Plastic pollution on beaches in an Antillean manatee conservation area, Brazil.

The presence of plastic debris along shorelines is a widespread problem, and plastic debris can interact directly with marine wildlife. In northeast Brazil, the Antillean manatees are the most common marine mammals and use estuarine waters mainly as their home range. We aimed to investigate the characteristics of plastic debris on the estuarine-oceanic continuum and the accumulation density of plastic on beaches. The density of plastic debris on beaches located in transitional areas was 7-10-fold greater than that on beaches in estuarine and oceanic areas. Fragments were considered the most abundant form of plastic debris on all the beaches. Our findings could lead to improved pollution management in this marine protected area, principally due to the risks of remobilizing small plastic particles through tides and wind effects that scatter them in resting and feeding manatees areas.

Microplastic contamination in three environmental compartments of a coastal lagoon in the southern Gulf of Mexico.

The Sontecomapan lagoon (Mexico) is a Ramsar site within the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, facing the Gulf of Mexico. Although the site has a protected area status, it is vulnerable to microplastic contamination, whose long-term effects are uncertain. This study gives the first approach to the degree of contamination by microplastics in surface waters, zooplankton, and sediments in the lagoon. The samples in these three environmental compartments were collected in June 2018 and analyzed in the laboratory to extract and quantify the microplastics. The microplastics sampled were classified into fibers, fragments, and foams and identified as polyester, acrylic, and rayon, among others. In the surface waters, the mean concentration of microplastics was 7.5 ± 5.3 items/L, which is higher than the values registered in other protected coastal systems, perhaps because of differences in the methods used. Zooplankton, represented by copepods, luciferids, and chaetognaths, showed concentrations of 0.002 ± 0.005, 0.011 ± 0.011, and 0.019 ± 0.016 items/individual, respectively. These values were low compared to systems with high anthropic influence, and the differences between the three kinds of organisms were attributed to their feeding habits. In the sediments, the mean concentration was 8.5 ± 12.5 items/kg, lower than the values registered in sites of high human impact; the maximum value here found (43 items/kg) was recorded in the internal part of a lagoon arm of almost stagnant water. In general, the degree of contamination by microplastics in the lagoon was low; however, their presence indicates a potential risk to the biota.

Accelerating microplastic contamination in 210Pb dated sediment cores from an urbanized coastal lagoon (NW Mexico) since the 1990s.

The ubiquity of microplastics (MP) across all ecosystems raises concerns about their potential harm to the environment and living organisms. Sediments are a MP sink, reflecting long-term accumulation and historical anthropogenic impacts. Three 210Pb-dated sediment cores were used to understand the temporal variations of MP abundances (particles kg-1) and fluxes (particles m-2 year-1) within the past century in Estero de Urías Lagoon, an urbanized coastal lagoon in the Mexican Pacific. MP particles, extracted from sediments by density separation (saturated NaCl solution) were counted using a stereomicroscope, under visible and ultraviolet light on Nile red (NR) stained filters. The polymer composition was determined in ∼10 % of the suspected MP particles using Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry. Fibers (66 to 89 % of the total particles) predominated over fragments (11 to 34 %). Before 1950, no MP particles were detected. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was the prevalent synthetic polymer (up to 50 % of the particles), while semisynthetic cellulosic fibers were predominant, underscoring the broader scope of anthropogenic contamination. Suspected MP abundances (NR stained filters) were highest in the core collected at the innermost area, which was attributed to the lagoon's hydrodynamics, since current velocities decrease from the proximal to the distal area to the sea. From the regression between MP fluxes and time elapsed since sediments deposited, the cores showed consistent accelerated increases of MP burial since mid-20th century, most likely because of the increasing availability of plastic products and population growth, with the consequent increment in plastic waste and wastewater releases. Our findings emphasize the growing MP pollution challenges at EUL, which may directly impact subsistence fishing and shrimp aquaculture activities, threatening local livelihoods and food sources; and also highlight the need for improved waste management and pollution control strategies in rapidly industrializing regions, to protect both aquatic ecosystems and human populations dependent on fishing products.

Plastic nests: The first record of the Yellow-rumped Cacique (Cacicus cela) and the Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus) building nests with discarded fishing material on the Amazon Coast.

