Chemical behavior of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in a eutrophic reservoir: speciation and complexation capacity.

This research aimed at evaluating cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) speciation in water samples as well as determining water quality parameters (alkalinity, chlorophyll a, chloride, conductivity, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved oxygen, inorganic carbon, nitrate, pH, total suspended solids, and water temperature) in a eutrophic reservoir. This was performed through calculation of free metal ions using the chemical equilibrium software MINEQL+ 4.61, determination of labile, dissolved, and total metal concentrations via differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, and determination of complexed metal by the difference between the total concentration of dissolved and labile metal. Additionally, ligand complexation capacities (CC), such as the strength of the association of metals-ligands (logK'ML) and ligand concentrations (C L) were calculated via Ruzic's linearization method. Water samples were taken in winter and summer, and the results showed that for total and dissolved metals, Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd concentration. In general, higher concentrations of Cu and Zn remained complexed with the dissolved fraction, while Pb was mostly complexed with particulate materials. Chemical equilibrium modeling (MINEQL+) showed that Zn(2+) and Cd(2+) dominated the labile species, while Cu and Pb were complexed with carbonates. Zinc was a unique metal for which a direct relation between dissolved species with labile and complexed forms was obtained. The CC for ligands indicated a higher C L for Cu, followed by Pb, Zn, and Cd in decreasing amounts. Nevertheless, the strength of the association of all metals and their respective ligands was similar. Factor analysis with principal component analysis as the extraction procedure confirmed seasonal effects on water quality parameters and metal speciation. Total, dissolved, and complexed Cu and total, dissolved, complexed, and labile Pb species were all higher in winter, whereas in summer, Zn was mostly present in the complexed form. A high degree of deterioration of the reservoir was confirmed by the results of this study.

Glycolytic activities in size-fractionated water samples: emphasis on rhamnosidase, arabinosidase and fucosidase activities

Glycolytic activities of eight enzymes in size-fractionated water samples from a eutrophic tropical reservoir are presented in this study, including enzymes assayed for the first time in a freshwater environment. Among these enzymes, rhamnosidase, arabinosidase and fucosidase presented high activity in the free-living fraction, while glucosidase, mannosidase and galactosidase exhibited high activity in the attached fraction. The low activity registered for rhamnosidase, arabinosidase and fucosidase in the attached fraction seemed contribute to the integrity of the aggregate and based on this fact, a protective role for these structures was proposed. The presented enzyme profiles and the differences in the relative activities probably reflected the organic matter composition as well as the metabolic requirements of the bacterial community, suggesting that bacteria attached to particulate matter had phenotypic traits distinct from those of free-living bacteria.

Decomposition of dissolved organic matter released by an isolate of Microcystis aeruginosa and morphological profile of the associated bacterial community / Decomposição da matéria orgânica dissolvida liberada por um isolado de Microcystis aeruginosa e padrão morfológico da comunidade bacteriana associada

This study concerns the kinetics of bacterial degradation of two fractions (molecular mass) of dissolved organic matter (DOM) released by Microcystis aeruginosa. Barra Bonita Reservoir (SP, Brazil) conditions were simulated in the laboratory using the associated local bacterial community. The extent of degradation was quantified as the amount of organic carbon transferred from each DOM fraction (< 3 kDa and 3-30 kDa) to bacteria. The variation of bacteria morphotypes associated with the decomposition of each fraction was observed. To find the degradation rate constants (kT), the time profiles of the total, dissolved and particulate organic carbon concentrations were fitted to a first-order kinetic model. These rate constants were higher for the 3-30 kDa fraction than for the lighter fraction. Only in the latter fraction the formation of refractory dissolved organic carbon (DOC R) compounds could be detected and its rate of mass loss was low. The higher bacterial density was reached at 24 and 48 hours for small and higher fractions, respectively. In the first 48 hours of decomposition of both fractions, there was an early predominance of bacillus, succeeded by coccobacillus, vibrios and coccus, and from day 5 to 27, the bacterial density declined and there was greater evenness among the morphotypes. Both fractions of DOM were consumed rapidly, corroborating the hypothesis that DOM is readily available in the environment. This also suggests that the bacterial community in the inocula readily uses the labile part of the DOM, until this community is able to metabolise efficiently the remaining of DOM not degraded in the first moment. Given that M. aeruginosa blooms recur throughout the year in some eutrophic reservoirs, there is a constant supply of the same DOM which could maintain a consortium of bacterial morphotypes adapted to consuming this substrate.

