Curcumin-Added Whey Protein Positively Modulates Skeletal Muscle Inflammation and Oxidative Damage after Exhaustive Exercise.

(1) Background: Exhaustive exercise can induce muscle damage. The consumption of nutritional compounds with the ability to positively influence the oxidative balance and an exacerbated inflammatory process has been previously studied. However, little is known about the nutritional value of curcumin (CCM) when mixed with whey protein concentrate (WPC). This study was developed to evaluate the effect of CCM-added WPC on inflammatory and oxidative process control and histopathological consequences in muscle tissue submitted to an exhaustive swimming test (ET). (2) Methods: 48 animals were randomly allocated to six groups (n = 8). An ET was performed 4 weeks after the start of the diet and animals were euthanized 24 h post ET. (3) Results: WPC + CCM and CCM groups reduced IL-6 and increased IL-10 expression in muscle tissue. CCM reduced carbonyl protein after ET compared to standard AIN-93M ET and WPC + CCM ET diets. Higher nitric oxide concentrations were observed in animals that consumed WPC + CCM and CCM. Consumption of WPC + CCM or isolated CCM reduced areas of inflammatory infiltrate and fibrotic tissue in the muscle. (4) Conclusions: WPC + CCM and isolated CCM contribute to the reduction in inflammation and oxidative damage caused by the exhaustive swimming test.

Diclofenac attenuates inflammation through TLR4 pathway and improves exercise performance after exhaustive swimming.

BACKGROUND: The use of NSAIDs has become a common practice to counteract the pro-inflammatory acute effects of exercise, in order to improve sports performance. The liver, due to its central role in energy metabolism, may be involved primarily in the process of ROS generation and consequently inflammation after exhaustive exercise. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of diclofenac on the liver TLR4 pathway and time to exhaustion in rats submitted to repeated exhaustive swimming. METHODS: An exhaustive test was performed in order to mimic athletes' routine, and inflammatory status and oxidative stress markers were evaluated in the liver. Animals were divided into sedentary and exhaustion groups, with this last performing three exhaustive swimming bouts. At the same time, diclofenac or saline was pre-administered once a day for nine days. RESULTS: Data showed significantly increased COX-2, TLR4, and MyD88 protein content in the liver after exhaustive swimming bouts. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines also increased after exhaustive exercise, while these effects were attenuated in the group treated with diclofenac plus exhaustive swimming bouts. The anti-inflammatory modulation provoked by diclofenac treatment was associated with an increased time to exhaustion in the exercise bouts. The exhaustive exercise increased TBARS formation, but diclofenac treatment blunted this elevation, while GSH/GSSG ratios in both exhaustion-saline and exhaustion-diclofenac-treated groups were lower than in the sedentary-saline group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that diclofenac may improve exercise performance and represent an effective tool to ameliorate the pro-inflammatory status in liver when associated with exhaustive exercise, and the liver may be a possible therapeutic target.

Lifetime overproduction of circulating angiotensin-(1-7) in rats attenuates the increase in skeletal muscle damage biomarkers after exhaustive exercise.

Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-[1-7]) can modulate glucose metabolism and protect against muscular damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of lifetime increase of circulating levels of Ang-(1-7) at exhaustive swimming exercise (ESE). Sprague-Dawley (SD) and transgenic rats TGR(A1-7)3292 (TR) which overproduce Ang-(1-7) (2.5-fold increase) were submitted to ESE. The data showed no differences in time to exhaustion (SD: 4.90 ± 1.37 h vs. TR: 5.15 ± 1.15 h), creatine kinase, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß). Lactate dehydrogenase (SD: 219.9 ± 12.04 U/L vs. TR: 143.9 ± 35.21 U/L) and α-actinin (SD: 336.7 ± 104.5 U/L vs. TR: 224.6 ± 82.45 U/L) values were significantly lower in TR. There was a significant decrease in the range of blood glucose levels (SD: -41.4 ± 28.32 mg/dl vs. TR: -13.08 ± 39.63 mg/dl) in SD rats. Muscle (SD: 0.06 ± 0.02 mg/g vs. TR: 0.13 ± 0.01 mg/g) and hepatic glycogen (SD: 0.66 ± 0.36 mg/g vs. TG: 2.24 ± 1.85 mg/g) in TR were higher. The TR presented attenuation of the increase in skeletal muscle damage biomarkers and of the changes in glucose metabolism after ESE.

