Occurrence and Distribution of Physiological Races of Exserohilum turcicum in Maize-Growing Regions of Mexico.

Turcicum leaf blight (TLB) is a common foliar disease of maize in Mexico that is caused by the fungal pathogen Exserohilum turcicum. The most effective management strategy against TLB is monogenic race-specific resistance. Among the 140 E. turcicum isolates from symptomatic leaves collected from maize fields in Mexico, 100 were obtained from tropical (Veracruz) and temperate areas (Estado de México) between 2010 and 2019, and 40 isolates were obtained from tropical (Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and Chiapas), subtropical (Nayarit, Jalisco, and Guanajuato), and temperate areas (Estado de Mexico, Hidalgo, and Puebla) collected in 2019. All the isolates caused TLB symptoms on the positive control (ht4), showing that they were all pathogenic. Six physiological races of E. turcicum (2, 3, 23, 3N, 23N, and 123N) were identified based on resistant or susceptible responses displayed by five maize differential genotypes (A619Ht1, A619Ht2, A619Ht3, B68HtN, and A619ht4). The most common was race 23, accounting for 68% of the isolates, followed by races 23N, 123N, 3, 2, and 3N at 15, 8, 6, 2, and 1%, respectively. Race 123N was able to infect the greatest number of maize differential genotypes used in the study. Race 123N was detected in Sinaloa and Estado de México. Race 3 was detected in Nayarit and Jalisco. Race 2 was detected in Jalisco, Estado de México, and Veracruz, and race 3N was detected in Tamaulipas. Race 23 was equally dominant in the tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions, while race 123N was more common in the tropical environment, and race 23N was more common in the tropical and temperate environments. There was no evidence for shifts in the races between 2010 and 2019.

Identification and characterization of maize lines resistant to leaf diseases / Identificação e caracterização de linhagens de milho resistentes a doenças foliares

Among the maize leaf diseases, white leaf spot, northern leaf blight, gray leaf spot, and southern rust are recognized not only by the potential for grain yield reduction but also by the widespread occurrence in the producing regions of Brazil and the world. The aim of this study was to characterize common maize lines for resistance to white leaf spot, northern leaf blight, gray leaf spot, and southern rust and suggest crosses based on the genetic diversity detected in SNP markers. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications in order to characterize 72 maize lines. Genotypic values were predicted using the REML/BLUP procedure. These 72 lines were genotyped with SNP markers using the 650K platform (Affymetrix®) for the assessment of the genetic diversity. Genetic diversity was quantified using the Tocher and UPGMA methods. The existence of genetic variability for disease resistance was detected among maize lines, which made possible to classify them into three large groups (I, II, and III). The maize lines CD 49 and CD50 showed a good performance and can be considered sources of resistance to diseases. Therefore, their use as gene donors in maize breeding programs is recommended. Considering the information of genetic distance together with high heritability for leaf diseases, backcrossing of parent genotypes with different resistance levels...(AU)

Dentre as doenças foliares do milho, a mancha branca, a helmintosporiose, a cercosporiose e a ferrugem polissora são reconhecidamente importantes, não somente pelo potencial de redução de rendimento de grãos, mas também pela ocorrência generalizada nas regiões produtoras do Brasil e do mundo. O trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar linhagens de milho comum para resistência à mancha branca, helmintosporiose, cercosporiose e ferrugem polissora, e sugerir cruzamentos com base na diversidade genética detectada em marcadores SNP. Para a caracterização das 72 linhagens, o experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados com três repetições. Os valores genotípicos foram preditos empregando-se o procedimento REML/BLUP. Para a avaliação da diversidade genética, as 72 linhagens foram genotipadas com marcadores SNP empregando-se a Plataforma 650K (Affymetrix®). A diversidade genética foi quantificada utilizando-se os métodos de Tocher e UPGMA. Foi possível detectar a existência de variabilidade genética para resistência a doenças entre as linhagens de milho, além de classificá-las em três grandes grupos (I, II e III). As linhagens CD 49 e CD50 apresentaram bom desempenho e podem ser consideradas fontes de resistência às doenças. Desta forma recomenda-se a utilização dessas linhagens como doadoras de genes em programas de melhoramento de milho. Aliando as informações da...(AU)

Identification and characterization of maize lines resistant to leaf diseases / Identificação e caracterização de linhagens de milho resistentes a doenças foliares

Among the maize leaf diseases, white leaf spot, northern leaf blight, gray leaf spot, and southern rust are recognized not only by the potential for grain yield reduction but also by the widespread occurrence in the producing regions of Brazil and the world. The aim of this study was to characterize common maize lines for resistance to white leaf spot, northern leaf blight, gray leaf spot, and southern rust and suggest crosses based on the genetic diversity detected in SNP markers. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications in order to characterize 72 maize lines. Genotypic values were predicted using the REML/BLUP procedure. These 72 lines were genotyped with SNP markers using the 650K platform (Affymetrix®) for the assessment of the genetic diversity. Genetic diversity was quantified using the Tocher and UPGMA methods. The existence of genetic variability for disease resistance was detected among maize lines, which made possible to classify them into three large groups (I, II, and III). The maize lines CD 49 and CD50 showed a good performance and can be considered sources of resistance to diseases. Therefore, their use as gene donors in maize breeding programs is recommended. Considering the information of genetic distance together with high heritability for leaf diseases, backcrossing of parent genotypes with different resistance levels...

