Envejecimiento exitoso y calidad de vida en personas mayores institucionalizadas del norte de colombia

Objetivo: Determinar relación entre Envejecimiento exitoso y Calidad de vida de personas mayores institucionalizadas. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo y correlacionai con muestreo intencional; previo consentimiento informado, participaron 14o personas mayores asistentes a un hogar del municipio de Montería, Colombia. Se incluyeron a personas de 6o y más años; sus características sociodemográficas fueron identificadas por una cédula de datos. La Calidad de vida se midió con WHOQOL-bref y el Envejecimiento exitoso con Successful Aging Inventory (SAI). Los datos recolectados por enfermeras/os, se procesaron en SPSS v22 y analizados con estadística descriptiva, normalidad con Kolmogorov Smirnov y corrección de Lilliefors; como no hubo distribución normal, el objetivo se respondió con correlación de Spearman. Resultados: Existe relación negativa y significativa entre Envejecimiento exitoso global (p= ,012), Desempeño funcional (p= ,025) y Proposito y satisfacción con la vida (p= ,012) con la dimensión Social de la Calidad de vida; se observo relación negativa y significativa (p= ,013) entre el Propósito y satisfacción con la vida con la dimensión Ambiental de la Calidad de vida. Conclusiones: la mayoría de las personas mayores presentaron un envejecimiento exitoso y tienen su Calidad de vida global y Percepción de su salud altas. Existe relación negativa y significativa entre Envejecimiento exitoso, Desempeño funcional y Propósito y satisfacción con la dimensión Social de la Calidad de vida; existe relación negativa y significativa entre el Propósito y satisfacción con la vida con la dimensión Ambiental de la calidad de vida. No hay relación entre los puntajes globales de Envejecimiento exitoso y Calidad de vida.

Objective: To determine the relationship between successful aging and quality of life among institutionalized elderly people. Materials and Methods: Descriptive and correlational study using intentional sampling. It was carried out, after prior informed consent, with 140 elderly people who attended a nursing home in the city of Monteria, Northern Colombia. People over 60 years and older were included and their sociodemographic characteristics were recorded in a data sheet. The quality of life was measured with the WHOQOL-bref questionnaire and the Successful aging was measured with the Succesful Aging Inventory (SAI). Data collected by nurses were processed in SPSS v22 and analyzed with descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality and Lilliefors correction. As there was no normal distribution, the Spearman's correlation was applied. Results: There is a negative and significant relationship between the overall successful aging (p= .012), functional performance (p= .025) and life purpose and satisfaction (p= .012) with the social dimension of quality of life; a negative and significant relationship (p= .013) was also observed between life purpose and satisfaction with the environmental dimension of quality of life. Conclusions: Most of the elderly people showed successful aging and had a high overall quality of life and health perception. There is a negative and significant relationship between successful aging, functional performance, as well as life purpose and satisfaction with the social dimension of quality of life; there is a negative and significant relationship between life purpose and satisfaction with the environmental dimension of quality of life. There is no relationship between the overall scores of successful aging and quality of life.

Objetivo: Determinar a relação entre envelhecimento bem-sucedido e qualidade de vida de pessoas idosas institucionalizadas. Material e Método: Estudo descritivo e correlacional com amostragem intencional. O estudo foi realizado, após consentimento informado prévio, com 140 idosos que frequentaram um asilo na cidade de Montería, no norte da Colômbia. Foram incluídas pessoas de 60 anos ou mais e suas características sociodemográficas foram registradas em uma ficha de dados. A qualidade de vida foi medida com o questionário WHOQOL-bref e o inventário Successful Aging Inventory (SAI) foi usado para medir o envelhecimento bem- sucedido. Os dados coletados pelos enfermeiros e enfermeiras foram processados por meio do programa SPSS versão 22 e analisados com estatísticas descritivas e teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov para normalidade e correção de Lilliefors. Como não houve distribuição normal, foi aplicada a correlação do Spearman. Resultados: Existe uma relação negativa e significativa entre o envelhecimento geral bem-sucedido (p= ,012), desempenho funcional (p= ,025) e propósito de vida e satisfação (p= ,012) com a dimensão social da qualidade de vida; uma relação negativa e significativa (p= ,013) também foi observada entre o propósito de vida e satisfação com a dimensão ambiental da qualidade de vida. Conclusões: A maioria dos idosos demonstrou um envelhecimento bem- sucedido e teve uma alta percepção geral de qualidade de vida e saúde. Há uma relação negativa e significativa entre o envelhecimento bem-sucedido, desempenho funcional, bem como propósito de vida e satisfação com a dimensão social da qualidade de vida; há uma relação negativa e significativa entre proposito de vida e satisfação com a dimensão ambiental da qualidade de vida. Não há relação entre as pontuações gerais do envelhecimento bem-sucedido e a qualidade de vida.