The Amazonian coastal ecosystems face a significant threat from plastic contamination, posing a major risk to their biodiversity. Here, we provide the first evidence of using plastics in nest building by Yellow-cacique Cacique (Cacicus cela) and Greater Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus). During 2023 and 2024, 15 nests built with ropes and fishing lines were recorded in the Brazilian Amazon Coast, a colony of 12 nests in the State of Amapá and one nest in Pará for C. cela, and one nest for P. sulphuratus was observed in Maranhão during the fieldwork, covering all Brazilian Amazon Coast. These nests were observed on the edge of mangroves, built with solid waste from fishing activities, pointing out how environmental pollution can be incorporated into wildlife this issue. Our records emphasize the effect of plastic pollution on two passerine species associated with mangrove forests and the need for conservation measures and further research.

Long-term trends in the functional structure of estuarine fish assemblages in a subtropical estuary and its relationships with local environmental variability, man-made changes, and climatic drivers.

Climate and anthropogenic impacts are prevalent in marine and estuarine ecosystems. Rapid environmental changes have altered biological diversity and the ecological services associated with ecosystems around the world. The consequences of these impacts on estuarine ecosystems are worrying, given that estuaries are essential habitats for maintaining the diversity of species functions, as they act as sources for larger ecosystems through the recruitment and replacement of species. Through long-term standardized monitoring (1996-2019), we evaluated the temporal variability of the functional structure of fish species in a subtropical estuary using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and their relationship with environmental, climatic, and anthropogenic variables using Generalized Additive Models (GAM). We investigate the hypothesis that natural disturbances associated with El Niño events and anthropogenic ones related with changes in the estuary morphology will lead to a decrease in the diversity of functions of the fish assemblage in the Patos Lagoon Estuary in south Brazil (32°S). Our findings suggest an overall downward trend in the fish functional structure, especially in the second half (2006-2019) of the time series, which seems to be associated with a combination of abiotic effects (salinity and temperature), global climate phenomena (ENSO phases) and anthropogenic impacts (changes in the morphology of the estuarine mouth and its connection with the sea). These findings rise concern considering the current climate change scenario, where phenomena such as El Niño may become more frequent and intense. Therefore, the evidence from this study suggests that extreme natural climatic events in synergy with anthropogenic disturbances may imply biodiversity losses over time and, consequently, loss of ecosystem processes in a subtropical estuary.

Prokaryote communities along a source-to-estuary river continuum in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

The activities of microbiomes in river sediments play an important role in sustaining ecosystem functions by driving many biogeochemical cycles. However, river ecosystems are frequently affected by anthropogenic activities, which may lead to microbial biodiversity loss and/or changes in ecosystem functions and related services. While parts of the Atlantic Forest biome stretching along much of the eastern coast of South America are protected by governmental conservation efforts, an estimated 89% of these areas in Brazil are under threat. This adds urgency to the characterization of prokaryotic communities in this vast and highly diverse biome. Here, we present prokaryotic sediment communities in the tropical Juliana River system at three sites, an upstream site near the river source in the mountains (Source) to a site in the middle reaches (Valley) and an estuarine site near the urban center of Ituberá (Mangrove). The diversity and composition of the communities were compared at these sites, along with environmental conditions, the former by using qualitative and quantitative analyses of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. While the communities included distinct populations at each site, a suite of core taxa accounted for the majority of the populations at all sites. Prokaryote diversity was highest in the sediments of the Mangrove site and lowest at the Valley site. The highest number of genera exclusive to a given site was found at the Source site, followed by the Mangrove site, which contained some archaeal genera not present at the freshwater sites. Copper (Cu) concentrations were related to differences in communities among sites, but none of the other environmental factors we determined was found to have a significant influence. This may be partly due to an urban imprint on the Mangrove site by providing organic carbon and nutrients via domestic effluents.

Microbial ecology of northern Gulf of Mexico estuarine waters.