Este estudo trata da cinética de degradação bacteriana de diferentes frações de matéria orgânica dissolvida liberada por Microcystis aeruginosa. As condições do reservatório de Barra Bonita (SP, Brasil) foram simuladas em laboratório empregando a comunidade bacteriana local associada. A dinâmica da degradação foi quantificada pela quantidade de carbono orgânico transferido de cada fração de MOD (< 3 kDa e 3-30 kDa) às bactérias. A variação de morfotipos bacterianos associados à decomposição de cada fração foi observada. Para encontrar as constantes de degradação (kT), os perfis temporais das concentrações de carbono orgânico total, dissolvido e particulado foram ajustados a um modelo cinético de primeira ordem. Estas constantes de velocidade foram superiores para a fração 3-30 kDa do que para a fração de menor massa molecular. Apenas na segunda fração pôde ser detectada a formação de compostos de carbono orgânico dissolvido refratário (COD R) e sua taxa de perda de massa foi baixa. A maior densidade bacteriana foi alcançada em 24 e 48 horas para as frações de alta e baixa massa, respectivamente. Nas primeiras 48 horas de decomposição de ambas as frações, houve um predomínio de bacilos, seguido por cocobacilos, víbrios e cocos, e, do dia 5 ao 27, a densidade bacteriana diminuiu e houve uma uniformidade entre os morfotipos. Ambas as frações foram consumidas rapidamente, confirmando a hipótese de a MOD estar prontamente disponível no ambiente. Isto sugere ainda que a comunidade bacteriana do inóculo utiliza a parte lábil da MOD, até que esta se torne capaz de metabolizar o restante da MOD não degradada no primeiro momento. Já que blooms de M. aeruginosa se repetem ao longo do ano em alguns reservatórios eutróficos, existe um constante suprimento da mesma MOD que pode manter um consórcio de bactérias adaptadas ao consumo deste substrato.

Decomposition of dissolved organic matter released by an isolate of Microcystis aeruginosa and morphological profile of the associated bacterial community

This study concerns the kinetics of bacterial degradation of two fractions (molecular mass) of dissolved organic matter (DOM) released by Microcystis aeruginosa. Barra Bonita Reservoir (SP, Brazil) conditions were simulated in the laboratory using the associated local bacterial community. The extent of degradation was quantified as the amount of organic carbon transferred from each DOM fraction ( 3 kDa and 3-30 kDa) to bacteria. The variation of bacteria morphotypes associated with the decomposition of each fraction was observed. To find the degradation rate constants (kT), the time profiles of the total, dissolved and particulate organic carbon concentrations were fitted to a first-order kinetic model. These rate constants were higher for the 3-30 kDa fraction than for the lighter fraction. Only in the latter fraction the formation of refractory dissolved organic carbon (DOC R) compounds could be detected and its rate of mass loss was low. The higher bacterial density was reached at 24 and 48 hours for small and higher fractions, respectively. In the first 48 hours of decomposition of both fractions, there was an early predominance of bacillus, succeeded by coccobacillus, vibrios and coccus, and from day 5 to 27, the bacterial density declined and there was greater evenness among the morphotypes. Both fractions of DOM were consumed rapidly, corroborating the hypothesis that DOM is readily available in the environment. This also suggests that the bacterial community in the inocula readily uses the labile part of the DOM, until this community is able to metabolise efficiently the remaining of DOM not degraded in the first moment. Given that M. aeruginosa blooms recur throughout the year in some eutrophic reservoirs, there is a constant supply of the same DOM which could maintain a consortium of bacterial morphotypes adapted to consuming this substrate.