Ação do licopeno nos músculos esquelético e cardíaco sob estresse oxidativo por exercícios / Action of lycopene on the cardiac and skeletal muscles under oxidative stress by exercises / Acción del licopeno en los músculos cardiaco y esquelético bajo estrés oxidativo por ejercicios

INTRODUÇÃO: Os radicais livres produzidos durante os exercícios podem exceder o sistema de defesa antioxidante, provocando danos oxidativos de biomoléculas específicas. As lesões causadas pelos radicais livres nas células podem ser prevenidas ou reduzidas por meio da atividade de antioxidantes naturais, sendo estes encontrados em muitos alimentos. O licopeno é um dos mais potentes carotenoides com ação antioxidante, sendo utilizado na prevenção da carcinogênese e aterogênese por proteger moléculas como lipídios, lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL), proteínas e DNA. OBJETIVO: Investigar a atuação do licopeno a uma possível ação protetora das fibras musculares cardíacas e esqueléticas contra o estresse oxidativo, durante a atividade física exaustiva, a qual provocaria alterações morfológicas nesses tecidos. Método: Na realização dos experimentos foram utilizados 32 ratos machos adultos divididos em quatro grupos, sendo dois grupos controles e dois grupos treinados sem e com suplementação de licopeno (6 mg por animal). Os animais dos grupos treinados foram submetidos a 42 sessões de natação por nove semanas, com sessões diárias de natação, cinco dias por semana, com sobrecarga produzida pelo aumento do tempo de treinamento. A avaliação morfológica foi realizada por meio de lâminas histológicas dos tecidos cardíaco e muscular esquelético. RESULTADOS: Modificações teciduais cardíacas e musculares esqueléticas no grupo treinado sem suplementação com licopeno foram observadas, sendo que o grupo treinado suplementado apresentou aspecto morfológico normal. Nos grupos sedentários controle suplementado e não suplementado não houve alteração ...

INTRODUCTION: Free radicals produced during exercise may exceed the antioxidant defense system, causing oxidative damage to specific biomolecules. The lesions caused by free radicals in cells can be prevented or reduced by natural antioxidants, which are found in many foods. Lycopene is one of the most potent carotenoids with antioxidant properties, and it is used to prevent carcinogenesis and atherogenesis, as it protects molecules such as lipids, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), proteins and DNA. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of lycopene as a potential protector of cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers against oxidative stress during strenuous exercise, which would cause morphological changes in these tissues. METHODS: The experiments consisted of 32 adult male rats divided into four groups: two control groups and two trained groups with and without lycopene supplementation (6 mg per animal). The animals of the trained groups were subjected to 42 swimming sessions over a nine-week period, involving daily swimming sessions, five days a week, with overload produced by increasing the training time. The morphological analysis was performed using histological slides of cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues. RESULTS: Modifications were observed in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue in the trained group that did not receive lycopene supplementation, while the trained group supplemented with lycopene showed muscle tissue with a normal morphological appearance. The tissues of both supplemented and non supplemented sedentary control groups showed no change in their histological characteristics. CONCLUSION: It can be stated that lycopene exerted a protective effect on cardiac and skeletal muscles against oxidative stress induced by strenuous exercise, besides promoting cardiac neovascularization, and can be used efficiently by athletes and physically active individuals. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los radicales libres producidos durante los ejercicios pueden exceder el sistema de defensa antioxidante, provocando daños oxidativos de biomoléculas específicas. Las lesiones causadas por los radicales libres en las células pueden ser prevenidas o reducidas por medio de la actividad de antioxidantes naturales, siendo éstos encontrados en muchos alimentos. El licopeno es uno de los más potentes carotenoides con acción antioxidante, siendo utilizado en la prevención de la carcinogénesis y aterogénesis por proteger moléculas como lípidos, lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL), proteínas y DNA. OBJETIVO: Investigar la actuación del licopeno a una posible acción protectora de las fibras musculares cardiacas y esqueléticas contra el estrés oxidativo, durante la actividad física exhaustiva, la cual provocaría alteraciones morfológicas en esos tejidos. MÉTODOS: En la realización de los experimentos fueron utilizados 32 ratones machos adultos divididos en cuatro grupos, siendo dos grupos controles y dos grupos entrenados sin y con suplementación de licopeno (6 mg por animal). Los animales de los grupos entrenados fueron sometidos a 42 sesiones de natación por nueve semanas, con sesiones diarias de natación, cinco días por semana, con sobrecarga producida por el aumento del tiempo de entrenamiento. La evaluación morfológica fue realizada por medio de láminas histológicas de los tejidos cardiaco y muscular esquelético. RESULTADOS: Fueron observadas modificaciones tisulares cardiacas y musculares esqueléticas en el grupo entrenado sin suplementación con licopeno, siendo que el grupo entrenado suplementado presentó aspecto morfológico normal. En los grupos sedentarios control suplementado y no suplementado no hubo alteración en relación ...

