Development and Verification Experiment of In-Situ Friction Experiment Device for Simulating UV Irradiation in Space.

In order to explore the influence of space ultraviolet radiation on spacecraft lubricating materials, an in-situ friction experimental device simulating space ultraviolet radiation was developed in the laboratory, and the experimental verification was carried out. This paper firstly introduced the design index, structure and working principle of the space ultraviolet irradiation simulation device, and then calibrated and tested the parameters of the whole device, and also conducted a virtual operation of the device's operation effect by simulation software, and the results showed that it met the design index. Finally, the validation tested of the ultraviolet irradiated in-situ friction experimental device were described in detail. By using the device to irradiate the samples, it was found that the in-situ ultraviolet irradiation device could achieve the expected irradiation effect, and the irradiation would lead to changes in the surface structure and properties of the PTFE material, while also achieving the need for in-situ spatial friction property testing of the material, providing favorable conditions for future testing.

Experimental analysis of the process parameters affecting bone burring operations.

The experimental quantification of the process parameters associated with bone burring represents a desirable outcome both from the perspective of an optimized surgical procedure as well as that of a future implementation into the design of closed-loop controllers used in robot-assisted bone removal operations. Along these lines, the present study presents an experimental investigation of the effects that tool type, rotational speed of the tool, depth of cut, feed rate, cutting track overlap, and tool angle (to a total of 864 total unique combinations) have on bone temperature, tool vibration, and cutting forces associated with superficial bone removal operations. The experimental apparatus developed for this purpose allowed a concurrent measurement of bone temperature, tool vibration, and cutting forces as a function of various process parameter combinations. A fully balanced experimental design involving burring trials performed on a sawbone analog was carried out to establish process trends and subsets leading to local maximums and minimums in temperature and vibration were further investigated. Among the parameters tested, a spherical burr of 6 mm turning at 15,000 r/min and advancing at 2 mm/s with a 50% overlap between adjacent tool paths was found to yield both low temperatures at the bone/tool interface and minimal vibrations. This optimal set of parameters enables a versatile engagement between tool and bone without sacrificing the optimal process outcomes.

Improvement of the resistance exercise apparatus of climbing ladder with load on rats / 中国实验动物学报

Objective To improve the resistance exercise apparatus of climbing ladder with load on rats, and to observe the technological, athletic training and biological response to the improved experimental apparatus.Methods Thirty-six healthy SPF male Sprague-Dawley were randomly divided into control and exercise groups.The climbing ladder and weight bearing device were separately improved to develop a new resistance exercise apparatus of climbing ladder with load on rats.The exercise group took an 8-week incremental exercise program using this improved device.To observe the operation effect of this improved exercise apparatus.To observe the dynamic changes of average maximum load on SD rats from the exercise group during 8 weeks.To compare the effect of climbing ladder exercise with load on body weights of SD rats between the two groups.Results The improved climbing ladder was marked by the prioritization technique of architecture stabilization, weight bearing and easy cleaning.The improved bearing device has the advantages of being sturdy and durable, and simplemethod to calculating load.Moreover, the new experimental apparatus can be operated by one person during the exercise program.The average maximum load was successfully increased to 756 g after an 8-week exercise using the improved apparatus.Compared with the control group, the body weights of SD rats from the exercise group after training were significantly reduced (P<0.05).Conclusions The improved resistance exercise apparatus of climbing ladder with load can provide a more endurable and repeatable process in the study of rat strength training and it is recommended to use this new device in future experimental research.

Infrared Spectral Emissivity Property of Pure Titanium in the 473-1035 K Temperature Range.

The normal infrared (IR) spectral emissivity of pure titanium TA1 is experimentally investigated using a self-designed emissivity measurement apparatus. The apparatus and the measurement method are described in detail. Seven samples are treated with abrasive paper to obtain the roughness needed. The emissivity of one sample is obtained between 473 and 1035 K with wavelength range of 3-27 µm in an argon environment. The other six samples are oxidized at a high temperature (873 K) for various times. The surface roughness and composition of the samples are analyzed using roughness tester and X-ray diffraction before and after the emissivity measurement. The results show that the spectral emissivity of titanium sample increases with the increase of temperature and decreases with the increase of wavelength from 3 to 27 µm. For the oxidized samples, the spectral emissivity increases with increasing oxidization time, and after being heated for 12 h, the emissivity values increase slightly. The influence of the oxide film thickness on the spectral emissivity is discussed based on interference theory, and the thickness of oxide film with different oxidation time is accurately measured using scanning electron microscope.

