Estudios normativos españoles (proyecto NEURONORMA-Plus): Normas para el Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), la Figura Compleja Modificada de Taylor (FCMT) y el Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) / Spanish normative studies (NEURONORMA-Plus project): norms for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Modified Taylor Complex Figure, and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test

Objetivo: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo proporcionar normas y ajustes para edad, educación y género para el Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), la Figura Compleja Modificada de Taylor (FCMT) y el Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) como parte del proyecto NEURONORMA-Plus. Método: La muestra consiste en 308 individuos cognitivamente sanos de entre 18 y 92 años. Se proporcionan tablas para convertir las puntuaciones brutas en puntuaciones escalares ajustadas por edad y ajustes por educación y género tras aplicar modelos de regresión independientes en 2 grupos de edad (< 50 y ≥ 50 años). Resultados: La edad tuvo un efecto negativo en el rendimiento en ambos grupos etarios. Observamos un efecto positivo de la educación en el rendimiento del WCST en el grupo más joven (< 50 años), y en todas las medidas del FCMT (con la excepción de la tarea de reconocimiento) en el grupo de mayor edad (≥ 50 años). La educación no influyó en el rendimiento en el RULIT, pero sí el género, que tuvo un efecto leve, aunque significativo, mostrando los hombres jóvenes un mayor rendimiento en una variable. Conclusión: Los datos normativos aportados pueden contribuir en la interpretación clínica del rendimiento en estas pruebas en población española.(AU)

Objective: The present study aims to provide norms and age-, education-, and sex-adjusted data for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Modified Taylor Complex Figure (MTCF), and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) as part of the NEURONORMA-Plus project. Methods: We recruited 308 cognitively healthy individuals aged between 18 and 92 years. Tables are provided to convert raw scores to age-adjusted scaled scores, as well as adjustments for education and sex after applying independent regression models in 2 age groups (< 50 and ≥ 50 years). Results: Older age had a negative effect on performance in both age groups. We observed a positive effect of education on WCST performance in the younger group (< 50 years), and on all MTCF measures (with the exception of the recognition task) in the older group (≥ 50 years). Education had no impact on performance in the RULIT, although sex did, with a small but significant effect whereby young men showed higher performance for one variable. Conclusion: The normative data provided can contribute to the clinical interpretation of performance in these tests in the Spanish population.(AU)

Estudios normativos españoles (Proyecto NEURONORMA Plus): normas para las pruebas Delis Kaplan-Design Fluency Test (DK-DFT), Color Trails Tests (CTT) y Dual Task (DT) / Spanish normative studies (NEURONORMA-Plus project): norms for the Delis Kaplan-Design Fluency Test, Color Trails Test, and Dual Task

Introducción Las tareas de atención compleja y fluencia no verbal se utilizan en las valoraciones neuropsicológicas con el objetivo de explorar subdominios de las funciones ejecutivas. El objetivo de este estudio es proporcionar datos normativos ajustados por edad, escolaridad y género de las pruebas Delis Kaplan-Design Fluency Test (DK-DFT), Color Trails Tests (CTT) y Dual Task (DT) como parte del Proyecto NEURONORMA-Plus. Método Se incluyeron 308 individuos sin deterioro cognitivo de entre 18 y 92 años de edad. Se convirtieron las puntuaciones brutas en puntuaciones escalares ajustadas por edad y se realizaron ajustes por escolaridad y género aplicando regresiones lineales estratificando en dos grupos de edad (< 50 y ≥ 50 años). Resultados Globalmente la edad tuvo un impacto negativo en el DK-DFT y el CTT. La escolaridad mostró un efecto positivo en las puntuaciones del DK-DFT sólo en el grupo de mayor edad (≥ 50 años) y se halló un rendimiento discretamente superior en los hombres más jóvenes en la condición básica de esta prueba. La escolaridad se asoció positivamente con todas las puntuaciones de CTT en ambos grupos de edad, excepto en la subprueba CTT-1 en el grupo de adultos jóvenes. La edad y la escolaridad no mostraron influencia sobre el rendimiento en el DT, a diferencia del género, ya que las mujeres jóvenes tuvieron un rendimiento ligeramente superior. Conclusión Estos datos normativos pueden resultar útiles para la interpretación de las evaluaciones neuropsicológicas en población española. (AU)