Estuarine and coastal ecosystems are of high economic and ecological importance, owing to their diverse communities and the disproportionate role they play in carbon cycling, particularly in carbon sequestration. Organisms inhabiting these environments must overcome strong natural fluctuations in salinity, nutrients, and turbidity, as well as numerous climate change-induced disturbances such as land loss, sea level rise, and, in some locations, increasingly severe tropical cyclones that threaten to disrupt future ecosystem health. The northern Gulf of Mexico (nGoM) along the Louisiana coast contains dozens of estuaries, including the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River outflow, which dramatically influence the region due to their vast upstream watershed. Nevertheless, the microbiology of these estuaries and surrounding coastal environments has received little attention. To improve our understanding of microbial ecology in the understudied coastal nGoM, we conducted a 16S rRNA gene amplicon survey at eight sites and multiple time points along the Louisiana coast and one inland swamp spanning freshwater to high brackish salinities, totaling 47 duplicated Sterivex (0.2-2.7 µm) and prefilter (>2.7 µm) samples. We cataloged over 13,000 Amplicon Sequence ariants (ASVs) from common freshwater and marine clades such as SAR11 (Alphaproteobacteria), Synechococcus (Cyanobacteria), and acI and Candidatus Actinomarina (Actinobacteria). We observed correlations with freshwater or marine habitats in many organisms and characterized a group of taxa with specialized distributions across brackish water sites, supporting the hypothesis of an endogenous brackish-water community. Additionally, we observed brackish-water associations for several aquatic clades typically considered marine or freshwater taxa, such as SAR11 subclade II, SAR324, and the acI Actinobacteria. The data presented here expand the geographic coverage of microbial ecology in estuarine communities, help delineate the native and transitory members of these environments, and provide critical aquatic microbiological baseline data for coastal and estuarine sites in the nGoM.IMPORTANCEEstuarine and coastal waters are diverse ecosystems influenced by tidal fluxes, interconnected wetlands, and river outflows, which are of high economic and ecological importance. Microorganisms play a pivotal role in estuaries as "first responders" and ecosystem architects, yet despite their ecological importance, they remain underrepresented in microbial studies compared to open ocean environments. This leads to substantial knowledge gaps that are important for understanding global biogeochemical cycling and making decisions about conservation and management strategies in these environments. Our study makes key contributions to the microbial ecology of estuarine and coastal habitats in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Our microbial community data support the concept of a globally distributed, core brackish microbiome and emphasize previously underrecognized brackish-water taxa. Given the projected worsening of land loss, oil spills, and natural disasters in this region, our results will serve as important baseline data for researchers investigating the microbial communities found across estuaries.

Spatial and temporal distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) detected after an aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) spill.

In 2015, > 460,000 L of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) and fire suppressors containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were used to combat a fire at a petrochemical fuel storage terminal in the Port of Santos (Brazil). Sediments from seven sites were sampled repeatedly from 2 weeks to 1 year after the fire (n = 30). Æ©15PFAS concentrations ranged from 115 to 15,931 pg g-1 dry weight (dw). Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most frequently detected compound with concentrations ranging from 363 to 4517 (average = 1603) pg g-1dw to <47.1 to 642 (average = 401) pg g-1 dw, followed by perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (from 38.8 to 219 (average = 162) pg g-1 dw after 15 days and from <20.8 to 161 (average = 101) pg g-1 dw one year later). Together, the hydrodynamics and fire events documented in the region were important features explaining the spread of PFAS.

Assessing sediment quality at tropical mangrove areas for using as reference sites in ecotoxicological bioassays.

The sediment of five mangrove in Pernambuco/Brazil was investigated to find a reference site for toxicity bioassays. Sediment characteristics, metal levels, and toxic effects on the nauplius of the copepod Tisbe biminiensis were studied. The sediment was composed by terrigenous muds and siliciclastic sands with medium to high organic matter contents. The FeAs association show most of the high concentrations and positive correlation among its constituents in the south. In the north, the Ca-Sr-La association is higher and exhibits positive correlation among its components that usually found in carbonate rocks. Very intense toxic effects were observed, mainly in the south, with >70 % reductions in development. As and Hg were positively correlated with mortality and decrease in development. The sediment quality at studied mangroves prevent their use as a reference site in bioassays. These could be linked to the direct/perennial contribution of geogenic sources associated with anthropogenic environmental impacts.

Effects of high temperature and LPS injections on the hemocytes of the crab Neohelice granulata.