Dentre as doenças foliares do milho, a mancha branca, a helmintosporiose, a cercosporiose e a ferrugem polissora são reconhecidamente importantes, não somente pelo potencial de redução de rendimento de grãos, mas também pela ocorrência generalizada nas regiões produtoras do Brasil e do mundo. O trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar linhagens de milho comum para resistência à mancha branca, helmintosporiose, cercosporiose e ferrugem polissora, e sugerir cruzamentos com base na diversidade genética detectada em marcadores SNP. Para a caracterização das 72 linhagens, o experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados com três repetições. Os valores genotípicos foram preditos empregando-se o procedimento REML/BLUP. Para a avaliação da diversidade genética, as 72 linhagens foram genotipadas com marcadores SNP empregando-se a Plataforma 650K (Affymetrix®). A diversidade genética foi quantificada utilizando-se os métodos de Tocher e UPGMA. Foi possível detectar a existência de variabilidade genética para resistência a doenças entre as linhagens de milho, além de classificá-las em três grandes grupos (I, II e III). As linhagens CD 49 e CD50 apresentaram bom desempenho e podem ser consideradas fontes de resistência às doenças. Desta forma recomenda-se a utilização dessas linhagens como doadoras de genes em programas de melhoramento de milho. Aliando as informações da...

Influence of crop residues, matric potential and temperature on growth of Exserohilum turcicum an emerging maize pathogen in Argentina.

Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) caused by Exserohilum turcicum is an endemic foliar disease in the Argentinean maize production area. Before applying a control method, it is essential to focus on factors that lead to the survival and conservation of E. turcicum inoculum. However, there is little information about the life cycle of this emerging pathogen in our country. The objective of the present work was to analyse the growth ability of three E. turcicum isolates under different type and conditions of maize, wheat and soybean residues, matric potential, temperature and their interactions. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant effect of three factors on growth rate: residues-based media, matric potential and temperature. Among them the major effect was produced by matric potential followed by temperature. Although there were no significant differences in the growth rate among different residues types, the range of conditions in which growth occurred was different. According to these results, soybean residues would allow a better survival of E. turcicum inoculum under no-tillage system and providing an inoculum source for maize infections in subsequent year. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Exserohilum turcicum is an emerging pathogen in Argentina that has caused significant economic losses in different maize growing areas. However, at present there is a lack of information about the life cycle of this fungal pathogen. The present study shows the influence of abiotic factors such as temperature and water potential on the growth of E. turcicum on different crop residues used in rotations with maize under no-till system cultivation. According to our results, soybean residues allowed the pathogen growth in a wider range of conditions compared to wheat and maize residue, providing an inoculum source for maize infections in subsequent season.

Severity of leaf diseases in maize inbred lines with different kernel hardness in two sowing seasons / Severidade de doenças foliares em linhagens de milho com diferentes texturas de grãos em duas épocas de semeadura

Resistance of maize inbred lines to major leaf diseases should be characterized for the development of new hybrids in breeding programs. Thus, this study aimed to assess the severity of leaf diseases in maize inbredlines with different kernel hardnessand two sowingseasons. We assessed four inbred lines and one check hybrid with dent kernels and four inbred lines and a check hybrid with flint kernels. Treatments were conducted in two sowing seasons, one in October, and another in December 2013. The symptoms of gray leaf spot (Cercospora zeae-maydis), northern leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum), and white leaf spot (a complex of Phaeosphaeria maydis and Pantoea ananatis) were assessed every 10 days from flowering. The area under the disease progress curve was also calculated. Severity level of the diseases was higher in inbred lines when compared to the check hybrds (AG8041 PRO and P30R50YH), regardless of kernel hardness. Dent-kernel inbred lines showed a higher severity of northern leaf blight symptoms when compared to flint-kernelones. It is worth mentioning that disease severity increased as sowing was delayed.(AU)

A caracterização de linhagens de milho quanto à resistência às principais doenças é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de novos híbridos em programas de melhoramento. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a severidade de doenças foliares em linhagens de milho com diferentes texturas de grãos em duas épocas de semeadura. Foram avaliadas quatro linhagens e um híbrido testemunha com grãos dentados e quatro linhagens e um híbrido testemunha com grãos duros. Os tratamentos foram conduzidos em duas épocas de semeadura, em outubro e em dezembro de 2013. A partir do florescimento, a cada 10 dias, foram avaliadas as doenças foliares cercosporiose (Cercospora zeae-maydis), helmintosporiose (Exserohilum turcicum) e mancha branca (complexo Phaeosphaeria maydis/Pantoea ananatis). Foi calculada a área abaixo da curva do progresso das doenças (AACPD). A severidade das doenças foi maior nas linhagens, comparativamente aos híbridos testemunhas AG8041 PRO e P30R50YH, independentemente da textura dos grãos. As linhagens de textura dentada apresentaram maior severidade de sintomas da helmintosporiose, quando comparada às linhagens de grãos duros. Houve aumento da severidade das doenças avaliadas com o atraso da semeadura.(AU)

