Revisión sistemática del tratamiento activo de la fístula urinaria después de la nefrectomía parcial / Systematic review on active treatment for urinary fistula after partial nephrectomy

Introducción Cabe esperar que la frecuencia de la fístula urinaria en la práctica urológica aumente como consecuencia de la ampliación de las indicaciones de la nefrectomía parcial, dado que obtiene resultados oncológicos equivalentes a los de la nefrectomía radical, pero con un menor riesgo de progresión a enfermedad renal crónica, menor morbilidad cardiovascular y mortalidad global. Objetivos Revisar y comparar las diferentes técnicas actuales de tratamiento activo para la fístula urinaria después de la nefrectomía parcial. Métodos Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática en la base de datos MEDLINE en marzo de 2020, combinando los términos: «urine leak», «urine leakage», «urinary leak» y «urinary fistula», con: «partial nephrectomy», «nephron sparing surgery» y «renal sparing surgery». Esta revisión sistemática se realizó de acuerdo con las guías de la declaración Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Solo se eligieron los artículos relacionados con el tratamiento activo. Se seleccionaron los resúmenes en inglés y español de las 2 últimas décadas. No hubo restricciones respecto al diseño del estudio ni la duración del seguimiento. Resultados primarios: 1) Tasa de resolución de la fuga, 2) Periodo de tiempo hasta la resolución de la fuga y 3) Número de intervenciones requeridas para la resolución. Resultados Se encontraron varios estudios. No hubo ningún ensayo controlado aleatorizado. La fístula urinaria puede resolverse de muchas maneras con el tratamiento activo, con una alta tasa de éxito (97,5%), una media de 1,4 intervenciones por paciente y un tiempo medio hasta la resolución de la fístula de 11 días (mediana de 3 días). Conclusión Existe un alto riesgo de sesgo debido a la metodología de los estudios. Sin embargo, hay un amplio abanico de alternativas eficaces y diversos abordajes para resolver la fístula urinaria en un periodo de tiempo adecuado (AU)

Introduction Urinary fistula is expected to become more frequent in urological practice as a result of expanding indication of partial nephrectomy given it́s oncological results equivalent to those of radical nephrectomy but at a lower risk of progression to chronic kidney disease, lower cardiovascular morbidity, and overall mortality. Objectives Review and compare different techniques of contemporary active management for urinary fistula after partial nephrectomy. Methods A systematic literature search on the MEDLINE database was conducted in March 2020, combining the terms: «urine leak», «urine leakage», «urinary leak» and «urinary fistula», with: «partial nephrectomy», «nephron sparing surgery» and «renal sparing surgery». The review of the literature was performed accordingto the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Only articles related to active treatment were eligible. Abstracts in English and Spanish from the last two decades were screened. No restriction based on study design nor the length of follow-up. Primary outcomes: 1) Leak resolution rate 2) Time course of leak resolution and 3) Number of interventions needed for resolution. Results Multiple studies were found. There were no randomized controlled trials. Urinary fistula can be solved in many ways with active treatment, with a high success rate (97.5%), an average of 1.4 intervention-per-patients and a mean time for leak resolution of 11 days (median of 3 days). Conclusion There is a high risk of bias due to the study's methodology. There is a broad range of effective alternatives and various approaches to solve urinary fistula in an appropriate timing (AU)

Systematic review on active treatment for urinary fistula after partial nephrectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary fistula is expected to become more frequent in urological practice as a result of expanding indication of partial nephrectomy given it's oncological results equivalent to those of radical nephrectomy but at a lower risk of progression to chronic kidney disease, lower cardiovascular morbidity, and overall mortality. OBJECTIVES: Review and compare different techniques of contemporary active management for urinary fistula after partial nephrectomy. METHODS: A systematic literature search on the MEDLINE database was conducted in March 2020, combining the terms: "urine leak", "urine leakage", "urinary leak" and "urinary fistula", with: "partial nephrectomy", "nephron sparing surgery" and "renal sparing surgery". This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Only articles related to active treatment were eligible. Abstracts in English and Spanish from the last two decades were screened. No restriction based on study design nor the length of follow-up. PRIMARY OUTCOMES: 1) Leak resolution rate 2) Time course of leak resolution and 3) Number of interventions needed for resolution. RESULTS: Multiple studies were found. There were no randomized controlled trials. Urinary fistula can be solved in many ways with active treatment, with a high success rate (97.5%), an average of 1.4 intervention-per-patients and a mean time for leak resolution of 11 days (median of 3 days). CONCLUSION: There is a high risk of bias due to the study's methodology. There is a broad range of effective alternatives and various approaches to solve urinary fistula in an appropriate timing.

