Os cuidados às pessoas com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis associados aos atributos da atenção primária à saúde / The care to people under non-communicable chronic diseases related to the primary health care assignments

Caracterizados como Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis, o Diabetes Mellitus (DM) e a Hipertensão Arterial (HA), classificam-se como um problema de saúde pública mundial. No cenário nacional, a Atenção Primária à Saúde ainda encontra desafios para enfrentar esta realidade. Trata-se de um estudo de método misto, que analisou e comparou a presença e extensão dos atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) na perspectiva dos usuários com DM e HA e, ainda, analisou, na concepção destes sujeitos, o cuidado desenvolvido pelo enfermeiro na APS. Foram entrevistados 118 pessoas usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com diagnóstico autorreferido de DM e HA concomitantes e cadastrados nas unidades de saúde com equipes de saúde da família (eSF) e equipes de atenção básica (eAB) de dezoito serviços da APS do Distrito Oeste do município de Ribeirão Preto-SP. A abordagem quantitativa caracteriza-se por um estudo analítico e delineamento transversal, utilizando o instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool) para adultos versão reduzida e um questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica. Para os cálculos, utilizou-se o teste t de Student e o teste Mann-Whitney, indicando presença e extensão dos atributos com escores ≥6,6, e, para a análise estatística, adotou-se o nível de significância α=0,05. Para a abordagem qualitativa, realizou-se uma entrevista semiestrutrurada, com questões disparadoras sobre o cuidado de enfermagem. As entrevistas foram audiogravadas e depois transcritas em formato digital. Os dados foram analisados por meio da modalidade da interpretação dos sentidos e interpretados a partir dos conceitos dos atributos da APS. Houve predominância de participantes do sexo feminino (60,1%), média de idade estratificada entre 50 e 69 anos (72,0%), autodeclarados brancos (52,5%), casados (60,2%), com residência própria (79,2%) e renda familiar de um salário mínimo (35,6%). 28,0% das pessoas convivem com o diagnóstico de HA entre 11 e 20 anos, e 40,7% entre 1 e 10 anos com DM e 26,3% utilizam duas medicações para HA e 38,1% utilizam apenas uma medicação para DM. Os atributos Grau de Afiliação (7,3), o Acesso de Primeiro Contato (Utilização) (7,9) e a Longitudinalidade (7,6) apresentaram presença e extensão dos atributos da APS, tendo os demais obtido escores <6,6. Na interpretação dos sentidos, identificou-se como núcleo do sentido central "Os cuidados às pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus e Hipertensão Arterial", sendo dividido em três subnúcleos dos sentidos: "Concepções sobre a utilização dos serviços de saúde"; "As concepções sobre o trabalho da enfermagem"; "Concepções sobre o cuidado no contexto da pandemia". Os resultados constatam que a maior parte dos atributos caracterizam baixa presença e extensão da APS e em relação às concepções dos usuários, a busca pelo serviço deve-se a uma necessidade expressa e destaca-se a dificuldade de um acompanhamento que julguem adequado, observou-se o desconhecimento e distinção do profissional enfermeiro e suas atribuições. A avaliação dos atributos da APS é importante, pois permite a reflexão acerca das práticas em saúde e serve como ferramenta de orientação às políticas de saúde, assim como ao enfermeiro desenvolver seu trabalho de forma efetiva

Characterized as non-communicable chronic disease, the Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and the Arterial Hypertension (AH), are classified as a worldwide health condition. In the national overview, the Primary Health Care still faces challenges to deal with this reality. The study is based on hybrid methods and analyzed and compared the presence and extension of the Primary Health Care (PHC) assignments from the DM and AH users' perspectives and also analyzed it from this community's conception the care developed by nurses at the PHC. 118 people were interviewed; all of them are National Health Service (SUS) users and were diagnosed under DM and AH simultaneously and also registered in the health unities with family health teams (eSF) and primary care teams (eAB) in eighteen APS services of the West District in Ribeirão Preto/SP city. The quantitative approach is characterized by an analytical study cross-sectional study, using the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool) reduced version to adults and a questionnaire of a social-demographic characterization. To have the calculations done, it was used the t de Student and Mann-Whitney tests, showing the presence and extension of the assignments with ≥6,6 scores and to the statistics analysis it was used the significance level as α=0,05. For the qualitative approach, it was made a semi-structured interview with trigger questions about the nurse care. The interviews were audio recorded and after that transcribed in a digital format. The data were analyzed by the interpretation of meanings and interpreted by the APS assignments concepts. There was the prevalence of female participants (60,1%), average age estimated in 50-69 years (72%), self-declared white (52,5%), married (60,2%), own residence (79,2%) and with family income up to the minimum wage (35,6%). Out of them, 28,0% of the people were diagnosed with AH between 11 to 20 years and 40,7% between 1 to 10 years with DM and 26,3% use two kinds of medication to AH and 38,1% use only one kind of medication to DM. The features affiliation degree (7,3), first contact accessibility (utilization) (7,9) and the longitudinally (7,6) showed presence and extension of the APS assignments, and the other ones received the score <6,6. In the interpretation of meanings, it was identified as the core of the central meaning the "The care to people under Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension Arterial condition", being divided into 3 sub-cores of meanings: "Concepts about the utilization of health care"; "The concepts about the nurse team work"; "Concepts about care in the meaning of pandemic". The results show that the most part of the assignments characterizing the low presence and extension of the APS related to the users' concepts the seek for the service is due to a clear need and highlights the difficulty of an assistance that they consider adequate, it was observed the unawareness and distinction of the professional nurse and his/her assignments. The APS assignments evaluation is important as it allows the thinking related to the health practices and can be a tool to guide not only the health policies but also the nurse to develop his/her job in a effective way