Severity of leaf diseases in maize inbred lines with different kernel hardness in two sowing seasons / Severidade de doenças foliares em linhagens de milho com diferentes texturas de grãos em duas épocas de semeadura

Resistance of maize inbred lines to major leaf diseases should be characterized for the development of new hybrids in breeding programs. Thus, this study aimed to assess the severity of leaf diseases in maize inbredlines with different kernel hardnessand two sowingseasons. We assessed four inbred lines and one check hybrid with dent kernels and four inbred lines and a check hybrid with flint kernels. Treatments were conducted in two sowing seasons, one in October, and another in December 2013. The symptoms of gray leaf spot (Cercospora zeae-maydis), northern leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum), and white leaf spot (a complex of Phaeosphaeria maydis and Pantoea ananatis) were assessed every 10 days from flowering. The area under the disease progress curve was also calculated. Severity level of the diseases was higher in inbred lines when compared to the check hybrds (AG8041 PRO and P30R50YH), regardless of kernel hardness. Dent-kernel inbred lines showed a higher severity of northern leaf blight symptoms when compared to flint-kernelones. It is worth mentioning that disease severity increased as sowing was delayed.

A caracterização de linhagens de milho quanto à resistência às principais doenças é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de novos híbridos em programas de melhoramento. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a severidade de doenças foliares em linhagens de milho com diferentes texturas de grãos em duas épocas de semeadura. Foram avaliadas quatro linhagens e um híbrido testemunha com grãos dentados e quatro linhagens e um híbrido testemunha com grãos duros. Os tratamentos foram conduzidos em duas épocas de semeadura, em outubro e em dezembro de 2013. A partir do florescimento, a cada 10 dias, foram avaliadas as doenças foliares cercosporiose (Cercospora zeae-maydis), helmintosporiose (Exserohilum turcicum) e mancha branca (complexo Phaeosphaeria maydis/Pantoea ananatis). Foi calculada a área abaixo da curva do progresso das doenças (AACPD). A severidade das doenças foi maior nas linhagens, comparativamente aos híbridos testemunhas AG8041 PRO e P30R50YH, independentemente da textura dos grãos. As linhagens de textura dentada apresentaram maior severidade de sintomas da helmintosporiose, quando comparada às linhagens de grãos duros. Houve aumento da severidade das doenças avaliadas com o atraso da semeadura.

Efficacy of epiphytic bacteria to prevent northern leaf blight caused by Exserohilum turcicum in maize / Eficacia de bacterias epifíticas en la prevención del tizón foliar del maíz causado por Exserohilum turcicum

Eight potential biological control agents (BCAs) were evaluated in planta in order to assess their effectiveness in reducing disease severity of northern leaf blight caused by Exserohilum turcicum. The assay was carried out in greenhouse. Twenty-six-day-old plants, V4 phenological stage, were inoculated with antagonists by foliar spray. Only one biocontrol agent was used per treatment. Ten days after this procedure, all treatments were inoculated with E. turcicum by foliar application. Treatments performed were: C-Et: control of E. turcicum; T1: isolate 1 (Enterococcus genus) + E. turcicum; T2: isolate 2 (Corynebacterium genus) + E. turcicum; T3: isolate 3 (Pantoea genus) + E. turcicum; T4: isolate 4 (Corynebacterium genus) + E. turcicum; T5: isolate 5 (Pantoea genus) + E. turcicum; T6: isolate 6 (Bacillus genus) + E. turcicum; T7: isolate 7 (Bacillus genus) + E. turcicum; T8: isolate 8 (Bacillus genus) + E. turcicum. Monitoring of antagonists on the phyllosphere was performed at different times. Furthermore, the percentage of infected leaves and, plant and leaf incidence were determined. Foliar application of different bacteria significantly reduced the leaf blight between 30-78% and 39-56% at 20 and 39 days respectively. It was observed that in the V10 stage of maize plants, isolate 8 (Bacillus spp.) caused the greatest effect on reducing the severity of northern leaf blight. Moreover, isolate 8 was the potential BCA that showed more stability in the phyllosphere. At 39 days, all potential biocontrol agents had a significant effect on controlling the disease caused by E. turcicum.