[Self-care: New evidence for its measurement in older adults]. / Autocuidado: nueva evidencia sobre su medida en adultos mayores.

INTRODUCTION: A major challenge in today's society is getting older people, not only live longer, but to have a better life, and achieve successful aging. Self-care has been identified as relevant construct in its relation to physical, psychological, and social health. Therefore, this paper aims to provide first evidence of the psychometric properties of a scale to assess self-care in older people. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 443 people aged between 60 and 80years (M=66.11, SD=4.72), all of them currently participating in lifelong learning programs. There were 64.2% women, and most participants were married (73.7%). They were asked to complete the Self-Care for Older People Scale (SCOPS), the SF-8 Health Perception scale and, the Life Satisfaction scale (SWLS). Data were analysed using confirmatory factor analysis, and scale correlations between self-care and variables from its nomological network. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The tested model provided an adequate fit to the data: χ2(23)=64.257 (P<.001); comparative fit index (CFI)=.936; Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) =.899; standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) =.070; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) =.064 (.046-.083), supporting the original structure of three factors: physical, social, and internal self-care. These factors also showed statistically significant correlations with two important variables of their nomological network, perceived health and life satisfaction.

Predictores socioemocionales y cognitivos: su papel en la comprensión del envejecimiento con éxito en el contexto costarricense / Socio-Emotional and Cognitive Predictors: Its Roll on the Comprehension of the Successful Aging in Costarica's Context

RESUMEN Tomando en cuenta las teorías del envejecimiento con éxito, este estudio se orientó hacia la identificación y el análisis de las características que presentan personas adultas mayores con altos niveles de actividad y participación social residentes en Costa Rica. El estudio contó con 191 participantes con edades entre 55 y 87 años (M = 68.5, DE = 6.9) que habitan en el área metropolitana y participan en programas dirigidos a personas mayores en cursos de computación, idiomas, actividad física, arte, entre otros. Mediante modelos lineales, se evidenció la importancia de las condiciones sociales, emocionales y cognitivas como las mejores variables predictoras del nivel de actividad en la muestra estudiada: a) variables emocionales como autoeficacia percibida, emociones positivas, satisfacción con la vida, control personal, adecuadas redes de apoyo; b) características cognitivas como funciones ejecutivas preservadas; c) percepción subjetiva de salud y d) características sociodemográficas como nivel educativo e ingresos. El estudio permite funcionar como línea base, a nivel teórico y metodológico, del envejecimiento con éxito en Costa Rica. Describe los estilos de vida activos en la vejez de los participantes costarricenses, caracterizados primordialmente por la participación en relaciones sociales y ocio, más que por actividades de tipo cognitivas y físicas o vinculadas al logro personal.

ABSTRACT The present study was aimed at identifying and analyzing the characteristics of older people with high levels of activity and social participation living in Costa Rica, from perspectives like the Successful Aging approach. It also addresses the classical criteria of successful aging theories and their scope in Costa Rican culture. 191 participants between the ages of 55 and 87 (M = 68.5, SD = 6.9) who live in the metropolitan area and participate in programs of the Costa Rican Gerontological Association and the Program for the older people at the University of Costa Rica (in computer courses, languages courses, physical activity, art, among others). Linear models analysis has shown that social, emotional and cognitive factors are the best predictors of the level of activity in the analyzed sample. The variables combined to better predict social participation in leisure activities, physical activities, cognitive activities, instrumental functionality and productivity in old age are: a.) Variables of emotional stability as self-efficacy, positive emotions, life satisfaction, personal control, adequate support networks b.) executive functions, c.) perceived subjective health and d.) sociodemographic characteristics such as level of education and income. The study can serve as a baseline for theoretical and methodical descriptions of successful aging in Costa Rica, characterized by a strong orientation to give more importance to social participation and leisure activities rather than cognitive and physical activity or personal achievement.

