The association between polymorphisms in miRNA and the cholinesterase activity of workers in an omethoate-exposed environment.

To explore the association between polymorphisms in microRNAs (miRNAs) and the cholinesterase (ChE) activity in omethoate-exposed workers, we recruited 180 omethoate-exposed workers and 115 controls to measure their ChE activity using acetylcholine and dithio-bis-(nitrobenzoic acid) and genotype susceptible SNPs in their miRNA by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ChE activity in the exposure group was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.001). The analysis of covariance result showed that ChE activity was lower in the (- -/- T) genotype in miR-30a rs111456995 (1.97 ± 0.47) than in the TT genotype (2.23 ± 0.59) of the exposure group (P = 0.004). Multivariate linear regression was performed to find influencing factors on ChE activity, and variables kept in the model included omethoate exposure (b = -1.094, P < 0.001), gender (b = -0.381, P < 0.001), miR-30a rs111456995 (- -/- T)(b = -0.248, P < 0.001), and drinking (b = 0.258, P =0.019). The results suggest that individuals carrying a (- -/- T) genotype in miR-30a rs111456995 were more susceptible to damage in their cholinesterase induced by omethoate exposure.

Síndrome intermedio en intoxicación por organofosforados. Serie de casos / Intermediate syndrome in organogosphate poisoning. Case study

Se estima por parte de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, que se presentan alrededor de tres millones de casos asociados a intoxicaciones por plaguicidas. Los plaguicidas se clasifican de acuerdo al grado de toxicidad, medida a través de la dosis letal 50. Los plaguicidas organofosforados son potentes inhibidores de la colinesterasa capaces de causar una toxicidad colinérgica grave tras la exposición cutánea, la inhalación o la ingestión. Los compuestos organofosforados causan múltiples cuadros clínicos, así como manifestaciones de neurotoxicidad a corto y largo plazo. Sin embargo, no se comprende bien la gran variabilidad en la toxicidad y la respuesta al tratamiento entre los agentes organofosforados. En este artículo se revisan tres escenarios clínicos a los cuales nos podremos encontrar con pacientes expuestos a organofosforados, con énfasis en la presentación clínica, tiempo de evolución, medición de la colinesterasa eritrociaria y del tratamiento médico. Se concluye en esta serie de casos que la trascendencia radica, en la diferencia evolutiva de los pacientes ante el manejo, es importante recomendar como parte del tratamiento integral la administración de difenhidramina. (AU)

The World Health Organization estimates around three million cases related to pesticides. Pesticides are classified according to their toxicity which is measured by the lethal dose 50. The pesticides organophosphates are potent cholinesterase inhibitors capable of causing severe cholinergic toxicity following cutaneous exposure, inhalation, or ingestion. Toxicity from organophosphorus agents presents with manifestations of cholinergic excess, and cause neurotoxic effects in humans. However, the great variability in toxicity and treatment response among organophosphorus agents, is not well understood. This article reviews three clinical settings in which the patients were exposed to organophosphates, focusing in variability in toxicity, clinical presentation, direct measurement of erythrocyte cholinesterase, and possibilities for medical treatment. It is concluded in these series that transcendence lies within the evolutive difference from the patients through treatment, it is important to recommend diphenhydramine as part of the comprehensive treatment. (AU)

Medición de niveles de colinesterasas eritrocitarias en agricultores usuarios de plaguicidas y en practicantes de agroecología, San Cristóbal, Medellín, Colombia / Measurement of erythrocyte cholinesterase levels in farmers who use pesticides and agroecology practitioners from San Cristóbal, Medellín, Colombia / Medição dos níveis de colinesterases eritrocitárias em cultivadores usuários de pesticidas e profissionais de agroecologia, San Cristóbal, Medellín, Colômbia

