Prevalencia de enfermedad psiquiátrica entre los suicidios consumados en la provincia de Badajoz en el periodo 2015-2017 / Prevalence of psychiatric pathology among completed suicides in the province of Badajoz in the period 2015-2017

Se realiza un estudio en 157 sujetos que durante el periodo establecido entre el 1 de julio de 2015 y el 31 de diciembre de 2017 cometieron un suicidio consumado en la provincia de Badajoz, para investigar qué porcentaje de los suicidios consumados tenían antecedentes de enfermedad mental. Los resultados indican que existe una menor relación de la esperable entre el acto suicida y la presencia de antecedentes personales psiquiátricos, ya que estos solo aparecen en dos quintas partes de la muestra. Si existen estos, el diagnóstico más frecuente es el de trastorno depresivo y el tratamiento con mayor frecuencia, antidepresivos. Estos datos contrastan con otros recogidos en la literatura que hablan de porcentajes mucho más altos de enfermedad psiquiátrica en sujetos que cometen suicidio. (AU)

A study is carried out in 157 subjects who during the period established between July 01, 2015 and December 31, 2017 committed a consummated suicide in the province of Badajoz to investigate what percentage of consummated suicides had a history of mental pathology. The results indicate that there is a lower-than-expected relationship between the suicidal act and the presence of a personal psychiatric history, as these only appear in two-fifths of the sample. If they do exist, the most frequent diagnosis is depressive disorder and the most frequent treatment is antidepressants. These data contrast with other data collected in the literature that report much higher percentages of psychiatric pathology in subjects who commit suicide. (AU)

Short men in poor lands: The agrarian workers from southwestern Spain in anthropometric perspective.

With a sample of heights of almost 60,000 men, born between 1855 and 1979 and recruited between 1876 and 2000, our work analyzes the nutritional gap between the agrarian and non-agrarian population in Extremadura, a Spanish region located among the poorest ones in Europe. The analysis reveals that this difference is not only statistically significant, but also tends to increase as the average stature of the active population grows. Among the causes of the agrarian height penalty, our article focuses mainly on the economic differences. However, the research also insists on the roots of these differences, especially those linked to the adverse physical conditions of the territory, the dynamics of the Christian conquest in the Middle Ages and the strong and persistent concentration of land ownership in the region. In short, this paper concludes that the anthropometric gap between agrarian and non-agrarian workers is due not only to economic causes, but also to geographical, historical and institutional reasons.

Safety assessment of the process Extremadura TorrePet, based on the Starlinger iV+ technology, used to recycle post-consumer PET into food contact materials.

The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP) assessed the safety of the recycling process Extremadura TorrePet (EU register number RECYC247), which uses the Starlinger iV+ technology. The input is hot caustic washed and dried poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) flakes mainly originating from collected post-consumer PET containers, with no more than 5% PET from non-food consumer applications. The flakes are dried and crystallised in a first reactor, then extruded into pellets. These pellets are crystallised, preheated and treated in a solid-state polycondensation (SSP) reactor. Having examined the challenge test provided, the Panel concluded that the drying and crystallisation (step 2), extrusion and crystallisation (step 3) and SSP (step 4) are critical in determining the decontamination efficiency of the process. The operating parameters to control the performance of these critical steps are temperature, air flow and residence time for the drying and crystallisation step, and temperature, pressure and residence time for the extrusion and crystallisation step as well as the SSP step. It was demonstrated that this recycling process is able to ensure that the level of migration of potential unknown contaminants into food is below the conservatively modelled migration of 0.1 µg/kg food. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the recycled PET obtained from this process is not of safety concern when used at up to 100% for the manufacture of materials and articles for contact with all types of foodstuffs for long-term storage at room temperature, with or without hotfill. The final articles made of this recycled PET are not intended to be used in microwave and conventional ovens and such uses are not covered by this evaluation.