Aparato experimental de escolha:desenvolvimento de sistema informatizado para estudo de comportamento de escolha / Experimental apparatus of choice: development of computerized system for the study of choice behavior / Aparato experimental de elección: desarrollo de sistema informatizado para el estudio del comportamiento de elección

Realizar escolha é fundamental para a conduta adaptativa de qualquer indivíduo em seu ambiente social, principalmente para pessoas com deficiência intelectual ou atraso no desenvolvimento que não possuem essas habilidades em seu repertório. Conduzir estudos sobre escolha que exigem a apresentação de estímulos de difícil manipulação podem ter sua viabilidade prejudicada devido aos procedimentos de apresentação serem complicados para se executar. O objetivo deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento de um Aparato Experimental de Escolha capaz de mecanizar a disponibilização e controle de cada exposição de tarefas de trabalho, o que representa uma vantagem uma vez que as tarefas podem ser preparadas rápida e antecipadamente e apresentadas diversas vezes, o que proporcionaria diminuição do tempo de aplicação, além de possibilitar o registro fidedigno das respostas, da latência, do tempo de execução da tarefa e de liberação da consequência. O aparato consiste de uma mesa redonda giratória com botões acoplados e permite a aplicação de esquemas de reforçamento de razão fixa e variável, intervalo fixo e variável, além do uso de esquemas concorrentes simples ou concorrentes com encadeamento. O controle é feito diretamente pelo computador, que armazena os dados automaticamente e diminui as possibilidades de erros manuais. A utilização de recursos mecânicos aliados aos computacionais parece bastante promissora, com a possibilidade adicional de proporcionar um uso mais frequente e por um maior número de pessoas.(AU).

Perform choice is fundamental to adaptive behavior of any individual in his/her social environment, especially for intellectually or developmentally delayed people that often lack these skills in their repertoire. Conducting studies of choice that require the presentation of difficult-to-handle items may face insurmountable barriers due to choice procedures that are complicated to implement. The objective of the present study was to develop an Experimental Apparatus of Choice capable of mechanize the delivery and control of each exposure, which is an advantage since the tasks can be set up quickly and previously and presented several times, which would allow the reduction of application time, and enable reliable record of responses, latency time of task execution and consequence presentation. The apparatus consists of a rotating roundtable with buttons attached. The apparatus allows the application of reinforcement schedules of fixed and variable ratios, and fixed and variable intervals, besides the use of simple concurrent schedules of reinforcement or concurrent-chain schedules of reinforcement. The control is done directly by the computer, which automatically stores data and decreases the chances of manual errors. The use of computing resources seems quite promising, with the additional possibility of providing more frequent use to a greater number of people. A validation of the experimental apparatus of choice has been made by a study.(AU).

Efectuar elección es fundamental para el comportamiento adaptativo de cualquier individuo en su entorno social, especialmente para las personas con discapacidad intelectual o retraso en el desarrollo, a menudo carecen de estas habilidades en su repertorio. Conducir estudios de elección que requieren la presentación de artículos de difíciles manipulación, pueden tener su viabilidad afectada debido a los procedimientos de presentación que son difíciles de realizar. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un Aparato Experimental de elección capaz de mecanizar la exposición y control de cada exposición, que es una ventaja ya que las tareas se pueden construir rápidamente y por adelantado y presentado varias veces, lo cual proporcionaría tiempo de aplicación reducido, además de permitir el registro fidedigno de las respuestas, el tiempo de latencia de la ejecución de la tarea y la liberación de refuerzo. El aparato consta de una mesa redonda giratoria con botones adjuntos. El aparato permite la aplicación de esquemas de refuerzo de proporción fijo y variable, intervalo fijo y variable, además del uso de esquemas competidores simples o competidores con encadenamiento. El control se realiza directamente por el ordenador, que almacena automáticamente los datos y reduce las posibilidades de errores manuales. El uso de los recursos informáticos parece bastante prometedora, con la posibilidad adicional de proporcionar un uso más frecuente y un mayor número de personas. Una validación del aparato experimental de elección ha sido hecha por un estudio.(AU).

Aparato experimental de escolha: desenvolvimento de sistema informatizado para estudo de comportamento de escolha / Experimental apparatus of choice: development of computerized system for the study of choice behavior / Aparato experimental de elección: desarrollo de sistema informatizado para el estudio del comportamiento de elección

Realizar escolha é fundamental para a conduta adaptativa de qualquer indivíduo em seu ambiente social, principalmente para pessoas com deficiência intelectual ou atraso no desenvolvimento que não possuem essas habilidades em seu repertório. Conduzir estudos sobre escolha que exigem a apresentação de estímulos de difícil manipulação podem ter sua viabilidade prejudicada devido aos procedimentos de apresentação serem complicados para se executar. O objetivo deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento de um Aparato Experimental de Escolha capaz de mecanizar a disponibilização e controle de cada exposição de tarefas de trabalho, o que representa uma vantagem uma vez que as tarefas podem ser preparadas rápida e antecipadamente e apresentadas diversas vezes, o que proporcionaria diminuição do tempo de aplicação, além de possibilitar o registro fidedigno das respostas, da latência, do tempo de execução da tarefa e de liberação da consequência. O aparato consiste de uma mesa redonda giratória com botões acoplados e permite a aplicação de esquemas de reforçamento de razão fixa e variável, intervalo fixo e variável, além do uso de esquemas concorrentes simples ou concorrentes com encadeamento. O controle é feito diretamente pelo computador, que armazena os dados automaticamente e diminui as possibilidades de erros manuais. A utilização de recursos mecânicos aliados aos computacionais parece bastante promissora, com a possibilidade adicional de proporcionar um uso mais frequente e por um maior número de pessoas.