Health management of malnourished elderly in primary health care: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study, as the first review directed at Primary Health Care, is to identify the screening practices and health outcomes related to the care provided by Family Health Teams to the malnourished elderly people/population. METHODS: Following PRISMA and PICO strategies, searches were conducted in four electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus & EMBASE) on observational, qualitative, quantitative, or mixed studies, written in Portuguese, Spanish and English language, with participants of 65 years old or older at a community setting. The literature selected for this study ranges from the period 2011 to 2021; additional articles were included through reference lists. RESULTS: From the 483 studies identified, 16 were considered eligible to use in this work. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) score appears as the main criteria of choice, however, a standardized practice in the health systems regarding the use of screening methods has not been demonstrated. Studies are more oriented towards the analysis of the relationship of mortality/morbidity and malnutrition than towards the relationship of the cost and quality of life and malnutrition of the elderly. DISCUSSION: Malnutrition is one of the modifiable risk factors which contributes to the vulnerable condition of the elderly, with serious effects, especially when related to other comorbidities. Yet, several authors argue that the Primary Health Care intervention can minimize the negative impacts and improve the health outcomes.

Indicadores de un programa de gestión en cuidado paliativoen Colombia: seguimiento retrospectivo / Indicators of a palliative care management program in Colombia: a retrospective follow-up

Objetivo: Comparar el seguimiento a indicadores de cuidado paliativo (CP) de un programaimplementado en Bogotá, Colombia, entre marzo de 2019 y febrero de 2020.Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, comparativo, retrospectivo desarrollado con baseen los indicadores de un programa de CP. La muestra correspondió a una cohorte de 391 personas. Fueron considerados indicadores: la frecuencia de eventos hospitalarios, días de estanciahospitalaria, admisiones a unidad de cuidado intensivo (UCI), consulta a urgencias, consumode opioides, frecuencia de uso de servicios profesionales, dolor, bienestar, calidad de vida,satisfacción y uso de recursos financieros.Resultados: Se reportó menor frecuencia de eventos hospitalarios, uso de cuidados intensivos,consulta a urgencias (p < 0,01), mayor consumo de opioides en el último mes de vida (p < 0,01)y menor gasto de recursos financieros (p < 0,01) en los usuarios del programa de CP comparadoscon los usuarios susceptibles de CP. Se reportó una frecuencia de uso de servicios profesionalespor paciente y por mes entre 0,86 y 3,6, siendo la consulta por terapia respiratoria y enfermeríalos más frecuentes. Se observaron indicadores de satisfacción y bienestar por encima del 80 %,mientras que el control del dolor estuvo en el 74,1 %.Conclusión: Existen efectos potenciales de la inclusión de pacientes en un programa de CPsobre la percepción del bienestar, control del dolor y satisfacción del paciente con efectos quese extienden al uso de recursos en salud y su consecuente contención del gasto financiero. Serequieren estudios futuros que permitan establecer relaciones causales entre el programa conlos resultados financieros y los de los pacientes. (AU)