Resumen Objetivo: analizar el valor de las colinesterasas eritrocitarias como biomarcador de exposición a plaguicidas (organofosforados y carbamatos) y los posibles efectos en la salud de sus usuarios y de quienes practicaban la agroecología en el corregimiento de San Cristóbal, Medellín, Colombia. Metodología: Estudio de corte. A una muestra de 40 agricultores se les realizó medición de este biomarcador. Se relacionó con información demográfica, descripción de las prácticas agrícolas y examen clínico. Resultados: Según los niveles de colinesterasa eritrocitaria en individuos que usan o no plaguicidas, los resultados mostraron un valor significativo en los que no los emplean (p= 0,042). No se presentaron resultados significativos (p> 0,05) entre las mujeres que usaron plaguicidas que alteran las colinesterasas y las que no, mientras que en los hombres sí lo fueron (p< 0,032). Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las colinesterasas eritrocitarias entre el grupo de los usuarios de plaguicidas y los practicantes de la agroecología. Un hallazgo importante fue el deficiente uso del equipo de protección personal y la poca supervisión técnica acerca del uso adecuado de plaguicidas. No se encontraron síntomas asociados con intoxicación por plaguicidas al momento de recolección de la información. Conclusiones: Los usuarios de plaguicidas inhibidores de las colinesterasas tuvieron niveles de colinesterasas eritrocitarias más bajos que quienes practicaban la agroecología. El uso de equipo protector fue deficiente. Por todo esto, esta población debería mejorar las medidas de protección y fomentar prácticas agrícolas más amigables con la salud y el medio ambiente, como la agroecología.

Abstract Objective: To analyze erythrocyte cholinesterase values as biomarkers of exposure to pesticides (organophosphates and carbamates) and their possible effects on their users and agroecology practitioners' health in the village of San Cristóbal, Medellín, Colombia. Methodology: Cross-sectional study in which a sample of 40 farmers was measured to see the presence of this biomarker. The measurement was then compared to demographic information, description of agricultural practices, and clinical examinations. Results: Depending on the erythrocyte cholinesterase levels in subjects who use or do not use pesticides, results showed a significant value in those who do not use them (p = 0.042). Results between women using pesticides modifying cholinesterase levels and those not using them were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). On the contrary, results in men were significant (p < 0.032). However, no statistically significant differences in erythrocyte cholinesterase levels were found between the groups of pesticide users and agroecology practitioners. An important finding was a deficient use of personal protective gear and poor technical supervision of proper use of pesticides. No symptoms associated with pesticide poisoning were found at the moment of data collection. Conclusions: Pesticides users inhibiting cholinesterase presented lower cholinesterase erythrocyte levels compared to those who practiced agroecology. The use of protection gear was poor. Therefore, this population should improve protection measures and promote more health and environmentally friendly agricultural practices, such as agroecology.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar o valor das colinesterases eritrocitárias como biomarcador da exposição a pesticidas (organofosfatos e carbamatos) e os possíveis efeitos na saúde de os seus usuários e estagiários do curso agroecologia no distrito de San Cristóbal, Medellín, Colômbia. Metodologia: Estudo em metodologia de corte. Uma amostra de 40 cultivadores foi medida para esse biomarcador. Relacionou-se com informação demográfica, descrição das práticas agrícolas e exame clínico. Resultados: De acordo com os níveis de colinesterase eritrocitária em indivíduos que usam ou não pesticidas, os resultados mostraram um valor significativo naqueles que não os utilizam (p = 0,042). Não houve resultados significativos (p> 0,05) entre as mulheres que usavam pesticidas que alteram a colinesterase e as que não usavam, enquanto nos homens eram (p <0,032). No entanto, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas na colinesterase eritrocitária entre o grupo de usuários de pesticidas e estagiários da agroecologia. Uma descoberta importante foi o uso errado do equipamento de proteção individual e a falta de supervisão técnica respeito do uso adequado de pesticidas. Não foram encontrados sintomas associados ao envenenamento por pesticidas no momento em que as informações foram coletadas. Conclusões: Usuários de pesticidas inibidores das colinesterases apresentaram níveis mais baixos de colinesterase eritrocitária do que aqueles que praticavam agroecologia. O uso de equipamentos de proteção foi ruim. Por tudo isso, essa população deve melhorar as medidas de proteção e promover práticas agrícolas mais amigáveis à saúde e ao meio ambiente, como a agroecologia.

Prevalence of chromosomal aberrations in Argentinean agricultural workers.