Dietary canitine maintains energy reserves and delays fatigue of exercised african catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed high fat diets

Lipids, together with proteins, are traditionally considered as primary fuels during aerobic swimming. The effects of dietary fat and carnitine supplements and exercise on the energy metabolism of juvenile fish were investigated. One hundred African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were fed four isonitrogenous diets containing a fat level of 100 or 190 g kg-1 diet and one of the two levels of carnitine (15 and 1000 mg kg-1). Fish grew from 61 to 162 g in 10 wk. Thereafter, 6 fish per group swam vigorously for 3 h and the results were compared with unexercised groups. Fish receiving 1,000 mg carnitine accumulated 2- to 3-fold more carnitine than fish receiving 15 mg carnitine. Plasma acyl-carnitine level was affected by an interaction between dietary treatment and exercise (P 0.05). Adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine concentrations were higher in the white muscle (WM) of exercised fish fed the high-carnitine supplements, compared with the low-carnitine fed fish (P 0.05). Adenilate energy charge indexes were higher and ammonia concentrations were lower in WM of fish fed high-carnitine and high-fat diets. Dietary carnitine supplements may be needed in growing fish when dietary lipid level is high. In that case extra dietary carnitine can maintain the body energy reserves at adequate level when fish is exposed to a short-term, exhaustive exercise, a physiologic stress common both in nature and in intensive aquaculture systems.

Lipídios e proteínas são tradicionalmente considerados combustíveis primários durante natação aeróbica. Nesse ensaio foi investigado o efeito da suplementação de vários níveis de gordura e carnitina no metabolismo de 100 bagres africanos juvenis (Clarias gariepinus). Os peixes foram arraçoados com quatro dietas isoprotéicas, cada uma contendo 100 ou 190 g gordura kg-1 dieta, e um dos dois níveis de carnitina (15 e 1000 mg kg-1). Os peixes cresceram de 61 a 162 g em 10 semanas. No final do ensaio de alimentação, grupos de seis peixes por tratamento foram induzidos a nadar vigorosamente por 3 h e em seguida vários parâmetros foram determinados no tecido muscular e plasma, e os resultados observados nos grupos exercitados foram comparados com grupos controles (não exercitados). Os peixes arraçoados com 1,000 mg carnitina acumularam de duas a três vezes mais carnitina que os peixes arraçoados com 15 mg carnitina. O nível de acyl-carnitina no plasma foi influenciado pela interação entre os tratamentos dietéticos e exercício físico (P 0.05). As concentrações de adenosina trifosfato (ATP) e fosfocreatina no tecido muscular branco (WM) foram mais elevadas em peixes arraçoados com alto nível de carnitina dietética, mas só aqueles peixes exercitados (P 0.05). Os peixes arraçoados com 190 g gordura e 1,000 mg carnitina obtiveram um nível elevado de potencial energético adenilado (AEC) e uma redução da concentração de amônia plasmática. A suplementação de carnitina dietética é importante para peixes criados em sistemas intensivos e em fase inicial de crescimento, uma situação típica que o consumo de gordura é elevado. A utilização de dietas ricas em carnitina poderá evitar que o animal vivencie uma redução brusca das reservas energéticas, durante períodos de atividade física exaustiva, um estresse fisiológico relativamente comum no habitat natural e em sistemas de aqüicultura intensiva.