Se evaluó a 8 potenciales agentes de control biológico (ACB) en un ensayo in planta, con el objetivo de probar su efectividad en la reducción del daño provocado por Exserohilum turcicum, agente causal del tizón foliar del maíz. El ensayo se llevó a cabo en invernadero. Plantas de maíz de 26 días, en estadio fenológico V4, se inocularon con los potenciales antagonistas por aplicación foliar como espray. Solo un agente de biocontrol fue usado por tratamiento y todos los tratamientos se inocularon con E. turcicum 10 días después, también por aplicación foliar. Los tratamientos desarrollados fueron los siguientes: C-Et: control de E. turcicum; T1: aislamiento 1 (género Enterococcus) + E. turcicum; T2: aislamiento 2 (género Corynebacterium) + E. turcicum; T3: aislamiento 3 (género Pantoea) + E. turcicum; T4: aislamiento 4 (género Corynebacterium) + E. turcicum; T5: aislamiento 5 (género Pantoea) + E. turcicum; T6: aislamiento 6 (género Bacillus) + E. turcicum; T7: aislamiento 7 (género Bacillus) + E. turcicum; T8: aislamiento 8 (género Bacillus) + E. turcicum. La monitorización en la filosfera de los antagonistas se llevó a cabo a diferentes tiempos. Además, se determinó el porcentaje de hojas infectadas y la incidencia en plantas y hojas. La aplicación foliar de diferentes bacterias redujo significativamente la gravedad del tizón del maíz: entre el 30 y el 78% a los 20 días y entre el 39 y el 56% a los 39 días. En el estadio V10 de las plantas de maíz se observó que el aislamiento 8 (Bacillus spp.) causó el mayor efecto de reducción del tizón foliar. Además, dicho aislamiento fue el potencial agente de biocontrol que mostró mayor estabilidad en la filosfera. A los 39 días, todos los potenciales agentes de biocontrol demostraban un efecto significativo sobre el control de la enfermedad causada por E. turcicum.

Efficacy of epiphytic bacteria to prevent northern leaf blight caused by Exserohilum turcicum in maize.

Eight potential biological control agents (BCAs) were evaluated in planta in order to assess their effectiveness in reducing disease severity of northern leaf blight caused by Exserohilum turcicum. The assay was carried out in greenhouse. Twenty-six-day-old plants, V4 phenological stage, were inoculated with antagonists by foliar spray. Only one biocontrol agent was used per treatment. Ten days after this procedure, all treatments were inoculated with E. turcicum by foliar application. Treatments performed were: C-Et: control of E. turcicum; T1: isolate 1 (Enterococcus genus)+E. turcicum; T2: isolate 2 (Corynebacterium genus)+E. turcicum; T3: isolate 3 (Pantoea genus)+E. turcicum; T4: isolate 4 (Corynebacterium genus)+E. turcicum; T5: isolate 5 (Pantoea genus)+E. turcicum; T6: isolate 6 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum; T7: isolate 7 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum; T8: isolate 8 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum. Monitoring of antagonists on the phyllosphere was performed at different times. Furthermore, the percentage of infected leaves and, plant and leaf incidence were determined. Foliar application of different bacteria significantly reduced the leaf blight between 30-78% and 39-56% at 20 and 39 days respectively. It was observed that in the V10 stage of maize plants, isolate 8 (Bacillus spp.) caused the greatest effect on reducing the severity of northern leaf blight. Moreover, isolate 8 was the potential BCA that showed more stability in the phyllosphere. At 39 days, all potential biocontrol agents had a significant effect on controlling the disease caused by E. turcicum.

Disease resistance induction in second-season corn using acibenzolar-S-methyl and phosphorylated mannanoligosaccharide / Indução de resistência a doenças em milho de segunda safra por acibenzolar-S-metil e mananoligossacarídeo fosforilado

Resistance induction is an alternative method to reduce pesticide use in plant disease control. We conducted experiments with four corn hybrids over two consecutive years (2011 and 2012) in order to test resistance in second-season corn treated with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) or phosphorylated mannanoligosaccharide (MOS). In addition, the plants were subjected to a fungicide (azoxystrobin + cyproconazole) or a control treatment using water only. Distinct pathogens were found in the harvests from both years, but the MOS treatment resulted in hypersensitive response during both years. None of the products applied affected plant height, ear insertion height, or damaged kernel percentage. MOS resulted in higher hypersensitive response intensity, without reducing productivity, compared to the water treatment. The application of ASM did not induce a hypersensitive response.(AU)

A indução de resistência se apresenta como um método alternativo para reduzir o uso de agrotóxicos no controle de doenças de plantas. Com o objetivo de verificar a indução de resistência na segunda safra de milho pelos indutores acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) e mananoligossacarídeo fosforilado (MOS), experimentos foram conduzidos com quatro híbridos de milho em dois anos consecutivos (2011 e 2012). Além dos indutores de resistência, um fungicida (azoxistrobina + ciproconazole) foi aplicado, bem como pulverização com água como tratamento adicional. Foi observada incidência de patógenos distintos nos dois anos, embora o tratamento com MOS tenha resultado em resposta de hipersensibilidade em ambos os anos. Nenhum dos produtos aplicados afetou a altura de planta, altura de inserção da espiga e porcentagem de grãos ardidos. MOS aumenta a intensidade da resposta de hipersensibilidade, sem redução da produtividade em relação ao tratamento com água. A aplicação de ASM não induz resposta de hipersensibilidade.(AU)

Selection of potential biological control of Exserohilum turcicum with epiphytic microorganisms from maize.