Temperature fluctuations, particularly elevated temperatures, can significantly affect immune responses. These fluctuations can influence the immune system and alter its response to infection signals, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Therefore, this study was designed to investigate how high temperatures and LPS injections collectively influence the immune system of the crab Neohelice granulata. Two groups were exposed to 20 °C (control) or 33 °C for four days. Subsequently, half were injected with 10 µL of physiological crustacean (PS), while the rest received 10 µL of LPS [0.1 mg.kg-1]. After 30 min, the hemolymph samples were collected. Hemocytes were then isolated and assessed for various parameters using flow cytometry, including cell integrity, DNA fragmentation, total hemocyte count (THC), differential hemocyte count (DHC), reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and phagocytosis. Results showed lower cell viability at 20 °C, with more DNA damage in the same LPS-injected animals. There was no significant difference in THC, but DHC indicated a decrease in hyaline cells (HC) at 20 °C following LPS administration. In granular cells (GC), an increase was observed after both PS and LPS were injected at the same temperature. In semi-granular cells (SGC), there was a decrease at 20 °C with the injection of LPS, while at a temperature of 33 °C, the SGC there was a decrease only in SGC injected with LPS. Crabs injected with PS and LPS at 20 °C exhibited higher levels of ROS in GC and SGC, while at 33 °C, the increase was observed only in GC and SGC cells injected with LPS. A significant increase in LPO was observed only in SGC cells injected with PS and LPS at 20 °C and 33 °C. Phagocytosis decreased in animals at 20 °C with both injections and exposed to 33 °C only in those injected with LPS. These results suggest that elevated temperatures induce changes in immune system parameters and attenuate the immune responses triggered by LPS.

Soil greenhouse gas emissions from dead and natural mangrove forests in Southeastern Brazil.

Mangroves forests may be important sinks of carbon in coastal areas but upon their death, these forests may become net sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. Here we assessed the spatial and temporal variability in soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dead mangrove forests and paired intact sites in SE-Brazil. Our findings demonstrated that during warmer and drier conditions, CO2 soil flux was 183 % higher in live mangrove forests when compared to the dead mangrove forests. Soil CH4 emissions in live forests were > 1.4-fold higher than the global mangrove average. During the wet season, soil GHG emissions dropped significantly at all sites. During warmer conditions, mangroves were net sources of GHG, with a potential warming effect (GWP100) of 32.9 ± 10.2 (±SE) Mg CO2e ha-1 y-1. Overall, we found that dead mangroves did not release great amounts of GHG after three years of forest loss.

Multiple biomarkers in pufferfish as a proxy of environmental health in brazilian marine protected areas.

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are designed to conserve biodiversity and vulnerable ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the environmental quality of three Brazilian MPAs, based on the integrated analysis of biomarkers in pufferfish. The MPAs are differentiated by the degree of anthropogenic influences. The Barra do Una Estuary sustainable reserve (JUR) is a reference area due to its low levels of contamination and species diversity. The Cananéia Estuarine System (CAN) has been recognized as a biosphere reserve by UNESCO, as well as a Ramsar wetland. This MPA was influenced by upstream mining activities, resulting in the introduction of metals in the estuarine waters and the discharge of untreated urban sewage. The São Vicente estuary (SSV) lacks proper sanitation infrastructure. All collections were conducted during winter season, and, after collection, the animals were euthanized, their soft tissues were removed, and multiple biomarkers were analyzed in the gills and liver, as biometric, genotoxic, biochemical, and morphological. A one-factor multivariate analysis was applied to evaluate the differences between the data sets, and the matrices were analyzed using PERMANOVA to evaluate the "estuary" factor. The results were integrated using PCA with a 0.4 cut value and an Enhanced Integrated Biomarker Response (EIBR) was calculated. PCA was correlated with biochemical, genotoxic, and morphological biomarkers. In general, SVV differed from CAN and JUR as shown by both univariate and multivariate analyses. SVV also showed the highest EIBR, followed by CAN. Organisms from SSV showed greater gill pathology, elevated AChE activity and lipoperoxidation (LPO), and micronuclei frequency. CAN present intermediate EIBR, with severe pathologies in the liver. CAN seems to present an intermediate environmental quality between SSV and JUR indicating the importance of the existence of MPAs for environmental conservation and the need to monitor such areas, to maintain their suitable environmental quality.

Occurrence of tripletail Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch, 1790) in the inner Bristol Channel, UK.

A specimen of tripletail Lobotes surinamensis (total length: 402 mm, total mass: 1262 g) was caught in the shallow waters of the inner Bristol Channel on September 2, 2019, with this only the second known capture of this species from the British Isles. Given the cosmopolitan distribution of this species, the potential origin of this specimen is uncertain.

Long-term trends in juvenile Mugil liza abundance in relation to selected environmental and fisheries influences in southern Brazil.

