Principales agentes etiológicos de las enfermedades diarreicas agudas infantiles en Chimborazo, Ecuador / Main etiological agents of childhood acute diarrheal diseases in Chimborazo, Ecuador

Las enfermedades diarreicas constituyen la principal causa de morbimortalidad en niños menores de cinco años, con alrededor de 1.700 millones de casos y 1,5 millones de muertes por año a nivel mundial. Para el año 2010, en la Sierra de Ecuador se registró un alto porcentaje de infantes fallecidos a causa de enfermedades diarreicas agudas (EDA), incluyendo la provincia de Chimborazo; mientras que, para el año 2016, se registraron en Ecuador 590.523 casos de EDA, siendo más afectados los niños de sectores de mayor pobreza. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en pacientes pediátricos con episodios diarreicos que acudieron a centros de salud de los cantones rurales de la provincia Chimborazo. Se realizó análisis coprológico y coproparasitológico en 258 muestras; se identificaron bacterias enteropatógenas mediante pruebas bioquímicas y de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, se realizó diagnóstico parasitológico mediante análisis macroscópico y microscópico y para detección de virus se emplearon pruebas inmunológicas. Se observó un mayor número de casos de EDA en los cantones Alausí (50%) y Chunchi (19%). De los pacientes con EDA, los rotavirus son el principal agente etiológico aislado (24,8%), seguido por Shigella (17,8%); mientras que Giardia intestinalis (8,5%) y Salmonella (10,1%) son los microorganismos que se aislaron con menor frecuencia en las muestras. Los resultados del presente estudio, permiten tener un panorama etiológico de las EDA en la provincia de Chimborazo y contribuir en la vigilancia epidemiológica, ejecución de programas sanitarios y de vacunación, para disminuir la vulnerabilidad de la población infantil ante dichas infecciones(AU)

Diarrheal diseases are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age, with around 1.7 billion cases and 1.5 million deaths per year worldwide. For the year 2010, in the Sierra de Ecuador a high percentage of infants died due to acute diarrheal diseases (ADD), including the province of Chimborazo; while, for the year 2016, 590,523 cases of ADD were registered in Ecuador, with children from the poorest sectors being more affected. A descriptive study was carried out in pediatric patients with diarrheal episodes who attended health centers in the rural cantons of Chimborazo province. Coprological and coproparasitological analysis was performed on 258 samples; Enteropathogenic bacteria were identified by biochemical and antimicrobial susceptibility tests, a parasitological diagnosis was made by macroscopic and microscopic analysis, and immunological tests were used to detect viruses. A greater number of ADD cases was observed in the Alausí (50%) and Chunchi (19%) cantons. Of patients with ADD, rotaviruses are the main etiological agent isolated (24.8%), followed by Shigella (17.8%); while Giardia intestinalis (8.5%) and Salmonella (10.1%) are the microorganisms that were isolated less frequently in the samples. The results of this study allow us to have an etiological panorama of EDA in the province of Chimborazo and contribute to epidemiological surveillance, execution of health and vaccination programs, to reduce the vulnerability of the child population to these infections(AU)

An overview of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species in samples of different origin from San Luis, Argentina.

This study is aimed at offering an overview of the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species in San Luis, Argentina, from samples of diverse origin received in our laboratory between 1984 and 2014, and providing an analysis of the distribution of Yersinia isolates according to their isolation sources, highlighting bioserotypes and potential reservoirs and vehicles of transmission to humans. From a total of 4572 samples of human, animal, food and environmental origins analyzed by traditional culture methods and molecular techniques, 229 (5%) samples were Yersinia positive. The highest frequency of Yersinia isolates was observed in environmental specimens (14.3%), followed by animal (9.2%), food (5%) and human (0.6%) samples. A total of 255 Yersinia isolates were characterized, including 183 Y. enterocolitica and 72 isolates of other Yersinia species. Biotype 1A associated to several serotypes was identified in Y. enterocolitica isolates from environment (100%), animals (95.5%), foods (71.7%) and human samples (40%); bioserotype 2/O:9 was identified in isolates from foods (25.5%), and biotype 3 was associated with strains from humans (60%), animals (4.5%) and foods (2.8%). This biotype included three strains O:3 and six strains O:5. The data highlight animals and foods as the main Y. enterocolitica sources in our region.

Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in a Zebu cow in Brazil / Síndrome de jejuno hemorrágico em gado Zebu no Brasil

Clostridium perfringenstype A has been incriminated as the etiologic agent in jejunal hemorrhage syndrome (JHS), which is a disease that affects dairy cattle. Although this microorganism is considered an important enteropathogen the pathogenesis of JHS is still not clear, and there have been no reports of its occurrence in Brazil so far. The aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of JHS by infection with a C. perfringenstype A strain carrying the beta-2 toxin gene in a zebu cow in Brazil, for the first time.(AU)

Clostridium perfringens tipo A tem sido considerado agente etiológico da síndrome do jejuno hemorrágico (SJH), que é uma doença que afeta comumente os rebanhos de gado. Embora este microrganismo seja considerado um importante enteropatógeno, a patogênese da SJH ainda não foi elucidada, e não havia sido reportada no Brasil até então. O alvo deste estudo foi descrever pela primeira vez a ocorrência da SJH causadapor C. perfringenstipo A, carreador do gene da toxina beta-2, em um zebuíno no Brasil.(AU)

Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in a Zebu cow in Brazil / Síndrome de jejuno hemorrágico em gado Zebu no Brasil

Clostridium perfringens type A has been incriminated as the etiologic agent in jejunal hemorrhage syndrome (JHS), which is a disease that affects dairy cattle. Although this microorganism is considered an important enteropathogen the pathogenesis of JHS is still not clear, and there have been no reports of its occurrence in Brazil so far. The aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of JHS by infection with a C. perfringens type A strain carrying the beta-2 toxin gene in a zebu cow in Brazil, for the first time.