The aims of this study were to select microbial isolates from phyllosphere of maize and to examine their antagonistic activity against Exserohilum turcicum. Selection was performed through the ability of isolates to compete with the pathogen using an index of dominance and to affect growth parameters of E. turcicum. Most of the epiphytic populations obtained for the screening were bacteria. These isolates were found in the order of 6 log CFU/g of leaf fresh weight. According to similar morphological characteristics and staining, 44 out of 111 isolates obtained were selected for testing antagonistic effects. At water potential, ψ, -1.38MPa and -4.19MPa, three Bacillus isolates showed dominance at a distance (5/0) and a significant reduction of growth rate of the pathogen. Three Bacillus isolates only decreased the growth rate of E. turcicum at -1.38MPa. At -4.19MPa the growth rate decreased with three isolates of Pantoea and three Bacillus. In this study a negative and significant correlation was observed between the growth rate of E. turcicum and the dominance index in the interaction of the pathogen with some bacteria. These results show that with decreasing growth rate of the pathogen the dominance index of the interaction increases. Eleven potential biocontrol agents against E. turcicum were selected.

Selection of potential biological control of Exserohilum turcicum with epiphytic microorganisms from maize / Selección de microorganismos epifíticos de maíz como potenciales agentes de biocontrol de Exserohilum turcicum

The aims of this study were to select microbial isolates from phyllosphere of maize and to examine their antagonistic activity against Exserohilum turcicum. Selection was performed through the ability of isolates to compete with the pathogen using an index of dominance and to affect growth parameters of E. turcicum. Most of the epiphytic populations obtained for the screening were bacteria. These isolates were found in the order of 6 log CFU/g of leaf fresh weight. According to similar morphological characteristics and staining, 44 out of 111 isolates obtained were selected for testing antagonistic effects. At water potential, ψ, −1.38 MPa and −4.19 MPa, three Bacillus isolates showed dominance at a distance (5/0) and a significant reduction of growth rate of the pathogen. Three Bacillus isolates only decreased the growth rate of E. turcicum at −1.38 MPa. At −4.19 MPa the growth rate decreased with three isolates of Pantoea and three Bacillus. In this study a negative and significant correlation was observed between the growth rate of E. turcicum and the dominance index in the interaction of the pathogen with some bacteria. These results show that with decreasing growth rate of the pathogen the dominance index of the interaction increases. Eleven potential biocontrol agents against E. turcicum were selected.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue seleccionar aislamientos microbianos de la filósfera de maíz y examinar su actividad antagonista contra Exserohilum turcicum. La selección se realizó a través de la capacidad de los aislamientos de competir con el patógeno usando un índice de dominancia y también la capacidad de afectar los parámetros de crecimiento de E. turcicum. La mayoría de las poblaciones epifíticas aisladas para la selección fueron bacterias. Estos aislamientos se encontraron en el orden de 6 log de UFC por gramo de peso fresco de hoja de maíz. En base a características morfológicas y tintóreas similares, se seleccionaron 44 de 111 aislamientos obtenidos para evaluar su capacidad antagónica. A los potenciales agua, ψ, −1,38 MPa y −4,19 MPa, tres aislados del género Bacillus mostraron dominancia a distancia (5/0) y una reducción significativa de la velocidad de crecimiento del patógeno. Tres aislamientos de Bacillus disminuyeron la velocidad de crecimiento de E. turcicum a −1,38 MPa. A −4,19 MPa la velocidad de crecimiento disminuyó con tres aislamientos de Pantoea y tres de Bacillus. En este estudio se observó una correlación negativa y significante entre la velocidad de crecimiento de E. turcicum y el índice de dominancia cuando el patógeno interactuó con algunas bacterias. Esto estaría indicando que cuando disminuye la velocidad de crecimiento del patógeno se incrementa el índice de dominancia de la interacción. Se seleccionaron once posibles agentes de biocontrol contra E. turcicum.(AU)

Selection of potential biological control of Exserohilum turcicum with epiphytic microorganisms from maize / Selección de microorganismos epifíticos de maíz como potenciales agentes de biocontrol de Exserohilum turcicum

The aims of this study were to select microbial isolates from phyllosphere of maize and to examine their antagonistic activity against Exserohilum turcicum. Selection was performed through the ability of isolates to compete with the pathogen using an index of dominance and to affect growth parameters of E. turcicum. Most of the epiphytic populations obtained for the screening were bacteria. These isolates were found in the order of 6 log CFU/g of leaf fresh weight. According to similar morphological characteristics and staining, 44 out of 111 isolates obtained were selected for testing antagonistic effects. At water potential, ψ, −1.38 MPa and −4.19 MPa, three Bacillus isolates showed dominance at a distance (5/0) and a significant reduction of growth rate of the pathogen. Three Bacillus isolates only decreased the growth rate of E. turcicum at −1.38 MPa. At −4.19 MPa the growth rate decreased with three isolates of Pantoea and three Bacillus. In this study a negative and significant correlation was observed between the growth rate of E. turcicum and the dominance index in the interaction of the pathogen with some bacteria. These results show that with decreasing growth rate of the pathogen the dominance index of the interaction increases. Eleven potential biocontrol agents against E. turcicum were selected.