Platos olvidados o de consumo ocasional en la gastronomía española: Extremadura / Forgotten dishes or occasional consumption in Spanish gastronomy: Extremadura

La gastronomía tradicional extremeña es fundamentalmente una cocina sencilla, rural, practicada durante siglos por pastores y campesinos a partir de unos productos excelentes. Muchos platos tradicionales surgen de la necesidad de aprovechar al máximo los recursos que ofrecía la naturaleza en cada momento. Sin embargo, también se practicaba una cocina muy elaborada, que nace en los monasterios y en los núcleos asociados a órdenes religiosas. La cocina tradicional ha tenido que adaptarse según la evolución de cada zona y reúne todas las influencias, con infinitos matices en peculiares de cada comarca, cada pueblo. La vía de la Plata ha contribuido a la difusión de la cocina extremeña hacia otras zonas y, al mismo tiempo, ha sido el cauce que ha canalizado la influencia de tradiciones de distintas procedencias. (AU)

The traditional cuisine of Extremadura is basically a simple, rural cuisine, practiced for centuries by shepherds and peasants using excellent products. Many traditional dishes arise from the need to make the most of the resources that nature always offered. However, a very elaborate cuisine was also practiced, which was born in the monasteries and in the nuclei associated with religious orders. Traditional cuisine adapted according to the evolution of each area and brings together all influences, with infinite nuances peculiar to each region, each town. The Vía de la Plata contributed to the spread of Extremaduran cuisine to other areas and, at the sametime, channeled the influence of traditions from different origins. (AU)

Rural Height Penalty or Socioeconomic Penalization? The Nutritional Inequality in Backward Spain.

This article studies the evolution of nutritional inequality, measured through the male adult height, in one of the poorest regions of Spain, in southwestern Europe: Extremadura. With a wide sample of statures of recruits born between 1855 and 1979, conscripted between 1876 and 2000, the research delves into the urban-rural height gap using coefficients of variation, tests of equality of means and proxy variables of a socioeconomic nature. The results of the analysis reveal that the strong anthropometric growth that Extremadura experienced since the last decades of the 19th century was accompanied by a less internal inequality. The lower heterogeneity did not eliminate, however, the urban-rural height gap during the period under study. In this sense, despite the absence of environmental differences between urban and rural areas in Extremadura, there was a clear rural height penalty in the region from the mid-19th century to the late 20th century. Rural punishment was fundamentally related to the greater presence of agrarian workers and the lower presence of wealthy families in villages and small towns. On the contrary, educational differences or differences in terms of nutritional health were not as decisive in the rural height penalization, at least when such differences are measured with the sources of military recruitment.

West Nile and Usutu virus infections in wild birds admitted to rehabilitation centres in Extremadura, western Spain, 2017-2019.

West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging flavivirus transmitted generally by mosquitoes of Culex genus. It is maintained in an enzootic life cycle where birds act as reservoir hosts. Humans and horses are also susceptible to infection, and occasionally, they suffer from neurological complications. However, they do not transmit the virus to other vectors, behaving as dead-end hosts. Sporadic WNV outbreaks observed in horses and wild birds from Extremadura (western Spain) during 2016 and 2017 seasons prompted to carry out this survey in wild birds, focused on specimens coming from two wildlife rehabilitation centres. Between October 2017 and December 2019, samples from 391 wild birds, belonging to 56 different species were collected and analysed in search of evidence of WNV infection. The analysis of serum samples for WNV-specific antibodies by ELISA, whose specificity was subsequently confirmed by virus-neutralisation test (VNT) showed positive results in 18.23 % birds belonging to 18 different species. Pelecaniformes (33.33 %), Accipitriformes (25.77 %) and Strigiformes (22.92 %) orders had the higher seroprevalences. Remarkably, WNV-specific antibodies were found in a black stork for the first time in Europe. Analysis by real time RT-PCR in symptomatic birds confirmed the presence of WNV lineage 1 RNA in griffon vulture and little owls. Specificity analysis of ELISA positive and doubtful sera was performed by differential VNT titration against WNV and two other cross-reacting avian flaviviruses found in Spain: Usutu virus (USUV) and Bagaza virus (BAGV). Only four samples showed USUV-specific antibodies (1.04 %) corresponding to three species: Eurasian eagle-owl, griffon vulture and great bustard (first detection in Europe) whereas no samples were found reactive to BAGV. Differential VNT yielded undetermined flavivirus result in 16 samples (4.17 %). This is the first study carried out on wild birds from Extremadura (western Spain). It highlights the widespread circulation of WNV in the region and its co-circulation with USUV.