Introduction Complex attention and non-verbal fluency tasks are used in neuropsychological assessments with the aim of exploring subdomains of executive function. The purpose of this study is to provide norms and age-, education-, and sex-adjusted data for the Delis Kaplan-Design Fluency Test (DK-DFT), Color Trails Test (CTT), and Dual Task (DT) as part of the NEURONORMA-Plus project. Methods The sample included 308 cognitively healthy individuals aged between 18 and 92 years. Raw scores were converted to age-adjusted scaled scores. These were further converted into education- and sex-adjusted scaled scores by applying linear regression, with 2 age groups (< 50 and ≥ 50 years). Results Overall, age had a negative impact on DK-DFT and CTT performance. We observed a positive effect of education on DK-DFT scores only in the older group (≥ 50 years). Moreover, younger men performed slightly better in the basic condition of this test. Education was positively associated with all CTT scores in both age groups, with the exception of the CTT-1 subtest in the younger group. Age and education did not influence DT performance, whereas sex did, with young women performing slightly better. Conclusions These normative data may be useful in the interpretation of neuropsychological assessments in the Spanish population. (AU)

Neuronorma Colombia: aportes y características metodológicas / Neuronorma Colombia: Contributions and methodological characteristics

Introducción Al realizar una evaluación neuropsicológica, es necesario contar con datos normativos adecuados; la calidad metodológica de los estudios que los proponen garantiza que las conclusiones sean confiables y válidas. Se presentan las características metodológicas del Proyecto Neuronorma Colombia con el fin de analizar sus aportes y limitaciones. Método Se exponen las características de la muestra normativa, los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, el análisis estadístico de los datos, el procedimiento para la obtención de datos normativos y los instrumentos utilizados. Resultados Se presentan algunos perfiles gráficos de ejecución de casos clínicos, a partir de la Unidad de Trabajo Neuronorma, con el fin de ilustrar la interpretación de los resultados obtenidos al evaluar pacientes con la batería Neuronorma Colombia. Discusión y conclusiones Existen ventajas metodológicas del estudio: su carácter multicéntrico y conormalizado y disponer de la Unidad de Trabajo Neuronorma, que permite obtener perfiles gráficos del desempeño del paciente, herramienta fundamental para el diagnóstico y la investigación. Se presentan los hallazgos de investigaciones posteriores realizadas a partir de los datos normativos propuestos, que son evidencia de la utilidad de la batería. Se discute el aporte de este estudio, en el contexto de sus antecedentes inmediatos. (AU)

Introduction Availability of adequate normative data is essential when performing neuropsychological evaluation; good methodological quality of the studies that propose these data ensures that their conclusions are reliable and valid. We present the methodological characteristics of the Neuronorma Colombia Project in order to analyse its contributions and limitations. Method We present the characteristics of the normative sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria, statistical analysis, the procedure for obtaining normative data, and the instruments used. Results We present graphical profiles of patient performance, based on the Neuronorma Work Unit, to illustrate the interpretation of the results obtained when evaluating patients with the Neuronorma Colombia Battery. Discussion and conclusions Our study presents several methodological advantages, such as its multicentre, co-normalised design and the availability of the Neuronorma Work Unit, which allows the creation of graphical profiles of patient performance, a fundamental tool for diagnosis and research. We present the findings of subsequent research based on the proposed normative data, which demonstrate the value of the battery. The contribution of this study is discussed in the context of its immediate background. (AU)

Neuronorma Colombia: aportes y características metodológicas / Neuronorma Colombia: Contributions and methodological characteristics

Introducción Al realizar una evaluación neuropsicológica, es necesario contar con datos normativos adecuados; la calidad metodológica de los estudios que los proponen garantiza que las conclusiones sean confiables y válidas. Se presentan las características metodológicas del Proyecto Neuronorma Colombia con el fin de analizar sus aportes y limitaciones. Método Se exponen las características de la muestra normativa, los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, el análisis estadístico de los datos, el procedimiento para la obtención de datos normativos y los instrumentos utilizados. Resultados Se presentan algunos perfiles gráficos de ejecución de casos clínicos, a partir de la Unidad de Trabajo Neuronorma, con el fin de ilustrar la interpretación de los resultados obtenidos al evaluar pacientes con la batería Neuronorma Colombia. Discusión y conclusiones Existen ventajas metodológicas del estudio: su carácter multicéntrico y conormalizado y disponer de la Unidad de Trabajo Neuronorma, que permite obtener perfiles gráficos del desempeño del paciente, herramienta fundamental para el diagnóstico y la investigación. Se presentan los hallazgos de investigaciones posteriores realizadas a partir de los datos normativos propuestos, que son evidencia de la utilidad de la batería. Se discute el aporte de este estudio, en el contexto de sus antecedentes inmediatos. (AU)

