Function of lipid binding proteins of parasitic helminths: still a long road.

Infections with parasitic helminths cause severe debilitating and sometimes lethal diseases in humans and domestic animals on a global scale. Unable to synthesize de novo their own fatty acids and sterols, helminth parasites (nematodes, trematodes, cestodes) rely on their hosts for their supply. These organisms produce and secrete a wide range of lipid binding proteins that are, in most cases, structurally different from the ones found in their hosts, placing them as possible novel therapeutic targets. In this sense, a lot of effort has been made towards the structure determination of these proteins, but their precise function is still unknown. In this review, we aim to present the current knowledge on the functions of LBPs present in parasitic helminths as well as novel members of this highly heterogeneous group of proteins.

Fatty acid-binding proteins in Echinococcus spp.: the family has grown.

Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are small intracellular proteins that reversibly bind fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands. In cestodes, due to their inability to synthesise fatty acids de novo, FABPs have been proposed as essential proteins, and thus, as possible drug targets and/or carriers against these parasites. We performed data mining in Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus genomes in order to test whether this family of proteins is more complex than previously reported. By exploring the genomes of E. multilocularis and E. granulosus, six genes coding for FABPs were found in each organism. In the case of E. granulosus, all of them have different coding sequences, whereas in E. multilocularis, two of the genes code for the same protein. Remarkably, one of the genes (in both cestodes) encodes a FABP with a C-terminal extension unusual for this family of proteins. The newly described genes present variations in their structure in comparison with previously described FABP genes in Echinococcus spp. The coding sequences for E. multilocularis were validated by cloning and sequencing. Moreover, differential expression patterns of FABPs were observed at different stages of the life cycle of E. multilocularis by exploring transcriptomic data from several sources. In summary, FABP family in cestodes is far more complex than previously thought and includes new members that seem to be only present in flatworms.

Lipid binding proteins from parasitic platyhelminthes.

TWO MAIN FAMILIES OF LIPID BINDING PROTEINS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN PARASITIC PLATYHELMINTHES: hydrophobic ligand binding proteins (HLBPs) and fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs). Members of the former family of proteins are specific to the Cestoda class, while FABPs are conserved across a wide range of animal species. Because Platyhelminthes are unable to synthesize their own lipids, these lipid-binding proteins are important molecules in these organisms. HLBPs are a high molecular mass complex of proteins and lipids. They are composed of subunits of low molecular mass proteins and a wide array of lipid molecules ranging from CoA esters to cholesterol. These proteins are excretory-secretory molecules and are key serological tools for diagnosis of diseases caused by cestodes. FABPs are mainly intracellular proteins of low molecular weight. They are also vaccine candidates. Despite that the knowledge of their function is scarce, the differences in their molecular organization, ligand preferences, intra/extracellular localization, evolution, and phylogenetic distribution, suggest that platyhelminths HLBPs and FABPs should play different functions. FABPs might be involved in the removal of fatty acids from the inner surface of the cell membrane and in their subsequent targeting to specific cellular destinations. In contrast, HLBPs might be involved in fatty acid uptake from the host environment.