Mosquito fauna in Extremadura (western Spain): Updated catalog with new records, distribution maps, and medical relevance.

An important element of vector control and surveillance of mosquito-borne diseases is updated information on vector species distribution. The aim of this study was to collect available information about mosquito species reported in Extremadura between 1920 and 2020 and create a catalog that would combine both published data and our recent field identifications. An exhaustive list is hereby presented, including species status and detailed distribution maps at a municipal level as well as their importance for public health. A total of 33 species, classified into five genera: Anopheles (five species), Aedes (14), Culex (nine), Culiseta (four), and Orthopodomyia (one) has been recorded, including 31 autochthonous, one invasive, Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus, and one disappeared since 1953, Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti. For the first time in Extremadura, we report the presence of important vectors such as Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans vexans and Culex (Culex) perexiguus, and the new record of six species in the province of Badajoz, namely: Aedes (Dahliana) echinus, Aedes (Fredwardsius) vittatus, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) berlandi, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) pulcritarsis, Culex (Culex) mimeticus, and Culiseta (Culiseta) subochrea. Nineteen of these species are potential vectors of medical and veterinary relevance.

Digitalización de historias clínicas: análisis de un proyecto en un contexto real en el Servicio Extremeño de Salud en España / Medical record digitalization: analysis of a real life project involving the Extremadura Health Service in Spain

Se presenta un estudio de caso en el contexto de la gestión de la información clínica sanitaria, en el que, a partir de la revisión de la literatura científica, se detectó que las tecnologías de la información se han ido introduciendo de manera desigual e irregular en la sanidad pública española. El estudio se planteó como objetivo analizar cómo se realiza un proyecto de digitalización de historias clínicas, el cual condujo a las siguientes preguntas de investigación: ¿Cómo se gestiona la información sanitaria? ¿Cómo se realiza un proyecto de digitalización de historias clínicas en un contexto real? ¿Qué formación tienen los profesionales que participan en el proceso y ¿cuál es el papel de los documentalistas? Se siguió una metodología de investigación cualitativa con perspectiva naturalista, además del análisis de la literatura científica, en la que se presentaron los resultados del estudio basados en la dotación de equipamiento, el servicio de consultoría, la gestión documental y de archivo, además del perfil profesional que se plantea para la ejecución de un proyecto de digitalización de historias clínicas. Se concluye que la gestión de la información no satisface las necesidades del personal sanitario; que no existe un procedimiento documentado para la digitalización de las historias clínicas y que no se requiere la participación de profesionales sanitarios ni de documentalistas, a pesar de que la literatura científica resalta la inestimable participación de estos profesionales(AU)

A health information management case study is presented in a which scientific literature review revealed that information technologies have been incorporated into Spanish public health in an uneven, irregular manner. To corroborate this fact we set ourselves the objective of analyzing the way in which a medical record digitalization project is conducted, which led to the following research questions: How is health information managed? How is a medical record digitalization project conducted in a real life context? What is the background of professionals involved in the process and what is the role of documentalists? Besides examination of the scientific literature, a naturalist qualitative analysis was performed in which the results of the study were presented, based on equipment provision, advisory service, document management and archiving, and the professional profile established for the conduct of a medical record digitalization project. It is concluded that information management does not meet the needs of the health personnel, that a documented procedure is not available for medical record digitalization, and that participation of health professionals and documentalists is not requested, despite the scientific literature highlighting the invaluable participation of these professionals(AU)

Health and Nutritional Beliefs and Practices among Rural Elderly Population: An Ethnographic Study in Western Spain.