Introduction Availability of adequate normative data is essential when performing neuropsychological evaluation; good methodological quality of the studies that propose these data ensures that their conclusions are reliable and valid. We present the methodological characteristics of the Neuronorma Colombia Project in order to analyse its contributions and limitations. Method We present the characteristics of the normative sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria, statistical analysis, the procedure for obtaining normative data, and the instruments used. Results We present graphical profiles of patient performance, based on the Neuronorma Work Unit, to illustrate the interpretation of the results obtained when evaluating patients with the Neuronorma Colombia Battery. Discussion and conclusions Our study presents several methodological advantages, such as its multicentre, co-normalised design and the availability of the Neuronorma Work Unit, which allows the creation of graphical profiles of patient performance, a fundamental tool for diagnosis and research. We present the findings of subsequent research based on the proposed normative data, which demonstrate the value of the battery. The contribution of this study is discussed in the context of its immediate background. (AU)

Spanish normative studies (NEURONORMA-Plus project): norms for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Modified Taylor Complex Figure, and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to provide norms and age-, education-, and sex-adjusted data for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Modified Taylor Complex Figure (MTCF), and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) as part of the NEURONORMA-Plus project. METHODS: We recruited 308 cognitively healthy individuals aged between 18 and 92 years. Tables are provided to convert raw scores to age-adjusted scaled scores, as well as adjustments for education and sex after applying independent regression models in 2 age groups (< 50 and ≥ 50 years). RESULTS: Older age had a negative effect on performance in both age groups. We observed a positive effect of education on WCST performance in the younger group (< 50 years), and on all MTCF measures (with the exception of the recognition task) in the older group (≥ 50 years). Education had no impact on performance in the RULIT, although sex did, with a small but significant effect whereby young men showed higher performance for one variable. CONCLUSION: The normative data provided can contribute to the clinical interpretation of performance in these tests in the Spanish population.

Spanish normative studies (NEURONORMA-Plus project): norms for the Delis Kaplan-Design Fluency Test, Color Trails Test, and Dual Task.

INTRODUCTION: Complex attention and non-verbal fluency tasks are used in neuropsychological assessments with the aim of exploring subdomains of executive function. The purpose of this study is to provide norms and age-, education-, and sex-adjusted data for the Delis Kaplan-Design Fluency Test (DK-DFT), Color Trails Test (CTT), and Dual Task (DT) as part of the NEURONORMA-Plus project. METHODS: The sample included 308 cognitively unimpaired individuals aged between 18 and 92 years. Raw scores were converted to age-adjusted scaled scores. These were further converted into education- and sex-adjusted scaled scores by applying linear regression, with 2 age groups (< 50 and ≥ 50 years). RESULTS: Overall, age had a negative impact on DK-DFT and CTT performance. We observed a positive effect of education on DK-DFT scores only in the older group (≥ 50 years). Moreover, younger men performed slightly better in the basic condition of this test. Education was positively associated with all CTT scores in both age groups, with the exception of the CTT-1 subtest in the younger group. Age and education did not influence DT performance, whereas sex did, with young women performing slightly better. CONCLUSIONS: These normative data may be useful in the interpretation of neuropsychological assessments in the Spanish population.

Neuronorma Colombia: contributions and methodological characteristics.

