools for falsified medicines.

[Application of Chinese patent medicines for external-contraction febrile disease in Medical Records Integration of Palace in Qing Dynasty].

Medical records in the treatment of external-contraction febrile diseases with Chinese patent medicines in Medical Records Integration of Palace in Qing Dynasty were collected and the syndromes of the diseases, and types, categories, and dosage forms of the medicines were summarized to analyze the use of Chinese patent medicines for the external-contraction febrile diseases. The incidence of the diseases is closely related to the constitution, dietary habit, and emotion of patients. Therefore, the diseases were mainly manifested as cold, warm disease in summer, and summerheat-caused affection, and they were also attributed to the internal causes such as dampness, indigestion, phlegm, and stagnated heat. Thus, heat-clearing and summerheat-expelling formulas represented by Yiyuan Powder and Liuyi Powder were most frequently used, followed by the formulas for promoting digestion and removing food stagnation and formulas of ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology and surgery department. The composition and application of the most common Chinese patent medicines were analyzed, and the medicines which were also recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020) were selected for further comparison to provide a reference for the current application of them. In the development of Chinese patent medicines, the influence of the processing on the efficacy should be emphasized and the application value of classical prescriptions should be further explored. It is of great significance for the composition optimization and efficacy improvement of modern Chinese patent medicines to study the compatibility of mineral medicinals in traditional formulas. When it comes to application in clinical settings, the indications, usage, and application modes of the Chinese patent medicines of Qing Dynasty are of reference value for modern application. Moreover, the anti-epidemic policies and anti-epidemic tea drinks in the records can serve as a reference for the prevention and control of pestilence diseases at present.

Introduction: Science and connoisseurship in the European Enlightenment.

A major theme of the European Enlightenment was the rationalization of value, the use of reason to determine the value of things, from diamonds to civilizations. This view of the Enlightenment is well-established in the human sciences. It is ripe for extension to the natural sciences, given the rich recent literature on affect, evaluation, and subjectivity in early modern science. Meanwhile, in art history, the new history of connoisseurship provides a model for the historical study of the evaluation of material things. Historians of natural history have already noted the connections between science, Enlightenment, and connoisseurship. The time has come to extend their insights to other areas of Enlightenment science. This means recognizing the breadth of connoisseurship - the social, linguistic, and disciplinary diversity of the practice - as understood in Europe in the eighteenth century and the latter part of the seventeenth century. An outline of the three papers in this special section gives an indication of how this historiographical project might be carried out.

Kant, intoxicated: the aesthetics of drunkenness, between moral duty and "active play".

This article examines Kant's overlooked concept of "active play," as opposed to "free play," in connection with the influence of the Brunonian system of medicine, both of which, I propose, are central to understanding the broader significance of intoxication in Kant's post-1795 work. Beginning with a discussion of the late-18th century German reception of Brunonian theory, the idea of vital stimulus, and their importance for Kant, I assess the distinction drawn between gluttony and intoxication in The Metaphysics of Morals and Anthropology from a Practical Point of View. Both are analysed in the context of the Brunonian system of medicine, having establishing Kant's commitment to the Brunonianism system, as corroborated by Wasianski. What emerges is a novel understanding of intoxication in the work of Immanuel Kant, which brings to light a previously unexamined dynamic between imagination, intoxication, and the aesthetic.

Anthropophagy, European enlightenment, science and technology studies, and responsible knowledge construction in Brazil.

Many parts of the world receive from abroad not only objects of technology, but also scientific discoveries, and organizing elements and practices as well. Since these entities materially comprehend a formidable part of their modes of existence, let us say that non-Western countries result from ontologies/epistemologies that in large part come from abroad. This manifested coloniality emerges in the feeling of contradiction between national realities and the ideological prestige of the Western imperial centers that serve as models to them. This configures a malaise that is deeply rooted in educated Brazilians. I discuss lines of flight from that malaise in an articulation that configures a philosophical and political novelty in Brazil. In examples concerning computing in Brazil, I juxtapose elements of STS, the metaphorical anthropophagic movement, and the European Enlightenment project, to enact a more symmetrical, dialogical, and inclusive world by constructing 'respectful enough' stories. In doing so, the anthropophagic movement, previously in practice restricted to the artistic realms, incorporates sciences and technologies. In each of these stories, the enlightened motto 'daring to know' is juxtaposed with the anthropophagic metaphorical motto 'eat the stranger' around modern Western scientific and technological issues in local situated ways.