El objetivo de este estudio fue seleccionar aislamientos microbianos de la filósfera de maíz y examinar su actividad antagonista contra Exserohilum turcicum. La selección se realizó a través de la capacidad de los aislamientos de competir con el patógeno usando un índice de dominancia y también la capacidad de afectar los parámetros de crecimiento de E. turcicum. La mayoría de las poblaciones epifíticas aisladas para la selección fueron bacterias. Estos aislamientos se encontraron en el orden de 6 log de UFC por gramo de peso fresco de hoja de maíz. En base a características morfológicas y tintóreas similares, se seleccionaron 44 de 111 aislamientos obtenidos para evaluar su capacidad antagónica. A los potenciales agua, ψ, −1,38 MPa y −4,19 MPa, tres aislados del género Bacillus mostraron dominancia a distancia (5/0) y una reducción significativa de la velocidad de crecimiento del patógeno. Tres aislamientos de Bacillus disminuyeron la velocidad de crecimiento de E. turcicum a −1,38 MPa. A −4,19 MPa la velocidad de crecimiento disminuyó con tres aislamientos de Pantoea y tres de Bacillus. En este estudio se observó una correlación negativa y significante entre la velocidad de crecimiento de E. turcicum y el índice de dominancia cuando el patógeno interactuó con algunas bacterias. Esto estaría indicando que cuando disminuye la velocidad de crecimiento del patógeno se incrementa el índice de dominancia de la interacción. Se seleccionaron once posibles agentes de biocontrol contra E. turcicum.

Avaliação de bactérias endofíticas para o controle biológico da mancha foliar de Exserohilum turcicum em milho / Assessing of endophytic bacteria for biological control of northern corn leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum)

A eficácia de nove isolados de bactérias endofíticas foi avaliada no biocontrole da mancha foliar de Exserohilum turcicum, pela microbiolização das sementes e da parte aérea do milho híbrido AS-1548 (72 e 24 horas antes e no mesmo dia da inoculação do patógeno) em condições de casa de vegetação. Verificou-se que Bacillus subtilis 0G, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp. e Bacillus agaradhaerens se destacaram dos demais, quando aplicados na parte aérea, em todos os intervalos testados, com um controle na ordem de 42 a 61%. Quando as bactérias foram aplicadas nas sementes, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp., Ewingella americana e Xanthomonas axonopodis foram os mais eficientes, com um controle entre 37 e 59%.(AU)

The efficacy of nine endophytic bacterial strains was evaluated on biocontrol of northern corn leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum), by microbiolization of seeds and aerial parts of maize, hybrid AS-1548 (72 and 24 hours before and at same day of the pathogen inoculation) in greenhouse conditions. It was found that Bacillus subtilis 0G, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp. and Bacillus agaradhaerens highlighted from the others, when applied on aerial parts of maize, in all intervals tested, presenting control in order of 42 to 61%. When the bacteria were applied on seeds, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp., Ewingella americana and Xanthomonas axonopodis showed more efficiency, presenting control between 37 and 59%.(AU)

Avaliação de bactérias endofíticas para o controle biológico da mancha foliar de Exserohilum turcicum em milho

ABSTRACT:The efficacy of nine endophytic bacterial strains was evaluated on biocontrol of northern corn leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum), by microbiolization of seeds and aerial parts of maize, hybrid AS-1548 (72 and 24 hours before and at same day of the pathogen inoculation) in greenhouse conditions. It was found that Bacillus subtilis 0G, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp. and Bacillus agaradhaerens highlighted from the others, when applied on aerial parts of maize, in all intervals tested, presenting control in order of 42 to 61%. When the bacteria were applied on seeds, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp., Ewingella americanaand Xanthomonas axonopodis showed more efficiency, presenting control between 37 and 59%.

RESUMO:A eficácia de nove isolados de bactérias endofíticas foi avaliada no biocontrole da mancha foliar de Exserohilum turcicum, pela microbiolização das sementes e da parte aérea do milho híbrido AS-1548 (72 e 24 horas antes e no mesmo dia da inocula ção do patógeno) em condições de casa de vegetação. Verificou-se que Bacillus subtilis 0G, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp. e Bacillus agaradhaerens se destacaram dos demais, quando aplicados na parte aérea, em todos os intervalos testados, com um controle na ordem de 42 a 61%. Quando as bactérias foram aplicadas nas sementes, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp., Ewingella ameri cana e Xanthomonas axonopodis foram os mais eficientes, com um controle entre 37 e 59%.

Disease resistance induction in second-season corn using acibenzolar-S-methyl and phosphorylated mannanoligosaccharide / Indução de resistência a doenças em milho de segunda safra por acibenzolar-S-metil e mananoligossacarídeo fosforilado

Resistance induction is an alternative method to reduce pesticide use in plant disease control. We conducted experiments with four corn hybrids over two consecutive years (2011 and 2012) in order to test resistance in second-season corn treated with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) or phosphorylated mannanoligosaccharide (MOS). In addition, the plants were subjected to a fungicide (azoxystrobin + cyproconazole) or a control treatment using water only. Distinct pathogens were found in the harvests from both years, but the MOS treatment resulted in hypersensitive response during both years. None of the products applied affected plant height, ear insertion height, or damaged kernel percentage. MOS resulted in higher hypersensitive response intensity, without reducing productivity, compared to the water treatment. The application of ASM did not induce a hypersensitive response.