Overfishing constitutes a major threat affecting marine fish population worldwide, including mullet species that have been exploited by fisheries during the reproductive migration in temperate and tropical latitudes for millennia. In the present study, we investigated the relationship of fishing intensity of mullet Mugil liza during its reproductive migration and the abundance of their juveniles in an essential nursery ground for the species in the southwest Atlantic Ocean. To carry out this analysis, we used a 23-year standardized long-term time series (1997-2019) of monthly abundance of M. liza juveniles, local/regional (water temperature, salinity, water transparency and river discharge) and global (ENSO) environmental factors, along with compilations of fishing landing data for the species. Generalized Additive Models (GAM) revealed the negative effect of fishing adult populations on the abundance of juveniles when they reach the marine surf-zone and after recruiting into the estuary. Our results reinforce the importance of adequate conservation and fishery regulation policies to prevent the species' stock from collapsing.

Spatial distribution and characteristics of plastic pollution in the salt marshes of Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina.

This study delves into the magnitude and attributes of plastic pollution in the salt marshes of the Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina, with a specific focus on its spatial distribution. The investigation included the evaluation of microplastics (1-5 mm), mesoplastics (5-25 mm) and macroplastics (25-100 mm), discovering elevated levels along the high salt marsh strandline compared to low salt marsh and mudflat areas. Notably, the abundance of plastic reached staggering levels, reaching up to 20,060 items/m2 in the vicinity of an illegal dumpsite. Microplastics, particularly in the 2-4 mm range, were dominant, and the main plastic components were high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS). Plastic films emerged as the predominant plastic type, while the presence of pellets hinted at potential sources such as illegal dumping and port-related activities. This contamination could be largely attributed to inappropriate waste management practices and urban runoff, which pose a substantial ecological threat to these ecosystems. Urgent remedial action is essential to protect these marshes, underscoring the critical need for comprehensive wetland management and educational initiatives to ensure their long-term sustainability.

High resolution in turbid waters: Ampullae of lorenzini in the daggernose shark Carcharhinus oxyrhynchus (Valenciennes, 1839) (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhinidae).

The present work aimed to analyze the distribution of the electrosensory pores of the Daggernose Shark Carcharhinus oxyrhynchus identifying the organ's importance in the natural history of the species. By examining photographs and digital microscope videos, we found that C. oxyrhynchus possesses the highest abundance of pores among Carcharhiniformes. This suggests a well-developed electroreceptor system, which may have maximized its evolutionary success in high turbidity environments. Furthermore, as a morphologically derived species, C. oxyrhynchus comprises a more complex and specialized electrosensory system. Notably, the species exhibits ontogenetic variation in pore abundance, highlighting the importance of a high-resolution system for adults. The higher density of pores in the ventral region indicates a preference for benthic prey, despite also feeding on pelagic items. Moreover, the species has a high-resolution electrosensory system and a high density of pores in the snout, which emphasizes the importance of the elongated snout that expands the electroreception search area coverage. Evolutionary convergence was observed in the development of the electrosensory system, as C. oxyrhynchus shares characteristics of pore distribution and abundance with phylogenetically unrelated species.

Microplastics and microfibers in the Guajará Bay, Amazon delta: Potential sources and variability.

The role of Amazon on the transport and as a source of microplastics (MPs) to the ocean is uncertain. This study is an assessment on the distribution of MPs and microfibers (MFs) in a portion of the Amazon delta. Guajará bay is a potential source for surrounding waters, since a metropolis is located at the right margin. Surface water samples were collected during the dry and rainy season of 2014/2015 at six stations. MP and MF abundance ranged from 218 to 5529.98 (1565.01 ± 196.94) particles·m-3. Transparent, white and blue particles were frequent. Higher values were detected on the right, urbanized margin of the bay (p = 0.0124). Most of the particles were anthropogenic cellulose fibers (68.8 %). Polyethylene terephthalate (52.9 %) and polyamide (34.4 %) were the dominant polymers. Our results indicate higher MP and MF abundances near to the potential source, the urban nucleus, and related to local hydrodynamic characteristics.

Prediction of heavy metals in polluted mangrove soils in Brazil with the highest reported levels of mercury using near-infrared spectroscopy.