INTRODUCTION: Availability of adequate normative data is essential when performing neuropsychological evaluation; good methodological quality of the studies that propose these data ensures that their conclusions are reliable and valid. We present the methodological characteristics of the Neuronorma Colombia Project in order to analyse its contributions and limitations. METHOD: We present the characteristics of the normative sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria, statistical analysis, the procedure for obtaining normative data, and the instruments used. RESULTS: We present graphical profiles of patient performance, based on the Neuronorma Work Unit, to illustrate the interpretation of the results obtained when evaluating patients with the Neuronorma Colombia Battery. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our study presents several methodological advantages, such as its multicentre, co-normalised design and the availability of the Neuronorma Work Unit, which allows the creation of graphical profiles of patient performance, a fundamental tool for diagnosis and research. We present the findings of subsequent research based on the proposed normative data, which demonstrate the value of the battery. The contribution of this study is discussed in the context of its immediate background.

Spanish normative studies (NEURONORMA-Plus project): norms for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Modified Taylor Complex Figure, and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test. / Estudios normativos españoles (proyecto NEURONORMA-Plus): Normas para el Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), la Figura Compleja Modificada de Taylor (FCMT) y el Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT).

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to provide norms and age-, education-, and sex-adjusted data for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Modified Taylor Complex Figure (MTCF), and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) as part of the NEURONORMA-Plus project. METHODS: We recruited 308 cognitively healthy individuals aged between 18 and 92 years. Tables are provided to convert raw scores to age-adjusted scaled scores, as well as adjustments for education and sex after applying independent regression models in 2 age groups (<50 and ≥50 years). RESULTS: Older age had a negative effect on performance in both age groups. We observed a positive effect of education on WCST performance in the younger group (<50 years), and on all MTCF measures (with the exception of the recognition task) in the older group (≥50 years). Education had no impact on performance in the RULIT, although sex did, with a small but significant effect whereby young men showed higher performance for one variable. CONCLUSION: The normative data provided can contribute to the clinical interpretation of performance in these tests in the Spanish population.

Spanish normative studies (NEURONORMA-Plus project): norms for the Delis Kaplan-Design Fluency Test, Color Trails Test, and Dual Task. / Estudios normativos españoles (Proyecto NEURONORMA Plus): normas para las pruebas Delis Kaplan-Design Fluency Test (DK-DFT), Color Trails Tests (CTT) y Dual Task (DT).

INTRODUCTION: Complex attention and non-verbal fluency tasks are used in neuropsychological assessments with the aim of exploring subdomains of executive function. The purpose of this study is to provide norms and age-, education-, and sex-adjusted data for the Delis Kaplan-Design Fluency Test (DK-DFT), Color Trails Test (CTT), and Dual Task (DT) as part of the NEURONORMA-Plus project. METHODS: The sample included 308 cognitively healthy individuals aged between 18 and 92 years. Raw scores were converted to age-adjusted scaled scores. These were further converted into education- and sex-adjusted scaled scores by applying linear regression, with 2 age groups (< 50 and ≥ 50 years). RESULTS: Overall, age had a negative impact on DK-DFT and CTT performance. We observed a positive effect of education on DK-DFT scores only in the older group (≥ 50 years). Moreover, younger men performed slightly better in the basic condition of this test. Education was positively associated with all CTT scores in both age groups, with the exception of the CTT-1 subtest in the younger group. Age and education did not influence DT performance, whereas sex did, with young women performing slightly better. CONCLUSIONS: These normative data may be useful in the interpretation of neuropsychological assessments in the Spanish population.

Neuronorma Colombia: Contributions and methodological characteristics. / Neuronorma Colombia: aportes y características metodológicas.

INTRODUCTION: Availability of adequate normative data is essential when performing neuropsychological evaluation; good methodological quality of the studies that propose these data ensures that their conclusions are reliable and valid. We present the methodological characteristics of the Neuronorma Colombia Project in order to analyse its contributions and limitations. METHOD: We present the characteristics of the normative sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria, statistical analysis, the procedure for obtaining normative data, and the instruments used. RESULTS: We present graphical profiles of patient performance, based on the Neuronorma Work Unit, to illustrate the interpretation of the results obtained when evaluating patients with the Neuronorma Colombia Battery. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our study presents several methodological advantages, such as its multicentre, co-normalised design and the availability of the Neuronorma Work Unit, which allows the creation of graphical profiles of patient performance, a fundamental tool for diagnosis and research. We present the findings of subsequent research based on the proposed normative data, which demonstrate the value of the battery. The contribution of this study is discussed in the context of its immediate background.