Little is known about biosecurity measures and toxic effects during pesticide application in the province of Jujuy, Argentina, particularly concerning the protective measures and mixture of pesticides used by rural workers. We carried out an observational study of agricultural workers from Jujuy (76 exposed subjects and 53 controls) to investigate the prevalence of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in human lymphocytes as well as the activity level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in red blood cell erythrocytes. Whole blood samples (5 mL) were collected in heparinized Vacutainer tubes for cytogenetic analysis and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity determination according to Ellman's method. Cytogenetic results showed a significant CA increase in pesticide-exposed individuals as compared with controls (4.20 ± 0.15 vs. 1.00 ± 0.05, respectively; p < 0.001), suggesting that pesticides are clastogenic agents causing DNA damage. Erythrocyte cholinesterase activity was significantly lower in exposed individuals, evidencing the possible occurrence of perturbations in blood as well as neurotoxicity in pesticide sprayers. These results suggest the need for periodic biomonitoring of these biomarkers together with education and training of occupational workers for the safe application of potentially harmful pesticides.

Valores de colinesterasa plasmática y eritrocitaria con ácido 6-6'-ditiodinicotínico (DTNA) como indicador / Plasma and eritrocitary cholinesterase values with 6-6'-dithiodinicotinic acid (DTNA) as indicator / Valores da colinesterase plasmática e eritrocitária utilizando o ácido 6-6-ditiodinicotínico (DTNA) como indicador

Resumen Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal empleando ácido 6-6'-ditiodinicotinico (DTNA) como indicador para calcular los valores de la actividad de colinesterasa plasmática (AchP) y eritrocitaria (AchE) humana y estandarizarlos para ser utilizados como indicadores de riesgo laboral por exposición a organofosforados y carbamates en la población de la zona cafetera de Colombia. Se eligió esta técnica pues es una alternativa precisa, sencilla y económica: con pocos interferentes permite analizar AchP y AchE, no se tiene que corregir con hemoglobina; el DTNA es estable congelado o refrigerado y permite analizar muchas muestras en poco tiempo. Se evaluaron 819 muestras de agricultores. La AchE fue significativamente mayor en las personas menores de 45 años y en personas no fumigadoras, la AchP fue mayor en los fumigadores; esto es un indicador de que la población fumigadora se encuentra expuesta a organofosforados y carbamatos de forma prolongada. Se sugiere utilizar como valores máximos de referencia de la AchE y AchP 11378 U/L y 10354 U/L, respectivamente como indicadores de intervención ocupacional.

Abstract A cross-sectional descriptive study using 6-6'-dithiodinicotinic acid (DTNA) as an indicator was performed to calculate the values of plasma cholinesterase (AchP) and erythrocyte (AchE) activity and to standardize them to be used as indicators of occupational risk by exposure to organophosphates and carbamates in the population of the Colombian Coffee Growing Area. This method was chosen because it is an accurate, simple, and nonexpensive alternative: with few interferents it allows measuring both AchP and AchE, it does not have to be corrected with hemoglobin; The DTNA is stable frozen or refrigerated and allows to analyze many samples in a short time. A number of 819 samples from farmers were evaluated. While AchE was significantly higher in people under 45 years and in non-fumigating people, AchP was higher in fumigators; this result is an indicator that the fumigant population is exposed to organophosphates and carbamates on a long-term basis. It is suggested to use as maximum reference values of AchE and AchP 11378 U / L and 10354 U / L, respectively as indicators of occupational intervention.

Resumo Foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal usando ácido 6-6'-ditiodinicotinico (DTNA) como indicador a fim de calcular os valores de atividade da colinesterase plasmática (AchP) e eritrocitária (AchE) humana e padronizar estes valores para ser utilizados na região cafeteira da Colômbia. Esta técnica foi elegida porque e uma alternativa precisa, simples e econômica: tem poucos interferentes e permite analisar AchP e AchE, não deve corrigir-se com hemoglobina; o DNTA e estável congelado ou refrigerado e permite analisar muitas amostras em pouco tempo. Foram avaliadas 819 amostras de agricultores. A AchE foi significativamente maior nas pessoas com menos de 45 anos e em pessoas não pulverizadoras, a AchP foi maior nas pessoas pulverizadoras; isso e um indicador de que a população pulverizadora encontra-se exposta a organofosforados e carbamatos de maneira prolongada. Sugere-se utilizar como valores máximos de referência da AchE e AchP 11378 U/L y 10354 U/L, respectivamente como indicadores de intervenção ocupacional.