Este estudo trata da cinética de degradação bacteriana de diferentes frações de matéria orgânica dissolvida liberada por Microcystis aeruginosa. As condições do reservatório de Barra Bonita (SP, Brasil) foram simuladas em laboratório empregando a comunidade bacteriana local associada. A dinâmica da degradação foi quantificada pela quantidade de carbono orgânico transferido de cada fração de MOD ( 3 kDa e 3-30 kDa) às bactérias. A variação de morfotipos bacterianos associados à decomposição de cada fração foi observada. Para encontrar as constantes de degradação (kT), os perfis temporais das concentrações de carbono orgânico total, dissolvido e particulado foram ajustados a um modelo cinético de primeira ordem. Estas constantes de velocidade foram superiores para a fração 3-30 kDa do que para a fração de menor massa molecular. Apenas na segunda fração pôde ser detectada a formação de compostos de carbono orgânico dissolvido refratário (COD R) e sua taxa de perda de massa foi baixa. A maior densidade bacteriana foi alcançada em 24 e 48 horas para as frações de alta e baixa massa, respectivamente. Nas primeiras 48 horas de decomposição de ambas as frações, houve um predomínio de bacilos, seguido por cocobacilos, víbrios e cocos, e, do dia 5 ao 27, a densidade bacteriana diminuiu e houve uma uniformidade entre os morfotipos. Ambas as frações foram consumidas rapidamente, confirmando a hipótese de a MOD estar prontamente disponível no ambiente. Isto sugere ainda que a comunidade bacteriana do inóculo utiliza a parte lábil da MOD, até que esta se torne capaz de metabolizar o restante da MOD não degradada no primeiro momento. Já que blooms de M. aeruginosa se repetem ao longo do ano em alguns reservatórios eutróficos, existe um constante suprimento da mesma MOD que pode manter um consórcio de bactérias adaptadas ao consumo deste substrato.

Carboidratos dissolvidos do reservatório de Barra Bonita (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil) e sua relação com as algas fitoplanctônicas abundantes / Dissolved carbohydrates from Barra Bonita Reservoir (São Paulo State, Brazil) and its relationships with phytoplanktonic abundant algae

O estudo dos carboidratos dissolvidos e sua relação com as algas abundantes no reservatório de Barra Bonita, foi realizado em coletas mensais (junho de 2002 a janeiro de 2004), em seis profundidades na coluna d'água, cujos valores variaram dependendo da estação do ano e do nível do reservatório, num ponto fixo, localizado 3 km a montante da barragem. Aproximadamente 90 por cento dos carboidratos dissolvidos neste reservatório foram constituídos por carboidratos poliméricos hidrolisáveis (polissacarídeos ou oligossacarídeos). A análise de variância detectou variabilidade entre as concentrações dos carboidratos dissolvidos apenas em escala temporal (p < 0,05), sendo que no eixo vertical, as concentrações destes açúcares apresentaram-se homogêneas (p > 0,05). A composição monossacarídica dos açúcares encontrados no reservatório foi galactose, ramnose, glicose e fucose. Na maioria dos meses amostrados, as concentrações de carboidratos dissolvidos, a maioria deles poliméricos, ocorreram concomitantemente ao registro de florescimentos das espécies abundantes, principalmente cianofíceas, que provavelmente foram as principais fontes de polissacarídeos extracelulares para o sistema.

Dissolved carbohydrates and abundant algae of Barra Bonita Reservoir were studied monthly from June 2002 to January 2004 in six depths whose values vary depending on the seasons and the water level at a sampling site located 3 km upstream the Reservoir dam. Nearly 90 percent of the dissolved carbohydrates were constituted of polymeric hydrolysable carbohydrates (polysaccharides or oligosaccharides). Analysis of variance detected variability among concentrations of dissolved carbohydrates only in temporal scale (p < 0.05), whereas in vertical axis the concentrations of these sugars were uniform (p > 0.05). The monosaccharide composition of the sugars found in the reservoir was galactose, rhamnose, glucose e fucose. During the sampling period, higher concentrations of dissolved carbohydrates, mostly polymeric, occurred together with large phytoplanktonic blooms, predominantly cyanobacteria, which probably were the main source of extracellular polysaccharides in the system.