[Active ageing and success: A brief history of conceptual models]. / Envejecimiento activo y de éxito o saludable: una breve historia de modelos conceptuales.

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The aim of this paper is to analyse and describe different conceptual models of successful ageing, active and healthy ageing developed in Europe and in America in the 20° century, starting from Rowe and Kahn's original model (1987, 1997). METHODOLOGY: A narrative review was conducted on the literature on successful ageing. RESULTS: Our review included definition of successful ageing from European and American scholars. Models were found that aimed to describe indexes of active and healthy ageing, models devoted to describe processes involved in successful ageing, and additional views that emphasise subjective and objective perception of successful ageing. A description is also given of critiques on previous models and remedies according to Martin et al. (2014) and strategies for successful ageing according to Jeste and Depp (2014). The need is discussed for the enhancement of Rowe and Kahn's model and other models with a more inclusive, universal description of ageing, incorporating scientific evidence regarding active ageing.

[Aging and spirituality: Factorial structure and reliability of 2 scales]. / Envejecimiento y espiritualidad: estructura factorial y fiabilidad de dos escalas.

INTRODUCTION: In the field of gerontology, the study of the improvement of health and quality of life, and «successfully aging¼, spirituality plays a key role and, is one of the current research approaches. However, its incorporation into scientific literature is arduous and slow, a fact that is in part due to the absence of developed and validated measurement tools, particularly, in the Spanish speaking area. This work aims to present evidence of the psychometric properties of two tools for the measurement of spirituality: the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Spiritual Well-Being (FACIT-Sp) and the GES Questionnaire. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 224 elderly persons from Valencia (Spain) was recruited, on which two confirmatory factor analyses were estimated, with the proposed a priori structures for each tool, together with several reliability coefficients. RESULTS: Both models presented an good fit to the data: χ(2)51=104.97 (P<.01); CFI=.973; RMSEA=.076 for the FACIT-Sp, and χ(2)17=31.76 (P>.05); CFI=.996; RMSEA=.050 for the GES Questionnaire. Reliability indices also supported the use of the scales in elderly population, with alphas of .85 and .86, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results may be useful as a starting point to include spirituality in works that aim to discover the mechanisms involved in successful aging.

Programa para la mejora del bienestar de las personas mayores. Estudio piloto basado en la psicología positiva / An intervention program to enhance the wellbeing of the elderly. Pilot study based on positive psychology

El objetivo de este trabajo fue probar la eficacia de un programa piloto basado en la psicología positiva y destinado a incrementar el bienestar emocional de las personas mayores. El diseño de investigación fue experimental, con grupos de intervención y control. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 67 adultos de 60 a 89 años de edad. El programa consistió en nueve sesiones de 1.5 horas de duración y frecuencia semanal. Los temas incluyeron fortalezas de carácter, emociones positivas y regulación emocional. Se evaluó el afecto, el nivel de felicidad, el nivel de preocupación, el optimismo y la presión arterial. Los resultados indicaron que los participantes del programa incrementaron significativamente su nivel de felicidad y disminuyeron el nivel de preocupación y la presión arterial sistólica. El incremento del nivel de felicidad en personas mayores favorece la construcción de recursos personales y la implicación con objetivos y proyectos que les acercan al envejecimiento activo y saludable. Los resultados, limitaciones y mejoras de este trabajo son discutidos en el contexto de la psicología positiva y la psicología de la vejez.

The aim of this study was to show the efficacy of a pilot program based on positive psychology to enhance the well-being of the elderly. The experimental design included intervention and control groups. The sample consisted of 67 adults aged 60-89. The program included nine 1.5 hour weekly sessions. The program topics included character strengths, positive emotions, and emotional regulation. The variables assessed were affection, happiness level, concern level, optimism, and blood pressure. The results show that participants in the program significantly increased the happiness level and decreased the concern level, and systolic blood pressure. Increasing the level of happiness in the elderly favours the construction of personal resources and involvement with goals and projects that bring them to active and healthy aging. Results and limitations are discussed on the basis of the positive psychology and ageing psychology.