Fistula reno-apendicular como presentación inusual de pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa: reporte de caso / Reno-appendicular fistulus as an unusual presentation of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a case report

Resumen La fístula uro-entérica es una comunicación patológica entre la vía urinaria y digestiva. El compromiso del apéndice es infrecuente y son pocos los casos de fístulas reno-apendiculares en la literatura. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con clínica de fiebre, dolor lumbar e hidronefrosis derecha severa secundaria a cálculo coraliforme en la tomografía de vías urinarias. Manejado inicialmente con antibióticos y nefrostomía bajo fluoroscopia, posteriormente suspendida por paso de contraste al intestino. Se realizó una tomografía contrastada que reportó fístula del riñón al intestino. Se llevó a nefrectomía y se encontró fistula hacía el apéndice, por lo cual se realizó apendicectomía concomitante con mejoría clínica evidente. La patología reportó pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa y apendicitis secundaria. La fístula reno-apendicular posee una clínica inespecífica, la tomografía contrastada es una herramienta diagnóstica y la mayoría se detectan como un hallazgo intraoperatorio. El tratamiento usualmente es quirúrgico, con nefrectomía y reparación del segmento intestinal. MÉD. UIS.2021;34(3): 79-84.

Abstract Uro-enteric fistula is a pathological communication between the urinary and digestive tract. Compromise of the appendix is infrequent and few cases of reno-appendicular fistulas have been described in the literature. The case of patient with symptoms of fever, low back pain and severe right hydronephrosis secondary to staghorn calculus on urinary tract tomography is presented. Initially managed with antibiotics and nephrostomy under fluoroscopy, subsequently suspended by passing contrast to the intestine. A contrasted tomography was performed which reported a fistula from the kidney to the intestine. A nephrectomy was carried out and a fistula was found to the appendix, for which a concomitant appendectomy was performed with evident clinical improvement. The pathology reported xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis and secondary appendicitis. Reno-appendicular fistula has nonspecific symptoms, contrasted tomography is a diagnostic tool and most are detected as an intraoperative finding. Treatment is usually surgical, with nephrectomy and intestinal segment repair. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(3): 79-84.

Quiluria renal izquierda idiopática asociada al embarazo / Idiopathic left renal quiluria associated with pregnancy

Introducción: La eliminación de orina que con tiene grandes cantidades de material quiloso y adquiere un aspecto lechoso se conoce con el nombre de quiluria. Salvo en las regiones donde es endémica, la filariasis linfática, principal etiología, se considera en general como un trastorno raro. Objetivo: Describir un caso de quiluria asociada al embarazo. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina de 32 años de edad, con múltiples ingresos en el Servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Celia Sánchez Manduley desde el año 2007 por presentar orinas de color blanquecino, cuadro que comenzó con el primer embarazo, el síntoma desapareció y luego reapareció con el segundo embarazo, primero de forma intermitente y después, adquirió carácter permanente, con hematuria, proteinuria, edemas y otras alteraciones clínicas y bioquímicas. Conclusiones: La nefrectomía está indicada en la quiluria, cuando pone en riesgo la vida del paciente o afecta su calidad de vida, si no se tienen otras alternativas terapéuticas(AU)

Introduction: The elimination of urine containing large amounts of chyllous material and acquiring a milky appearance is known as quiluria. Except in regions where it is endemic, lymphatic filariasis, the main etiology, is generally considered to be a rare disorder. Objective: To describe a case of chyluria associated with pregnancy. Clinical case: 32-year-old female patient with multiple admissions to the nephrology service at Hospital Celia Sánchez Manduley since 2007 for presenting whitish urine, a clinical picture that began with the first pregnancy. The symptom disappeared, then reappeared with the second pregnancy, first intermittently and then became permanent with hematuria, proteinuria, edema and other clinical and biochemical alterations. Conclusions: Nephrectomy is indicated in chyluria when it puts the patient's life at risk and affects the quality of life, if there are no other therapeutic alternatives(AU)

Live fetus inside the urinary bladder: a case report / Feto vivo dentro da bexiga urinária: relato de caso