Perform choice is fundamental to adaptive behavior of any individual in his/her social environment, especially for intellectually or developmentally delayed people that often lack these skills in their repertoire. Conducting studies of choice that require the presentation of difficult-to-handle items may face insurmountable barriers due to choice procedures that are complicated to implement. The objective of the present study was to develop an Experimental Apparatus of Choice capable of mechanize the delivery and control of each exposure, which is an advantage since the tasks can be set up quickly and previously and presented several times, which would allow the reduction of application time, and enable reliable record of responses, latency time of task execution and consequence presentation. The apparatus consists of a rotating roundtable with buttons attached. The apparatus allows the application of reinforcement schedules of fixed and variable ratios, and fixed and variable intervals, besides the use of simple concurrent schedules of reinforcement or concurrent-chain schedules of reinforcement. The control is done directly by the computer, which automatically stores data and decreases the chances of manual errors. The use of computing resources seems quite promising, with the additional possibility of providing more frequent use to a greater number of people. A validation of the experimental apparatus of choice has been made by a study.

Efectuar elección es fundamental para el comportamiento adaptativo de cualquier individuo en su entorno social, especialmente para las personas con discapacidad intelectual o retraso en el desarrollo, a menudo carecen de estas habilidades en su repertorio. Conducir estudios de elección que requieren la presentación de artículos de difíciles manipulación, pueden tener su viabilidad afectada debido a los procedimientos de presentación que son difíciles de realizar. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un Aparato Experimental de elección capaz de mecanizar la exposición y control de cada exposición, que es una ventaja ya que las tareas se pueden construir rápidamente y por adelantado y presentado varias veces, lo cual proporcionaría tiempo de aplicación reducido, además de permitir el registro fidedigno de las respuestas, el tiempo de latencia de la ejecución de la tarea y la liberación de refuerzo. El aparato consta de una mesa redonda giratoria con botones adjuntos. El aparato permite la aplicación de esquemas de refuerzo de proporción fijo y variable, intervalo fijo y variable, además del uso de esquemas competidores simples o competidores con encadenamiento. El control se realiza directamente por el ordenador, que almacena automáticamente los datos y reduce las posibilidades de errores manuales. El uso de los recursos informáticos parece bastante prometedora, con la posibilidad adicional de proporcionar un uso más frecuente y un mayor número de personas. Una validación del aparato experimental de elección ha sido hecha por un estudio.

Evaluation of the effects of pressure gradients on four Brazilian freshwater fish species

This work aimed to experimentally evaluate the behavior of Brazilian freshwater fish species when submitted to a gradual increase in pressure, as well as sudden decompression's effects simulating the passage through a hydroelectric turbine. Four species from the São Francisco river basin were tested: Astyanax bimaculatus, Hypostomus sp., Leporinus reinhardti and Prochilodus costatus. For all of them mortality rates due to decompression were extremely low. However, the symptoms related to decompression, such as bulged eyes and hemorrhage, were not observed only in Hypostomus sp., and were more frequent the larger the pressure values were, considering the values from which decompression was performed. All these symptoms decreased significantly after 24 h of observation. With the increase in pressure inside the apparatus, the four tested species moved towards the upper levels. This behavior could make possoble the implementation of bypass downstream fish passages in dams constructed in Brazil.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar experimentalmente o comportamento de espécies brasileiras quando submetidas a um aumento gradual na pressão, bem como os efeitos de uma descompressão rápida simulando a passagem por uma turbina hidrelétrica. Quatro espécies da bacia do rio São Francisco foram testadas: Astyanax bimaculatus, Hypostomus sp., Leporinus reinhardti e Prochilodus costatus. Para todas elas as taxas de mortalidade devido à descompressão foram extremamente baixas. No entanto, sintomas relacionados à descompressão, como exoftalmia e hemorragia só não foram observados em Hypostomus sp., sendo mais freqüentes quanto maior o valor de pressão a partir do qual realizou-se a descompressão. Todos estes sintomas diminuíram significativamente após 24 horas de observação. Com o aumento da pressão no aparato, as espécies testadas se movimentaram em direção aos níveis superiores. Este comportamento sugere a possibilidade de se utilizar passagens de peixes para jusante do tipo bypass em barragens a serem implantadas no Brasil.