Aim: To compare follow-up among palliative care (PC) indicators of a program implemented inBogotá, Colombia, between March 2019 and February 2020.Materials and methods: A descriptive, retrospective study was developed based on the indicatorsof a PC program. The sample involved a cohort of 391 people. Considered indicators includedfrequency of in-hospital events, days of hospital stay, admissions to the Intensive Care Unit(ICU), emergency room visits, opioid use, frequency of professional services, pain, well-being,quality of life, satisfaction, and use of financial resources.Results: A lower frequency was reported for in-hospital events, use of ICU, emergency roomvisits (p < 0.01), higher use of opioids in the last month of life (p < 0.01), and lower financialexpenses (p < 0.01) among users of the PC program compared with the those susceptible ofPC. The frequency of professional service usage per patient and by month was reported to bebetween 0.86 and 3.6, with respiratory therapy and nursing visits being most common. Satisfaction and well-being indicators were observed above 80 %, whilst pain management was 74.1 %.Conclusion: There are potential effects of the inclusion of patients in a PC program on well-beingperception, pain management, and patient satisfaction, with effects that extend to usage of healthresources and consequent financial expense contention. Future studies are required that will allowestablishing causal relations between a PC program with positive financial results and patients. (AU)

Breast cancer screening program for risk groups: facts and perspectives / Tamizaje Masivo de neoplasias de la mama para grupos de riesgo: hechos y perspectivas / Programa de rastreamento de neoplasias da mama para grupos de risco: fatos e perspectivas

ABSTRACT Objectives: to measure the frequency and compliance of breast cancer screening, according to the risk for this disease. Methods: a cross-sectional study with 950 female users of 38 public Primary Health Care services in São Paulo, between October and December 2013. According to UHS criteria, participants were grouped into high risk and standard risk, and frequency, association (p≤0.05), and screening compliance were measured. Results: 6.7% had high risk and 93.3% standard risk, respectively; in these groups, the frequency and compliance of clinical breast examination were 40.3% and 37.1%, and 43.5% and 43.0% (frequency p=0.631, compliance p=0.290). Mammograms were 67.7% and 35.5% for participants at high risk, and 57.4% and 25.4% for those at standard risk (frequency p=0.090, compliance p=0.000). Conclusions: in the groups, attendance and conformity of the clinical breast exam were similar; for mammography, it was higher in those at high risk, with assertiveness lower than the 70% set in UHS.

RESUMEN Objetivos: mensurar frecuencia y conformidad de rastreo del cáncer mamario, segundo riesgo para esa enfermedad. Métodos: estudio transversal con 950 usuarias de 38 servicios de Atención Primaria púbicos en São Paulo, entre octubre y diciembre de 2013. Segundo criterios del SUS, agruparon las participantes en riesgo elevado y riesgo-estándar, y mensurado frecuencia, relación (p≤0,05) y conformidad del rastreo. Resultados: 6,7% tenían riesgo elevado y 93,3% riesgo-estándar, respectivamente; en eses grupos, la frecuencia y conformidad del examen clínico mamario fueron de 40,3% y 37,1% y de 43,5% y 43,0% (frecuencia, p=0,631; conformidad, p=0,290). Realización de mamografía alcanzó porcentuales de 67,7% y 35,5% para participantes con riesgo elevado, y de 57,4% y 25,4% en con riesgo-estándar (frecuencia, p=0,090; conformidad, p=0,000). Conclusiones: En los grupos, la frecuencia y conformidad del examen clínico mamario fueron semejantes, para mamografía fue mayor en las con riesgo elevado, habiendo asertividad inferior a 70% pactados en el SUS.

RESUMO Objetivos: mensurar a frequência e conformidade de rastreio do câncer mamário segundo risco para esta doença. Métodos: estudo transversal em São Paulo, com 950 usuárias de 38 da atenção primária no SUS entre outubro a dezembro de 2013. Segundo critérios do SUS, as participantes foram agrupadas como risco elevado ou padrão e mensurou-se frequência, associação (p≤0,05) e conformidade do rastreio. Resultados: 6,7% tinha risco elevado e 93,3% risco padrão, respectivamente, nestes grupos a frequência e conformidade do exame clínico mamário foram de 40,3% e 37,1% e de 43,5% e 43,0% (frequência p=0,631, conformidade p=0,290). Realização de mamografia alcançou percentuais de 67,7 e 35,5 para as com risco elevado, e de 57,4 e 25,4 nas com risco padrão (frequência p=0,090, conformidade p=0,000). Conclusões: nos grupos, a frequência e conformidade do exame clínico mamário foram semelhantes, para mamografia foi maior nas com risco elevado, tendo assertividade inferior aos 70% pactuados no SUS.

Evidências econômicas de intervenções em saúde sob a perspectiva do sistema único de saúde: por que e para que produzi-las e utilizá-las? / Economic evidence of health interventions under the perspective of the Brazilian public health system: why and what for can we produce it and use it?