ABSTRACT Vesicouterine fistula is a rare condition. Its incidence, however, has been increasing due to the higher incidence of cesarean sections. The presence of a live fetus inside the bladder who passed through a vesicouterine fistula is an extremely rare situation. We report a case of woman who underwent two previous cesarean sections, was referred to a hospital due to mild pelvic pain and genital bleeding. At the moment, physical examination was normal. Ultrasound scan revealed a gestational sac inserted into the anterior wall of the uterus, with a living fetus of approximately 13 weeks, with active body movement and normal heart rate inside it. The fetal abdomen, around the waist, was stuck at the opening of a vesicouterine fistula, so that the fetal head and trunk were entirely into the bladder cavity, while lower limbs remained at the uterine cavity. Laparotomy was performed, the fistulous tract was excised, the fetus (without heart beating) was removed on opening the bladder, and the uterine cavity was emptied. The defects in the bladder and uterus were repaired. The postoperative period was uneventful. A live fetus inside the urinary bladder is a rare condition the continuation of pregnancy is unlikely and the vesicouterine correction can be made by the time of surgical intervention.

RESUMO A fístula vesicouterina é uma condição rara. Sua incidência, no entanto, vem aumentando, devido à maior incidência de cesáreas. A presença de feto vivo dentro da bexiga por meio de uma fístula vesicouterina constutui situação extremamente rara. Relatamos o caso de uma mulher com duas cesarianas anteriores encaminhada para o hospital devido à dor pélvica leve e sangramento genital. Na hospitalização, o exame físico estava normal. A ultrassonografia revelou saco gestacional inserido na parede anterior do útero com feto vivo de aproximadamente 13 semanas, com movimento corporal ativo e frequência cardíaca normal. O abdômen fetal, ao redor da cintura, estava preso na abertura de uma fístula vesicouterina de modo que a cabeça e o tronco fetais estavam totalmente dentro da cavidade da bexiga, enquanto os membros inferiores permaneciam na cavidade uterina. A laparotomia foi realizada, o trajeto fistuloso foi excisado, o feto (que estava sem batimento cardíaco) foi removido ao abrir a bexiga, sendo a cavidade uterina esvaziada. Além disso, foram reparados os defeitos na bexiga e no útero. O pós-operatório transcorreu sem intercorrências. Feto vivo dentro da bexiga é uma condição rara, e a continuidade da gravidez é improvável, sendo que a correção vesicouterina pode ser feita no momento da intervenção cirúrgica.

Prostatectomía convencional versus resección endoscópica de próstata monopolar en pacientes con Hiperplasia Prostática: un estudio de corte retrospectivo / Conventional prostatectomy vs. endoscopic resection of monopolar prostate in patients with Prostatic Hyperplasia: a retrospective study

La resolución quirúrgica de la hiperplasia prostática benigna se modifca conforme el acceso a las diferentes tecnologías en salud. Las complicaciones del abordaje endoscópico versus el convencional son similares. El Objetivo de este estudio fue analizar retrospectivamente los resultados de la cirugía convencional y la resección endoscópica monopolar de la hiperplasia de próstata en un hospital terciario del Ecuador. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, analítico. Fueron incluidos en el estudio 232 pacientes con diagnóstico histopatológico de hiperplasia prostática benigna atendidos en el servicio de urología del hospital Luis Vernaza en el período enero 2015 ­ diciembre 2016. Los pacientes fueron divididos en 2 subgrupos de acuerdo con el abordaje terapéutico ­ quirúrgico: prostatectomía convencional (n = 120) y resección endoscópica (n = 112). Resultados: Mediante estadística inferencial se comprobó una relación estadísticamente signifcativa entre el tipo de abordaje terapéutico con el tiempo quirúrgico (p= <0.001) y con el índice de sangrado (p= <0.001) y entre la edad y el tiempo quirúrgico (p= <0.001). Las complicaciones más importantes fueron: hemorragia inmediata (n=9) e infecciones de la herida (n=10) para la cirugía convencional y hemorragia inmediata (n=2) y sepsis (n=3) para la cirugía endoscópica. La media de tiempo quirúrgico fue 103.03 min y 75.14 min respectivamente. Conclusión: El desarrollo tecnológico ha traído la certeza de que la cirugía endoscópica tiene menores complicaciones, disminuye los tiempos quirúrgicos. Siendo una opción por considerar frente a la cirugía tradicional para la hiperplasia de próstata