Dietary canitine maintains energy reserves and delays fatigue of exercised african catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed high fat diets

Lipids, together with proteins, are traditionally considered as primary fuels during aerobic swimming. The effects of dietary fat and carnitine supplements and exercise on the energy metabolism of juvenile fish were investigated. One hundred African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were fed four isonitrogenous diets containing a fat level of 100 or 190 g kg-1 diet and one of the two levels of carnitine (15 and 1000 mg kg-1). Fish grew from 61 to 162 g in 10 wk. Thereafter, 6 fish per group swam vigorously for 3 h and the results were compared with unexercised groups. Fish receiving 1,000 mg carnitine accumulated 2- to 3-fold more carnitine than fish receiving 15 mg carnitine. Plasma acyl-carnitine level was affected by an interaction between dietary treatment and exercise (P 0.05). Adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine concentrations were higher in the white muscle (WM) of exercised fish fed the high-carnitine supplements, compared with the low-carnitine fed fish (P 0.05). Adenilate energy charge indexes were higher and ammonia concentrations were lower in WM of fish fed high-carnitine and high-fat diets. Dietary carnitine supplements may be needed in growing fish when dietary lipid level is high. In that case extra dietary carnitine can maintain the body energy reserves at adequate level when fish is exposed to a short-term, exhaustive exercise, a physiologic stress common both in nature and in intensive aquaculture systems.

Lipídios e proteínas são tradicionalmente considerados combustíveis primários durante natação aeróbica. Nesse ensaio foi investigado o efeito da suplementação de vários níveis de gordura e carnitina no metabolismo de 100 bagres africanos juvenis (Clarias gariepinus). Os peixes foram arraçoados com quatro dietas isoprotéicas, cada uma contendo 100 ou 190 g gordura kg-1 dieta, e um dos dois níveis de carnitina (15 e 1000 mg kg-1). Os peixes cresceram de 61 a 162 g em 10 semanas. No final do ensaio de alimentação, grupos de seis peixes por tratamento foram induzidos a nadar vigorosamente por 3 h e em seguida vários parâmetros foram determinados no tecido muscular e plasma, e os resultados observados nos grupos exercitados foram comparados com grupos controles (não exercitados). Os peixes arraçoados com 1,000 mg carnitina acumularam de duas a três vezes mais carnitina que os peixes arraçoados com 15 mg carnitina. O nível de acyl-carnitina no plasma foi influenciado pela interação entre os tratamentos dietéticos e exercício físico (P 0.05). As concentrações de adenosina trifosfato (ATP) e fosfocreatina no tecido muscular branco (WM) foram mais elevadas em peixes arraçoados com alto nível de carnitina dietética, mas só aqueles peixes exercitados (P 0.05). Os peixes arraçoados com 190 g gordura e 1,000 mg carnitina obtiveram um nível elevado de potencial energético adenilado (AEC) e uma redução da concentração de amônia plasmática. A suplementação de carnitina dietética é importante para peixes criados em sistemas intensivos e em fase inicial de crescimento, uma situação típica que o consumo de gordura é elevado. A utilização de dietas ricas em carnitina poderá evitar que o animal vivencie uma redução brusca das reservas energéticas, durante períodos de atividade física exaustiva, um estresse fisiológico relativamente comum no habitat natural e em sistemas de aqüicultura intensiva.