BACKGROUND: Demographic transition is causing an increasingly aged society, which has a significant impact on public health strategies. Increases in the size of the elderly cohort create a wider stratification and pose specific challenges. Nutrition and diet are one key issue. This study aims to describe food-related practices, beliefs, and representations of non-institutionalized older adults in rural communities in Extremadura (Western Spain). METHOD: The ethnographic-based fieldwork was conducted from January to July 2019. Empirical material was collected through different research relationships (semi-structured interviews and informal conversations) and direct observation in various locations in Extremadura-involving a variety of agents associated with different aspects of the nutritional process. RESULTS: Data analysis revealed four major themes: (1) Limitations on choice and quality of food available; (2) food preferences and cooking methods; (3) the role of nostalgia in the construction of taste preferences; and (4) perceptions of what "healthy" food is and how respondents relate to the advice provided by health professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional choices among the group studied presented significant differences from medical advice-which was seen as a series of "bans" that did not carry enough authority to alter the symbolic value attached to their traditions.

[Consolidated HIV-AIDS epidemiological surveillance system in Extremadura, period 1980-2018]. / Vigilancia unificada de la infección por VIH y enfermedad de Sida en Extremadura en el período 1980-2018.

OBJECTIVE: Implementation of epidemiological surveillance systems is required to design a programme for HIV epidemic. The focus of this article is to report the HIV-AIDS incidence and age of infection evolution in Extremadura, during the period 1980-2018. METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study of anual incidence of HIV-infection new diagnosis and AIDS diagnosis in Extremadura, between 1981 and 2018, including both years. Case definitions were considered according to national surveillance protocol. RESULTS: By the end of 2018 the consolidated HIV-AIDS epidemiological surveillance system had registered 3,039 cases, which 1,954 cases were considered incidents. In the nineties the highest incidents rates per hundred thousand inhabitants of HIV infection (10.45 in 1990) and AIDS (13.57 in 1996) were reached, decreasing continuously from 2000, being in this year of 4.66 for HIV infection and 3.54 in AIDS. The cumulative incidence of the period was four times higher in men compared to women. The average age at diagnosis increased in recent years in HIV infection (27.80 years in 1990 compared to 37.32 years in 2018) and in AIDS disease (30 years in 1990 compared to 36 years in 2018). A parallel evolution of the diagnoses of HIV infection and of AIDS was observed, with a lag of 4 years coinciding with the beginning of the series, reducing since 2005 by approximately half the diagnoses of AIDS. CONCLUSIONS: In Extremadura the HIV infection evolution was similar to national available data. At the beginning of the period of study almost all the HIV cases soon after turned to AIDS but finally the AIDS diagnoses tended to decrease due to early and effective treatments.

OBJETIVO: La implantación de sistemas de información epidemiológica es fundamental para planificar la respuesta a la epidemia de infección por VIH. Nuestro objetivo fue presentar la evolución de la incidencia de la fase de infección por VIH y de enfermedad de Sida, y la edad de presentación de ambas en Extremadura, de 1980 a 2018. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo longitudinal de la incidencia anual de nuevos diagnósticos de infección por VIH y diagnósticos de Sida en Extremadura de 1981 a 2018, ambos inclusive. Las definiciones de caso se hicieron según el protocolo de vigilancia nacional. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos absolutos y se calculó la incidencia acumulada anual por año de diagnóstico expresada en casos por cada cien mil habitantes. RESULTADOS: A 31 de diciembre de 2018, el sistema unificado de vigilancia de infección VIH-Sida registraba 3.039 casos, de los cuales 1.954 se consideraron incidentes. En la década de los 90 se alcanzaron las mayores tasas de incidencias por cada cien mil habitantes de infección por VIH (10,45 en 1990) y en enfermedad de Sida (13,57 en 1996), disminuyendo de manera continua a partir del 2000, siendo en este año de 4,66 para infección por VIH y de 3,54 en SIDA. La incidencia acumulada del período fue cuatro veces superior en hombres respecto a mujeres. La edad media al diagnóstico aumentó en los últimos años en infección por VIH (27,80 años en 1990 frente a 37,32 años en 2018) y en enfermedad de Sida (30 años en 1990 frente a 36 años en 2018). Se observó una evolución paralela de los diagnósticos de infección por VIH y de Sida, con un desfase de 4 años coincidiendo con el inicio de la serie, disminuyendo a partir del año 2005 los diagnósticos de Sida aproximadamente a la mitad. CONCLUSIONES: La evolución de la infección por VIH-Sida en Extremadura es similar a la observada a nivel nacional. Al inicio del periodo, prácticamente todos los casos de infección-VIH pasan a Sida en unos pocos años. Al final, los diagnósticos de Sida tienden a desaparecer debido a tratamientos eficaces y precoces.