Surgical resolution of benign prostatic hyperplasia is modifed as access to different health technologies. Complications of endoscopic versus conventional approach are similar. The objective of this study was to retrospectively analyze the results of conventional surgery and monopolistic endoscopic resection of prostate hyperplasia in a tertiary hospital in Ecuador. Patients and Methods: Retrospective, analytical study. 232 patients diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia were included in the study in the urology service of the Luis Vernaza hospital in the period January 2015 ­ December 2016. Patients were divided into 2 subgroups according to the therapeutic­surgical approach: conventional prostatectomy (n.120) and endoscopic resection (n. 112). Results: By inferential statistics, a statistically signifcant relationship was found between the type of therapeutic approach with the surgical time (p. 0.001) and with the bleeding index (p. 0.001) and between age and surgical time (p. 0.001). The most important complications were: immediate bleeding (n-9) and wound infections (no. 10) for conventional surgery and immediate bleeding (n-2) and sepsis (no. 3) for endoscopic surgery. The surgical mean time was 103.03 min and 75.14 min respectively. Conclusions: Technological development has brought the certainty that endoscopic surgery has fewer complications, decreases surgical times. Being an option to consider against traditional prostate hyperplasia surgery

Minimally invasive treatment of vesicourethral leak after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy / Tratamento minimamente invasivo para fístula vesicouretral após prostatectomia radical videolaparoscópica

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe our experience with a minimally invasive approach for persistent vesicourethral anastomotic leak (PVAL) after Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy (LRP). Methods: from 2004 to 2011, two surgeons performed LRP in 620 patients. Ten patients had PVAL, with initially indicated conservative treatment, to no avail. These patients underwent a minimally invasive operation, consisting of an endoscopically insertion of two ureteral catheters to direct urine flow, fixed to a new urethral catheter. We maintained the ureteral catheters for seven days on average to complete resolution of urine leakage. The urethral catheter was removed after three weeks of surgery. Results: the correction of urine leakage occurred within a range of one to three days, in all ten patients, without complications. There were no stenosis of the bladder neck and urinary incontinence on long-term follow-up. Conclusion: the study showed that PVAL after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy can be treated endoscopically with safety and excellent results.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever nossa experiência com uma abordagem minimamente invasiva para fístula de anastomose vesicouretral persistente (FAVP) após prostatectomia radical laparoscópica (PRL). Métodos: de 2004 a 2011, 620 pacientes foram submetidos à prostatectomia radical laparoscópica realizada por dois cirurgiões. Dez pacientes apresentaram FAVP e o tratamento conservador foi inicialmente indicado sem sucesso. Esses pacientes foram submetidos a uma reoperação minimamente invasiva, por via endoscópica, com inserção de dois cateteres ureterais para direcionar o fluxo urinário, fixados a um novo cateter uretral. Os cateteres ureterais foram mantidos por sete dias, em média, até a completa resolução do vazamento de urina. O cateter uretral foi removido após três semanas da cirurgia. Resultados: a correção do vazamento de urina ocorreu dentro de um intervalo de um a três dias em todos os dez pacientes, sem complicações. Não foram observadas estenose de colo vesical ou incontinência urinária após acompanhamento em longo prazo. Conclusão: o estudo mostrou que a FAVP após a prostatectomia radical laparoscópica pode ser tratada por via endoscópica com segurança e excelentes resultados.

Vesico-appendiceal fistula in a mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix / Fístula vésico-apendicular em adenocarcinoma mucinoso do apêndice

BACKGOUND: A rare case of vesicoappendiceal fistula secondary to mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix is presented. CASE REPORT: A 62-year-old man with a one year history of recurrent urinary tract infections. After two months he developed pneumaturia and fecaluria. An abdominal and pelvic computed tomography demonstrated a trans-mural mass in the posterior wall of the bladder with a vesicoenteric fistula leading to the terminal ileum. Laparotomy revealed a tumor arising from the appendix contiguous with the bladder posterior wall. The bladder was opened and a large fistula and tumor on the posterior bladder wall near the trigone was identified. Frozen pathological analysis showed a mucinous adenocarcinoma. En-bloc right hemicolectomy and partial cystectomy, preserving bladder trigone was performed. After manipulating the tumor, grossly leakage of mucinous materials occurred into the pelvic cavity. A peritoneal washing with a mytomicin solution at 42º C was then performed, to prevent peritoneal seeding. The patient had a prolonged postoperative ileus and was discharged at the 15th day. Five months after the procedure the patient was recieving chemotherapy with 5-fluoracil and leucovorin and there was no signs of recurrent disease. CONCLUSION: The presentation with vesico-appendiceal fistula is extremely rare with only a few cases reported in the literature. Knowledge of different types of neoplasm and appropriate treatment allows the surgeon to provide patients optimal care referring to specialized centers whenever appropriate.