O Brasil vem promovendo avanços significativos desde os anos 1990 quanto à produção e ao uso de evidências econômicas na tomada de decisão sobre intervenções em saúde. Mas essa produção ainda é insuficiente para dar respostas a todas as questões formuladas no âmbito do sistema. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é o de discutir as possibilidades de uso de evidências econômicas disponíveis na literatura científica internacional na tomada de decisão no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e a necessidade de produção e uso dessas evidências na tomada de decisão em saúde. Para tanto, revisão bibliográfica da literatura foi realizada com o propósito de identificar estudos que apresentem resultados relevantes para as questões analisadas neste trabalho. Sobre a transferibilidade de evidências econômicas produzidas em outros países para uso na tomada de decisão sobre intervenções no SUS, o que os achados da literatura revelam é que existem muitas limitações a esse respeito. Ademais, os métodos para adaptação de avaliações econômicas ainda são pouco discutidos. Com isso, tem-se que as possibilidades de uso de evidências econômicas obtidas da literatura internacional em decisões no âmbito do SUS são extremamente limitadas e, portanto, ao se reconhecer a relevância dessas evidências na tomada de decisão em saúde, chega-se à conclusão de que é preciso produzi-las usando dados e informações do SUS.

Brazil has been promoting significant advances since the 1990s regarding the production and use of economic evidence in decision-making on health interventions. But this production is still insufficient to provide answers to all the questions raised within the system. Thus, the objective of this article is to discuss the possibilities of using economic evidence available at international scientific literature in decision-making of the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) and the need to produce and use this evidence in health decision-making. For this purpose, literature review was carried out to identify studies that present relevant results for the issues analyzed in this study. Regarding the transferability of economic evidence produced in other countries for use in decision-making on SUS interventions, there are many limitations. In addition, the discussion about methods for adapting economic evaluations isn't enough yet. Thus, the possibilities of using economic evidence obtained from the international literature in decisions of the SUS are extremely limited and, therefore, it is necessary to produce them using data and information from the SUS, once it is recognized the relevance of these evidences in the health decision-making.

Comparative health technology assessment of robotic-assisted, direct manual laparoscopic and open surgery: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Despite many publications reporting on the increased hospital cost of robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) compared to direct manual laparoscopic surgery (DMLS) and open surgery (OS), the reported health economic studies lack details on clinical outcome, precluding valid health technology assessment (HTA). METHODS: The present prospective study reports total cost analysis on 699 patients undergoing general surgical, gynecological and thoracic operations between 2011 and 2014 in the Italian Public Health Service, during which period eight major teaching hospitals treated the patients. The study compared total healthcare costs of RAS, DMLS and OS based on prospectively collected data on patient outcome in addition to healthcare costs incurred by the three approaches. RESULTS: The cost of RAS operations was significantly higher than that of OS and DMLS for both gynecological and thoracic operations (p < 0.001). The study showed no significant difference in total costs between OS and DMLS. Total costs of general surgery RAS were significantly higher than those of OS (p < 0.001), but not against DMLS general surgery. Indirect costs were significantly lower in RAS compared to both DMLS general surgery and OS gynecological surgery due to the shorter length of hospital stay of RAS approach (p < 0.001). Additionally, in all specialties compared to OS, patients treated by RAS experienced a quicker recovery and significantly less pain during the hospitalization and after discharge. CONCLUSIONS: The present HTA while confirming higher total healthcare costs for RAS operations identified significant clinical benefits which may justify the increased expenditure incurred by this approach.

A critical appraisal of chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorders clinical practice guidelines using the AGREE II instrument.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) suffer high rates of morbidity and mortality, in particular related to bone and cardiovascular outcomes. The management of CKD-MBD remains challenging. The objective of this systematic survey is to critically appraise clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) addressing CKD-MBD. METHODS/DESIGN: Data sources included MEDLINE, EMBASE, the National Guideline Clearinghouse, Guideline International Network and Turning Research into Practice up to May 2016. Teams of two reviewers, independently and in duplicate, screened titles and abstracts and potentially eligible full text reports to determine eligibility and subsequently appraised the guidelines using the Advancing Guideline Development, Reporting and Evaluation in Health Care instrument II (AGREE). RESULTS: Sixteen CPGs published from 2003 to 2015 addressing the diagnosis and management of CKD-MBD in adult patients (11 English, two Spanish, one Italian, one Portuguese and one Slovak) proved eligible. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline performed best with respect to AGREE II criteria; only three other CPGs warranted high scores on all domains. All other guidelines received scores of under 60% on one or more domains. Major discrepancies in recommendations were not, however, present, and we found no association between quality of CPGs which was not associated with resulting recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Most guidelines assessing CKD-MBD suffer from serious shortcomings using AGREE criteria although limitations with respect to AGREE criteria do not necessarily lead to inappropriate recommendations.