[Nutrition and gastronomy in Extremadura]. / Nutrición y gastronomía en Extremadura.

INTRODUCTION: Objectives: to review the knowledge about the nutritional situation of the population of Extremadura and about the gastronomy of the Extremadura region as necessary elements for the welfare and health of the population. Methods: Bibliographic search in relation to the subject. Results: in Extremadura there are five great natural spaces that have shaped their gastronomy, extracting from each one of them the best raw materials to elaborate exquisite delicacies. In the Gastronomic Guides published in Spain, avant-garde techniques and certain gastronomic experimentation are over-rewarded compared to the traditional cuisine that abounds in Extremadura with quality raw materials. In Extremadura quality foods are being promoted with PDO and PGI certifications, being the most valued by consumers, fueled gastronomic tourism by the entire community. Extremadura is also the autonomous communities with lower consumption and per capita spending on food with 14.7% lower than the national average. And compared to the national average, consumers in Extremadura have a higher expenditure on milk (7.2%), nuts (5.49%), beers (2.3%) and a lower expenditure on wine (44.5%), mineral water (25%), fresh vegetables (23.7%), fresh fruits (23.7%) and oil (23.4). Conclusions: there are not many studies that assess the nutritional situation of the population in Extremadura. The last has been promoted by the National Vocabulary of the CGCOF throughout Spain for adults who perform physical activity. The nutritional education of the population must be improved so that they are able to choose rations and foods that promote their health and well-being and integrate traditional gastronomy into their daily diet as part of their cultural heritage.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivos: revisar los conocimientos sobre la situación nutricional de la población extremeña y sobre la gastronomía propia de la región de Extremadura como elementos necesarios para el bienestar y la salud de la población. Métodos: búsqueda bibliográfica relacionada con el tema. Resultados: en Extremadura se diferencian cinco grandes espacios naturales que han dado forma a su gastronomía. De cada uno se han extraído las mejores materias primas para elaborar manjares exquisitos. En las guías gastronómicas publicadas en España se priman en exceso las técnicas de vanguardia y cierta experimentación gastronómica frente a la cocina tradicional, que abunda en Extremadura con materias primas de calidad. En Extremadura están impulsándose los alimentos de calidad con las certificaciones DOP y IGP, los más valorados por los consumidores, impulsando el turismo gastronómico por toda la comunidad. Además, Extremadura es de las comunidades autónomas con menor consumo y gasto per cápita en alimentación, con un 14,7% inferior a la media nacional. En comparación con la media nacional, los consumidores de Extremadura cuentan con un gasto superior en leche (7,2%), frutos secos (5,49 %), cervezas (2,3%) y un gasto menor en vino (44,5%), agua mineral (25%), hortalizas frescas (23,7%), frutas frescas (-23,7%) y aceite (23,4%). Conclusiones: no se disponen de muchos estudios que valoren la situación nutricional de la población en Extremadura. El último ha sido promovido por la Vocalía Nacional del CGCOF a nivel de toda España para adultos que realizan actividad física. Debe mejorarse la educación nutricional de la población para que sean capaces de elegir raciones y alimentos que promocionen su salud y bienestar e integren la gastronomía tradicional en su alimentación cotidiana como parte de su patrimonio cultural.