INTRODUÇÃO: Apresenta-se raro caso de fístula vésico-apendicular secundária a adenocarcinoma mucinoso do apêndice. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente masculino de 62 anos com história de um ano de infecções urinárias de repetição. Após dois meses desenvolveu pneumatúria e fecalúria, sendo indicada tomografia computadorizada de abdômen que mostrou massa trans-mural na parede da bexiga, com fistula vésico-entérica para região do íleo terminal. A laparotomia revelou tumoração surgindo do apêndice cecal, em continuidade com a parede posterior da bexiga. A mesma foi aberta, sendo identificada grande fistula e material tumoral até próximo ao trígono vesical. A biópsia de congelação identificou adenocarcinoma mucinoso. Realizada hemicolectomia associada à cistectomia parcial em bloco, com preservação do trígono vesical. Houve extravasamento de mucina para a cavidade pélvica pela manipulação. Optado por lavagem peritoneal com solução de mitomicina a 42º C para prevenir disseminação peritoneal. O paciente evoluiu com íleo prolongado pós-operatório, tendo alta hospitalar no15º dia. Cinco meses após o procedimento encontrava-se em quimioterapia com 5-fluouracil e leucovorin, sem sinais de doença recidivante. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de fístula vésico-apendicecal é extremamente rara, tendo poucos casos relatados na literatura. O conhecimento dos diferentes tipos de neoplasias e seus tratamentos adequados permite ao cirurgião oferecer melhor cuidado ao paciente.

Evaluation of urogenital fistulas by magnetic resonance urography / Avaliação das fístulas urogenitais por urorressonância magnética

OBJETIVO: As fístulas vesicovaginais e ureterovaginais são complicações incomuns, secundárias a doenças ou a cirurgias pélvicas. O sucesso terapêutico dessas fístulas depende de adequada avaliação pré-operatória para o diagnóstico e visualização do seu trajeto. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de demonstrar o potencial da urorressonância no diagnóstico das fístulas urogenitais e na visualização dos seus trajetos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, os prontuários médicos e as imagens radiológicas e de urorressonância magnética de sete pacientes do sexo feminino com diagnóstico de fístula urogenital. Para a urorressonância foram realizadas seqüências 3D-HASTE com saturação de gordura. RESULTADOS: Seis pacientes apresentavam fístula vesicovaginal e uma paciente tinha diagnóstico de fístula ureterovaginal à direita. Com a utilização da urorressonância magnética, foi possível demonstrar o trajeto da fístula em seis das sete pacientes (85,7 por cento), sem a necessidade de cateterização vesical ou da injeção de contraste. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo demonstra o potencial e a aplicabilidade da urorressonância na avaliação dessas fístulas.

OBJECTIVE: Vesicovaginal and ureterovaginal fistulas are unusual complications secondary to pelvic surgery or pelvic diseases. The therapeutic success in these cases depends on an appropriate preoperative evaluation for diagnosis and visualization of the fistulous tract. The present study is aimed at demonstrating the potential of magnetic resonance urography for the diagnosis of vesicovaginal and ureterovaginal fistulas as well as for defining the fistulous tracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven female patients clinically diagnosed with vesicovaginal or ureterovaginal fistulas had their medical records, radiological and magnetic resonance images retrospectively reviewed. Magnetic resonance urography included 3D-HASTE sequences with fat saturation. RESULTS: Six patients presented vesicovaginal fistulas and, in one patient, a right-sided ureterovaginal fistula was diagnosed. Magnetic resonance urography allowed the demonstration of the fistulous tract in six (85.7 percent) of the seven patients evaluated in the present study, without the need of bladder catheterization or contrast injection. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates both the potential and applicability of magnetic resonance urography in the evaluation of these types of fistulas.