A indução de resistência se apresenta como um método alternativo para reduzir o uso de agrotóxicos no controle de doenças de plantas. Com o objetivo de verificar a indução de resistência na segunda safra de milho pelos indutores acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) e mananoligossacarídeo fosforilado (MOS), experimentos foram conduzidos com quatro híbridos de milho em dois anos consecutivos (2011 e 2012). Além dos indutores de resistência, um fungicida (azoxistrobina + ciproconazole) foi aplicado, bem como pulverização com água como tratamento adicional. Foi observada incidência de patógenos distintos nos dois anos, embora o tratamento com MOS tenha resultado em resposta de hipersensibilidade em ambos os anos. Nenhum dos produtos aplicados afetou a altura de planta, altura de inserção da espiga e porcentagem de grãos ardidos. MOS aumenta a intensidade da resposta de hipersensibilidade, sem redução da produtividade em relação ao tratamento com água. A aplicação de ASM não induz resposta de hipersensibilidade.

Assessing of endophytic bacteria for biological control of northern corn leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum) / Avaliação de bactérias endofíticas para o controle biológico da mancha foliar de Exserohilum turcicum em milho

The efficacy of nine endophytic bacterial strains was evaluated on biocontrol of northern corn leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum), by microbiolization of seeds and aerial parts of maize, hybrid AS-1548 (72 and 24 hours before and at same day of the pathogen inoculation) in greenhouse conditions. It was found that Bacillus subtilis 0G, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp. and Bacillus agaradhaerens highlighted from the others, when applied on aerial parts of maize, in all intervals tested, presenting control in order of 42 to 61%. When the bacteria were applied on seeds, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp., Ewingella americana and Xanthomonas axonopodis showed more efficiency, presenting control between 37 and 59%.

A eficácia de nove isolados de bactérias endofíticas foi avaliada no biocontrole da mancha foliar de Exserohilum turcicum, pela microbiolização das sementes e da parte aérea do milho híbrido AS-1548 (72 e 24 horas antes e no mesmo dia da inoculação do patógeno) em condições de casa de vegetação. Verificou-se que Bacillus subtilis 0G, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp. e Bacillus agaradhaerens se destacaram dos demais, quando aplicados na parte aérea, em todos os intervalos testados, com um controle na ordem de 42 a 61%. Quando as bactérias foram aplicadas nas sementes, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp., Ewingella americana e Xanthomonas axonopodis foram os mais eficientes, com um controle entre 37 e 59%.

Avaliação de bactérias endofíticas para o controle biológico da mancha foliar de Exserohilum turcicum em milho

ABSTRACT:The efficacy of nine endophytic bacterial strains was evaluated on biocontrol of northern corn leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum), by microbiolization of seeds and aerial parts of maize, hybrid AS-1548 (72 and 24 hours before and at same day of the pathogen inoculation) in greenhouse conditions. It was found that Bacillus subtilis 0G, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp. and Bacillus agaradhaerens highlighted from the others, when applied on aerial parts of maize, in all intervals tested, presenting control in order of 42 to 61%. When the bacteria were applied on seeds, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp., Ewingella americanaand Xanthomonas axonopodis showed more efficiency, presenting control between 37 and 59%.

RESUMO:A eficácia de nove isolados de bactérias endofíticas foi avaliada no biocontrole da mancha foliar de Exserohilum turcicum, pela microbiolização das sementes e da parte aérea do milho híbrido AS-1548 (72 e 24 horas antes e no mesmo dia da inocula ção do patógeno) em condições de casa de vegetação. Verificou-se que Bacillus subtilis 0G, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp. e Bacillus agaradhaerens se destacaram dos demais, quando aplicados na parte aérea, em todos os intervalos testados, com um controle na ordem de 42 a 61%. Quando as bactérias foram aplicadas nas sementes, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp., Ewingella ameri cana e Xanthomonas axonopodis foram os mais eficientes, com um controle entre 37 e 59%.

Assessing of endophytic bacteria for biological control of northern corn leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum) / Avaliação de bactérias endofíticas para o controle biológico da mancha foliar de Exserohilum turcicum em milho

The efficacy of nine endophytic bacterial strains was evaluated on biocontrol of northern corn leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum), by microbiolization of seeds and aerial parts of maize, hybrid AS-1548 (72 and 24 hours before and at same day of the pathogen inoculation) in greenhouse conditions. It was found that Bacillus subtilis 0G, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp. and Bacillus agaradhaerens highlighted from the others, when applied on aerial parts of maize, in all intervals tested, presenting control in order of 42 to 61%. When the bacteria were applied on seeds, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp., Ewingella americana and Xanthomonas axonopodis showed more efficiency, presenting control between 37 and 59%.(AU)