Colinesterasas eritrocitaria y plasmática en trabajadores con enfermedades crónicas controladas y en usuarios de medicamentos / Erythrocytic and plasmatic cholinesterases in workers with chronic controlled diseases and in users of medicines

Problema: los valores fisiológicos de colinesterasas se conocen para personas y trabajadores sanos, pero poco se sabe de ellos cuando se trata de sujetos con enfermedades crónicas controladas, usualmente con medicamentos. ¿Cuál es el efecto de la enfermedad, de las drogas o de ambas en los niveles de colinesterasas?Objetivos: medir las colinesterasas eritrocitarias y plasmáticas en trabajadores activos y asintomáticos que estuviesen laborando, no expuestos a plaguicidas inhibidores de colinesterasas, que manifestaran padecer alguna enfermedad que estuviera controlada, con o sin tratamiento.Metodología: como parte de un estudio descriptivo prospectivo, diseñado para obtener los valores de referencia en población laboral activa de afiliados al Seguro Social, en Antioquia (Colombia), se aplicó una encuesta para identificar trabajadores con alguna enfermedad que estuviera controlada. La acetilcolinesterasa se midió por dos técnicas diferentes y la butirilcolinesterasa por tres procedimientos distintos.Resultados: la muestra de la población laboral del valle de Aburrá y del Cercano Oriente Antioqueño la integraron 827 personas, de las cuales 19 por ciento dijo tener alguna enfermedad. La prevalencia de enfermedad en Aburrá fue 30 por ciento y en Oriente 9 por ciento (p= 0,0000000). La lista de enfermedades contiene 13 problemas y las más frecuentes fueron hipertensión arterial (29 por ciento), "del hígado" (16 por ciento), anemia (10 por ciento) y artritis (10 por ciento). Entre las 827, 15 por ciento (127 sujetos) estaba recibiendo fármacos en el momento del estudio y 85 por ciento de los usuarios de fármacos empleaba uno solo y el resto usaba dos o más. El 8 por ciento tenía enfermedad y usaba fármacos (E+F+), 74 por ciento carecía de ambos fenómenos (E-F-), 11 por ciento tenía enfermedad pero no usaba medicamentos (E+F-) y 7 por ciento no tenía enfermedad pero si usaba drogas (E-F+). En cada estrato región-sexo, estos cuatro grupos se compararon en función de la colinesterasa, por cada una de las técnicas de medición, y nunca hubo diferencia significativa. Tampoco hubo diferencias importantes cuando se procedió a comparar los valores enzimáticos entre personas con una enfermedad específica y quienes no la tienen, excepto en el caso de "anemia".Conclusiones: los niveles de colinesterasas eritrocitaria y plasmática son similares entre trabajadores sanos o con enfermedades crónicas controladas, con o sin drogas

ABSTRACT PROBLEM: Physiological values of cholinesterase are known in healthy population, but limited information on them is available in individuals with chronic, controlled diseases, either with or without medication. OBJECTIVES: To measure erythrocytic and plasmatic cholinesterase levels in active workers who met the following conditions: to be feeling well and active at their jobs at the time of the study; to suffer from some disease that was under control either with or without medication; not to have been exposed to pesticides based on cholinesterase inhibitors. METHODOLOGY: A survey was carried out among workers affiliated to the Social Security Institute in Antioquia, Colombia, to identify those suffering from some disease and who had it under control. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase levels were determined using two techniques for the former and three for the latter. Surveyed workers belonged to two different parts of Antioquia, namely: the Aburra Valley and the Near East region. The study sample was made up by 827 persons, 19% of which informed to be suffering from some disease. RESULTS: Prevalence of disease in the Aburra Valley workers was 30% and in those from the Near East region, 9% (p = 0.0000000). The list of their diseases included 13 different ones, the most frequent of which were: hypertension (29%), "liver disease" (16%), anemia (10%), and arthritis (10%). Out of the 827 people, 127 (15%) were under some kind of medication at the moment of the study; of them, 85% were being treated with only one drug. Eight per cent were diseased and under medication (D+, M+), 74% were neither diseased nor under medication (D-, M-), 11% were diseased but were not being treated (D+, M-), and 7% were not diseased but did use some medication (D-, M+). These four groups were stratified according to region and sex and compared as to cholinesterase levels. No significant differences were found. Comparison of enzymatic values among people with or without specific diseases also did not reveal any significant differences, except for anemia. CONCLUSION: Erythrocytic and plasmatic cholinesterase levels are similar in healthy workers and in those with chronic, controlled diseases, regardless of the use or not of medication