Clostridium perfringens tipo A tem sido considerado agente etiológico da síndrome do jejuno hemorrágico (SJH), que é uma doença que afeta comumente os rebanhos de gado. Embora este microrganismo seja considerado um importante enteropatógeno, a patogênese da SJH ainda não foi elucidada, e não havia sido reportada no Brasil até então. O alvo deste estudo foi descrever pela primeira vez a ocorrência da SJH causada por C. perfringens tipo A, carreador do gene da toxina beta-2, em um zebuíno no Brasil.

Neonatal diarrhea in piglets associated with cpb-2 positive Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium perfringens type A (CPA) has been recognized as one of the most important cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets. Despite its importance, the pathogenesis of CPA-associated disease is still unclear and data regarding its occurrence in Brazil is scarce. In light of this, the aim of this study was to report a case of neonatal diarrhea in piglets by CPA encoding beta-2 toxin gene (cpb-2). Three three-day-old piglets from a 2000-sow herd with history of diarrhea were necropsied and intestinal samples were collected for histology,  immunohistochemistry, and feces samples were collected for bacteriologic and molecular procedures. Gross and histopathology revealed superficial necrotic enteritis associated with colonies of bacilli adhered to the exposed lamina propria. These ileal and jejunum fragments were positive for C. perfringens by immunohistochemistry, while anaerobic colonies were identified by PCR multiplex as CPA with the cpb-2. No other enteropathogen was identified from intestinal samples. The C. perfringens isolated strains were susceptible to penicillin, metronidazole and vancomicyn and resistant to eritromycin, enrofloxacin, oxitetracyclin and lincomycin.(AU)

Neonatal diarrhea in piglets associated with cpb-2 positive Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium perfringens type A (CPA) has been recognized as one of the most important cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets. Despite its importance, the pathogenesis of CPA-associated disease is still unclear and data regarding its occurrence in Brazil is scarce. In light of this, the aim of this study was to report a case of neonatal diarrhea in piglets by CPA encoding beta-2 toxin gene (cpb-2). Three three-day-old piglets from a 2000-sow herd with history of diarrhea were necropsied and intestinal samples were collected for histology,  immunohistochemistry, and feces samples were collected for bacteriologic and molecular procedures. Gross and histopathology revealed superficial necrotic enteritis associated with colonies of bacilli adhered to the exposed lamina propria. These ileal and jejunum fragments were positive for C. perfringens by immunohistochemistry, while anaerobic colonies were identified by PCR multiplex as CPA with the cpb-2. No other enteropathogen was identified from intestinal samples. The C. perfringens isolated strains were susceptible to penicillin, metronidazole and vancomicyn and resistant to eritromycin, enrofloxacin, oxitetracyclin and lincomycin.

Escherichia coli shigatoxigénica: Patogénesis, diagnóstico y tratamiento / Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli: pathogenesis, diagnostic and treatment

Escherichia coli shigatoxigénica (ECST) pertenece al grupo de las bacterias productoras de diarrea, patología que aún constituye una de las principales causas de morbilidad en niños a nivel mundial. ECST produce una o más toxinas shiga (Stx1, Stx2 y sus variantes), que es su principal factor de patogenicidad, responsable de las complicaciones intestinales y sistémicas. La transmisión puede ocurrir de persona a persona, o a través de agua o alimentos contaminados. Su capacidad de producir brotes epidémicos y la gravedad de las complicaciones de la enteritis, es lo que le confiere a este microorganismo gran importancia en salud pública. Este patógeno no se detecta habitualmente en los laboratorios clínicos por las similitudes bioquímicas y clínicas con otros patógenos entéricos, siendo necesario métodos serológicos y moleculares para su identificación y caracterización definitiva. En este trabajo, hemos revisado la información disponible acerca de la patogenicidad, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infección producida ECST.

Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STES) belongs to the group of diarrhoea producing bacteria, pathology which still constitutes one of the main causes of morbility in children at a world wide level. STES produces one or more shiga toxins (Stx1, Stx 2 and their variants) which is their main pathogenicity factor, responsible for the intestinal and systemic complications. Transmission can occur person-to-person, or through contaminated water or food. Its capacity for producing epidemic outbreaks and the seriousness of the enteritis complications are what confers this microorganism great public health importance. This pathogen is not usually detected at clinical laboratories due to its biochemical and clinical similarities with other enterical pathogens, and it necessary to use serological and molecular methods for its definitive identification and characterization. In this paper, we have revised available information regarding pathogenicity, diagnosis and treatment of STES produced infections.