A eficácia de nove isolados de bactérias endofíticas foi avaliada no biocontrole da mancha foliar de Exserohilum turcicum, pela microbiolização das sementes e da parte aérea do milho híbrido AS-1548 (72 e 24 horas antes e no mesmo dia da inoculação do patógeno) em condições de casa de vegetação. Verificou-se que Bacillus subtilis 0G, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp. e Bacillus agaradhaerens se destacaram dos demais, quando aplicados na parte aérea, em todos os intervalos testados, com um controle na ordem de 42 a 61%. Quando as bactérias foram aplicadas nas sementes, Bacillus lentimorbus, Streptomyces sp., Ewingella americana e Xanthomonas axonopodis foram os mais eficientes, com um controle entre 37 e 59%.(AU)

Escala diagramática para avaliação de severidade da helmintosporiose comum em milho / Diagramatic scale for severity evaluation of common helminthosporium in corn

A helmintosporiose comum, causada pelo fungo Exserohilum turcicum é uma das principais doenças foliares da cultura do milho, na região sul do Brasil, e apresenta um considerável potencial de danos à cultura, especialmente quando o ataque se inicia antes do período de floração. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar e validar uma escala diagramática para avaliação da severidade da helmintosporiose comum do milho. Para isso, foram coletadas folhas com sintomas da doença para a determinação da severidade real, definição dos limites máximos e mínimos, e os níveis intermediários da escala por meio de incrementos logarítmicos, de acordo com a lei de estímulo visual de Weber-Fechner. A escala elaborada sugere sete níveis de severidade: 0,5; 1,0; 2,5; 6,5; 15,5; 30,0; 54,0%. A validação foi realizada por seis avaliadores, sem experiência na quantificação dessa doença, que estimaram a severidade em 30 folhas com diferentes níveis de sintomas, sem e com o auxílio da escala. A utilização da escala diagramática resultou em melhor acurácia e precisão nas estimativas realizadas, sendo uma ferramenta de fácil e rápida utilização, que pode ser adotada para auxiliar na avaliação da severidade da helmintosporiose comum do milho.

The Helminthosporium leaf blight, caused by Exserohilum turcicum, is one of the main spots that attacks corn crop in Southern Brazil. This disease causes considerable economic losses on this crop, especially when the attack begins before the flowering period. The aim of this research was to elaborate and validate a diagrammatic scale to evaluate the severity of the Helminthosporium leaf blight in corn. Corn leaves with symptoms of the disease were collected for measuring the real severity and defining the maximum and minimum limits, as well as the intermediate levels and the logarithmic increments, according to Weber-Fechner's stimulus-response law. The elaborated scale suggested seven severity levels: 0,5; 1,0; 2,5; 6,5; 15,5; 30,0 and 54,0%. The validation was performed by six persons without previous experience to quantify this disease. The severity of 30 leaves with different levels of symptoms was estimated, with and without the help of the scale. The use of the diagrammatic scale resulted in better accuracy and precision in the estimates, being a tool for quick and easy use, which can be adopted to assist in the severity evaluation of the Helminthosporium leaf blight in corn.

Escala diagramática para avaliação de severidade da helmintosporiose comum em milho

The Helminthosporium leaf blight, caused by Exserohilum turcicum, is one of the main spots that attacks corn crop in Southern Brazil. This disease causes considerable economic losses on this crop, especially when the attack begins before the flowering period. The aim of this research was to elaborate and validate a diagrammatic scale to evaluate the severity of the Helminthosporium leaf blight in corn. Corn leaves with symptoms of the disease were collected for measuring the real severity and defining the maximum and minimum limits, as well as the intermediate levels and the logarithmic increments, according to Weber-Fechner's stimulus-response law. The elaborated scale suggested seven severity levels: 0,5; 1,0; 2,5; 6,5; 15,5; 30,0 and 54,0%. The validation was performed by six persons without previous experience to quantify this disease. The severity of 30 leaves with different levels of symptoms was estimated, with and without the help of the scale. The use of the diagrammatic scale resulted in better accuracy and precision in the estimates, being a tool for quick and easy use, which can be adopted to assist in the severity evaluation of the Helminthosporium leaf blight in corn.

A helmintosporiose comum, causada pelo fungo Exserohilum turcicum é uma das principais doenças foliares da cultura do milho, na região sul do Brasil, e apresenta um considerável potencial de danos à cultura, especialmente quando o ataque se inicia antes do período de floração. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar e validar uma escala diagramática para avaliação da severidade da helmintosporiose comum do milho. Para isso, foram coletadas folhas com sintomas da doença para a determinação da severidade real, definição dos limites máximos e mínimos, e os níveis intermediários da escala por meio de incrementos logarítmicos, de acordo com a lei de estímulo visual de Weber-Fechner. A escala elaborada sugere sete níveis de severidade: 0,5; 1,0; 2,5; 6,5; 15,5; 30,0; 54,0%. A validação foi realizada por seis avaliadores, sem experiência na quantificação dessa doença, que estimaram a severidade em 30 folhas com diferentes níveis de sintomas, sem e com o auxílio da escala. A utilização da escala diagramática resultou em melhor acurácia e precisão nas estimativas realizadas, sendo uma ferramenta de fácil e rápida utilização, que pode ser adotada para auxiliar na avaliação da severidade da helmintosporiose comum do milho.