Infrared reflectance spectroscopy has demonstrated potential as a tool for monitoring and preventing contamination in different environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the usage of near-infrared spectroscopy for predicting heavy-metal contamination in mangrove soils from the Botafogo River estuary located in Pernambuco State, Northeastern Brazil. These soils exhibit the highest mercury (Hg) levels ever reported for Brazilian mangrove soils. Sixty-one samples (obtained at depths ranging from 0 to 5 cm) were collected and measured using near-infrared (1000-2500 nm) reflectance spectroscopy. Preprocessing methods were applied, and partial least squares regression was used to build prediction models for attributes such as clay content, soil organic matter (SOM), pH, Eh, and concentrations of Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The models were evaluated using root mean squared error (RMSE), the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2adj), bias, the ratio of performance to interquartile distance (RPIQ), and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). The best outcomes were noted for concentrations of Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Pb (RPIQ > 2.5 and R2adj > 0.80); second-best outcomes were found for Zn and SOM (RPIQ > 1.5 and R2adj > 0.70). Clay content, pH and Eh exhibited the poorest outcomes (RPIQ < 1.5). The importance of spectral preprocessing is highlighted, notably with Savitzky-Golay derivatives and Multiplicative Scatter Corrections, which boosted performance for most of the variables. Near-infrared spectroscopy can be efficiently used to predict Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and SOM and represents a technique complementary to traditional analyses.

Socioeconomic indices guided linear mixed-effects and meta-regression modelling of the temporal, global and regional prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in environmental waters: A class I carcinogen.

Environmental waters (EW) substantially lend to the transmission of Helicobacter pylori (Hp). But the increase in Hp infections and antimicrobial resistance is often attributed to socioeconomic status. The connection between socioeconomic status and Hp prevalence in EW is however yet to be investigated. This study aimed to assess the impacts of socioeconomic indices (SI: continent, world bank region (WBR), world bank income (WBI), WHO region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI quintile), Sustainable Development Index (SuDI), and Human Development Index (HDI)) on the prevalence of Hp in EW. Hp-EW data were fitted to a generalized linear mixed-effects model and SI-guided meta-regression models with a 1000-resampling test. The worldwide prevalence of Hp in EW was 21.76% [95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.29-40.29], which declined significantly from 59.52% [43.28-74.37] in 1990-99 to 19.36% [3.99-58.09] in 2010-19 and with increasing trend in 2020-22 (33.33%, 22.66-45.43). Hp prevalence in EW was highest in North America (45.12%, 17.07-76.66), then Europe (22.38%, 5.96-56.74), South America (22.09%, 13.76-33.49), Asia (2.98%, 0.02-85.17), and Africa (2.56%, 0.00-99.99). It was negligibly different among sampling settings, WBI, and WHO regions demonstrating highest prevalence in rural location [42.62%, 3.07-94.56], HIEs [32.82%, 13.19-61.10], and AMR [39.43%, 19.92-63.01], respectively. However, HDI, sample size, and microbiological method robustly predict Hp prevalence in EW justifying 26.08%, 21.15%, and 16.44% of the true difference, respectively. In conclusion, Hp is highly prevalence in EW across regional/socioeconomic strata and thus challenged the uses of socioeconomic status as surrogate for hygienic/sanitary practices in estimating Hp infection prevalence.

Semi-empirical models for remote estimating colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in a productive tropical estuary.

Inland waters are important components of the global carbon cycle as they regulate the flow of terrestrial carbon to the oceans. In this context, remote monitoring of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) allows for analyzing the carbon content in aquatic systems. In this study, we develop semi-empirical models for remote estimation of the CDOM absorption coefficient at 400 nm (aCDOM) in a tropical estuarine-lagunar productive system using spectral reflectance data. Two-band ratio models usually work well for this task, but studies have added more bands to the models to reduce interfering signals, so in addition to the two-band ratio models, we tested three- and four-band ratios. We used a genetic algorithm (GA) to search for the best combination of bands, and found that adding more bands did not provide performance gains, showing that the proper choice of bands is more important. NIR-Green models outperformed Red-Blue models. A two-band NIR-Green model showed the best results (R2 = 0.82, RMSE = 0.22 m-1, and MAPE = 5.85%) using field hyperspectral data. Furthermore, we evaluated the potential application for Sentinel-2 bands, especially using the B5/B3, Log(B5/B3) and Log(B6/B2) band ratios. However, it is still necessary to further explore the influence of atmospheric correction (AC) to estimate the aCDOM using satellite data.