Estudio del estado nutricional y de la prevalencia de exceso de peso en adolescentes de localidades extremeñas de diferentes tamaños / A study of the nutritional status and prevalence of overweight among adolescents from different size towns in Extremadura

RESUMEN En este trabajo se determina el estado nutricional de adolescentes de Extremadura y la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en función del tamaño de la localidad de procedencia. Se realizó un estudio con 816 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato, de ambos sexos, con edades de 13 a 18 años. Los centros educativos pertenecían a municipios de una Región española, Extremadura, de diferentes tamaños (de menos de 5.000 a más de 60.000 habitantes). Se recogieron datos antropométricos y, siguiendo criterios nacionales e internacionales, se determinaron los porcentajes de sobrepeso y obesidad en función del tamaño de las localidades. Los alumnos de localidades rurales (menores de 5.000 habitantes) tienden a presentar valores de diferentes parámetros antropométricos que se relacionan con un menor desarrollo corporal. Aunque hubo variaciones en la prevalecía de sobrepeso y obesidad en función de los criterios utilizados, las localidades de más de 60.000 habitantes presentaron los mayores porcentajes medios de exceso de peso y las rurales, los menores.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional status and estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents from different size towns in the Extremadura Region of Spain. A sample of 816 secondary school students of both sexes between 13 and 18 years of age were evaluated. The educative centers selected belonged to different size towns (populations between <5,000 and >60,000 inhabitants). Different anthropometric measures were taken. The percentage of teenagers with overweight and obesity was calculated following national and international standards and compared by town size. Students from rural towns, <5,000 inhabitants, had the lowest values in some of the anthropometric measures; results that are associated with a lower body development. There were differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity based on the criteria used, but, in general, adolescents from larger towns (>60,000 inhabitants) showed the highest percentages of overweight, whereas rural populations showed the lowest percentages.

Unravelling trophic subsidies of agroecosystems for biodiversity conservation: food consumption and nutrient recycling by waterbirds in Mediterranean rice fields.

Waterbirds can reallocate a considerable amount of nutrients within agricultural fields and between agriculture sites and wetlands. However their effects on biogeochemical cycles have rarely been quantified. We estimated bird numbers, diet (from stable isotope analysis), food supply, and the food consumption on rice fields by overwintering waterbirds in one of the most important areas for rice production in southwestern Europe and a key area for various migrating and resident waterbird species. Herein, we modelled the nutrient (N and P) recycling in rice fields, and their transport to reservoirs. The energy consumption by waterbirds (96,605±18,311 individuals) on rice fields during winter averaged at 89.9±39.0 kJ·m(-2), with its majority (89.9%) belonging to foraging on rice seeds. Thus, the birds removed about 26% of rice seeds leftover after harvest (estimated in 932.5±504.7 seeds·m(-2) in early winter) wherein common cranes and dabbling ducks (four species) were the most important consumers. Waterbirds foraging and roosting in the rice fields recycled more than 24.1 (1.0 kg·ha(-1)) of N and an additional 5.0 tons (0.2 kg·ha(-1)) of P in the Extremadura's rice fields during winter. Additionally, we estimated that 2.3 tons of N and 550 kg of P were removed from rice fields and transported to reservoirs. The seasonal foraging of wildlife should result in a direct benefit for rice farmers by improving nutrient recycling through defecation by waterbirds with respect to artificial fertilisation. Additionally, rice fields located in the cranes' core wintering areas can provide sufficient food supply to induce habitat shift from their traditional wintering habitat in 'dehesas' to rice fields, which causes indirect socioeconomic benefit through reduced acorn consumption by cranes. Our modelling approach may thus be especially helpful for management decisions regarding rice agroecosystems in areas which are also important for the conservation of migratory waterbirds.

Herbarium of vascular plants collection of the university of extremadura (Spain).

The herbarium of University of Extremadura (UNEX Herbarium) is formed by 36451 specimens of vascular plants whose main origin is the autonomous region of Extremadura (Spain) and Portugal, although it also contains a smaller number of specimens from different places, including the rest of peninsular Spain, the Baleares Islands, the Macaronesian region (Canary Islands, Madeira and Azores), northwest of Africa (Morocco) and Brazil. 98% of the total records are georeferenced. It is an active collection in continuous growth. Its data can be accessed through the GBIF data portal at http://data.gbif.org/datasets/resource/255 and http://www.eweb.unex.es/eweb/botanica/herbario/. This paper describes the specimen associated data set of the UNEX Herbarium, with an objective to disseminate the data contained in a data set with potential users, and promote the multiple uses of the data.